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|-
|-
!'''Near-Close'''
!'''Near-Close'''
|'''i/y''' /ɪ/
|'''i/y''' /ɪ/ [ɪ]*
|
|
|'''o''' /ʊ/
|'''o''' /ʊ/
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|-
|-
!'''Near-Open'''
!'''Near-Open'''
|'''a''' [æ]*
|'''a''' /æ/
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
!'''Open'''
!'''Open'''
|'''a''' /a/
|'''a''' [a]*
|
|
|
|
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|}
|}
''*allophone''
''*allophone''
==Phonotactics==
===Allowed Syllables===
*(C)(C)V(C)(C)
'''Consonant Clusters'''
''Word Initial''
*[fricative]+[nasal,liquid,stop]
*[stop]+[nasal,liquid,fricative]
''Word Internal''
''Word Final''
*[fricative]+[stop]
*[stop]+[fricative]
*/m/+/b/
*/n/+[stop,excluding /b/]
===Phonological Rules===
*/ɛ/ > [ə] / _#
*/s/ > [z] / $_[+voiced +consonant]
*/s/ > [z] / [+voiced +consonant]_$
*/ʊ/ > [ɔ] / _/j/
*/j/ > [ɪ] / /ʊ/_
*/j/ > [ɪ] / [+consonant] _ [+consonant]
*/j/ > [i] / [+consonant] _#
*/æ/ > [a] / _/j/$
===Stress===
=Orthography=
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|Uppercase !! Romanization || A || B || C || D || Ð || E || F || G || H || I || K || L || M || N || O || P || R || S || Þ || T || U || V || W || Y
|-
!Voþken
|[[File:A-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:b-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:c-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:d-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:ð-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:e-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:f-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:g-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:h-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:i-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:k-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:l_UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:m-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:n-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:o-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:p-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:r-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:s-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:þ-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:t-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:u-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:v-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:w-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:y-UC.svg|20px]]
|-
!rowspan="2"|Lowercase !! Romanization || a || b || c || d || ð || e || f || g || h || i || k || l || m || n || o || p || r || s || þ || t || u || v || w || y
|-
!Voþken
|[[File:A-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:b-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:c-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:d-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:ð-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:e-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:f-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:g-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:h-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:i-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:k-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:l-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:m-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:n-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:o-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:p-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:r-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:s-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:þ-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:t-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:u-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:v-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:w-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:y-LC.svg|20px]]
|}


=Grammar=
=Grammar=
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Analytic with a touch of Oligosynthetic. Lots of particles and adpositions used for aspect, mood, mode, and cases but verbs conjugate for tense (mostly) and nouns decline for a few basic cases.
Analytic with a touch of Oligosynthetic. Lots of particles and adpositions used for aspect, mood, mode, and cases but verbs conjugate for tense (mostly) and nouns decline for a few basic cases.
==Derivational Morphology==
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="5"|Verb to Noun
|-
!Verb
| -ag
| -eg
| -ig
| -og
|-
!Suffix
| -aygan
| -eygen
| -ygyn
| -oygon
|}
'''Examples''':<br/>
''norgig'' - to be curious<br/>
''norgygyn'' - curiosity<br/>
''menig'' - to enjoy<br/>
''menygyn'' - enjoyment<br/>
''cwenog'' - to be infatuated, to love<br/>
''cwenoygon'' - infatuation<br/>
''eþag'' - to sleep<br/>
''eþaygan'' - slumber<br/>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="5"|Verb to Adjective
|-
!Verb
| -ag
| -eg
| -ig
| -og
|-
!Suffix
| -any
| -eny
| -iny
| -ony
|}
'''Examples''':<br/>
''menig'' - to enjoy<br/>
''meniny'' - enjoyable<br/>
''cwenog'' - to be infatuated, to love<br/>
''cwenony'' - loveable<br/>
''wesog'' - to destroy<br/>
''wesony'' - destroyable<br/>
''cwinag'' - to give<br/>
''cwinany'' - giveable<br/>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="2"|
!Voþken
!English Approximation
|-
!rowspan="5|Adjective to:
!Adverb
| -dwa
| -ly
|-
!Noun
| -ah
| -ness
|-
!Verb
| -unk
| -ize, -ise
|-
!Adjective
| -sla
| -ish
|}
'''Examples''':<br/>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="2"|
!Voþken
!English Approximation
|-
!rowspan="5|Noun to:
!Adverb
|
|
|-
!Verb
| -rið
| -fy
|-
!Adjective
| -ym
| -y
|}


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
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|surewyr
|surewyr
|}
|}
===Derivational Suffixes===
Diminutive suffix: -aryn


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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|onne
|onne
|onest
|onest
|onnest
|onwest
|onyr
|onyr
|onneyr
|onneyr
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|uððe
|uððe
|uðest
|uðest
|uððest
|uðwest
|uðyr
|uðyr
|uððeyr
|uððeyr
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|itta
|itta
|test
|test
|ittest
|itwest
|tayr
|tayr
|ittayr
|ittayr
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|suþþe
|suþþe
|suþest
|suþest
|suþþest
|suþwest
|suþyr
|suþyr
|suþþeyr
|suþþeyr
|}
===Correlatives===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
!rowspan="2"|Interrogative
!colspan="3"|Demonstrative
!colspan="5"|Quantifier
|-
!Proximal
!Medial
!Distal
!Assertive Existential
!Elective Existential
!Universal
!Negatory
!Positive Alternative
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Determiner
!Singular
|'''''foy''''' <br/> which
|'''''led''''' <br/> this
|'''''loyd''''' <br/> that
|'''''seg''''' <br/> yon
|rowspan="2"|'''''byrcym''''' <br/> some
|rowspan="2"|'''''bytym''''' <br/> any <br/> whichever <br/> whichsoever
|rowspan="2"|'''''veylym''''' <br/> every <br/> each <br/> all
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwivym''''' <br/> no
|rowspan="2"|'''''byonym''''' <br/> another
|-
!Plural
|'''''feyd''''' <br/> what
|'''''ledeþ''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydeþ''''' <br/> those
|'''''segeþ''''' <br/> yonder
|-
!rowspan="6"|Pronoun
!rowspan="2"|Human
!Singular
|'''''frycegoþ''''' <br/> who
|'''''ledah''''' <br/> this
|'''''loydah''''' <br/> that
|'''''segah''''' <br/> yon
|'''''byrcgoþ''''' <br/> someone
|'''''bytgoþ''''' <br/> anyone <br/> anybody <br/> whoever
|rowspan="2"|'''''veylgoþ''''' <br/> everyone <br/> everybody <br/> all
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwivgoþ''''' <br/> no one <br/> nobody
|rowspan="2"|'''''byongoþ''''' <br/> another <br/> someone else <br/> somebody else
|-
!Plural
|'''''frycegoþeþ''''' <br/> whom
|'''''ledhe''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydhe''''' <br/> those
|'''''seghe''''' <br/> yonder
|'''''byrcgoþeþ''''' <br/> somebody
|'''''bytgoþeþ''''' <br/> whomever <br/> whosoever <br/> whomsoever
|-
!rowspan="2"|Nonhuman
!Singular
|'''''fryce''''' <br/> what
|'''''ledah''''' <br/> this
|'''''loydah''''' <br/> that
|'''''segah''''' <br/> yon
|rowspan="2"|'''''byrc''''' <br/> something
|rowspan="2"|'''''byt''''' <br/> anything <br/> whatever <br/> whatsoever
|rowspan="2"|'''''veyl''''' <br/> everything <br/> all
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwiv''''' <br/> nothing
|rowspan="2"|'''''byon''''' <br/> something else <br/> else <br/> other
|-
!Plural
|'''''fryceþ''''' <br/> what
|'''''ledhe''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydhe''''' <br/> those
|'''''seghe''''' <br/> yonder
|-
!colspan="2"|Out of Two (dual)
|'''''fryceuþ''''' <br/> which one
|'''''ledsuþ''''' <br/> this one
|'''''loydsuþ''''' <br/> that one
|'''''segsuþ''''' <br/> yon
|'''''suþ''''' <br/> one
|'''''bytsuþ''''' <br/> either <br/> whichever <br/> whichsoever
|'''''veylsuþ''''' <br/> both
|'''''þwivsuþ''''' <br/> neither
|'''''byonsuþ''''' <br/> other
|-
!colspan="2"|Out of Many (plural)
|'''''fryceuþþe''''' <br/> which
|'''''ledsuþþe''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydsuþþe''''' <br/> those
|'''''segsuþþe''''' <br/> yonder
|'''''suþþe''''' <br/> some
|'''''bytsuþþe''''' <br/> any <br/> whichever <br/> whichsoever
|'''''veylsuþþe''''' <br/> each <br/> all
|'''''þwivsuþþe''''' <br/> none
|'''''byonsuþþe''''' <br/> another
|-
!rowspan="6"|Pro-Adverb
!colspan="2"|Location
|'''''fest''''' <br/> where
|'''''festyng''''' <br/> here
|'''''festynþ''''' <br/> there
|'''''festynt''''' <br/> yonder
|'''''byrcfest''''' <br/> somewhere
|'''''bytfest''''' <br/> anywhere <br/> wherever <br/> wheresoever
|'''''veylfest'''''<br/> everywhere
|'''''þwivfest''''' <br/> nowhere
|'''''byonfest''''' <br/> elsewhere
|-
!colspan="2"|Source
|'''''fiþ''''' <br/> whence
|'''''fiþng''''' <br/> hence
|'''''fiþnþ''''' <br/> thence
|'''''fiþnt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfiþ'''''<br/> somewhence
|'''''bytfiþ''''' <br/> anywhence <br/> whencever <br/> whencesoever
|'''''veylfiþ''''' <br/> everywhence
|'''''þwivfiþ''''' <br/> nowhence
|'''''byonfiþ''''' <br/> elsewhence
|-
!colspan="2"|Goal
|'''''fast''''' <br/> whither
|'''''fastyng''''' <br/> hither
|'''''fastynþ''''' <br/> thither
|'''''fastynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfast'''''<br/> somewhither
|'''''bytfast''''' <br/> anywhither <br/> whitherever <br/> whithersoever
|'''''veylfast''''' <br/> everywither
|'''''þwivast''''' <br/> nowhither
|'''''byonfast''''' <br/> elsewhither
|-
!colspan="2"|Time
|'''''feyþ''''' <br/> when
|'''''feyþyng''''' <br/> now
|'''''feyþynþ''''' <br/> then
|'''''feyþynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfeyþ''''' <br/> sometime <br/> somewhen
|'''''bytfeyþ''''' <br/> anytime <br/> anywhen <br/> whenever <br/> whensoever
|'''''veylfeyþ''''' <br/> always <br/>  everywhen
|'''''þwivfeyþ''''' <br/> never <br/> nowhen
|'''''byonfeyþ''''' <br/> elsewhen <br/> another time
|-
!colspan="2"|Manner
|'''''fost''''' <br/> how <br/> whereby
|'''''fostyng''''' <br/> thus <br/> hereby
|'''''fostynþ''''' <br/> thereby
|'''''fostynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfost''''' <br/> somehow
|'''''bytfost''''' <br/> anyhow <br/> however <br/> howsoever
|'''''veylfost''''' <br/> everyway <br/> everyhow
|'''''þwivfost''''' <br/> no way <br/> no how
|'''''byonfost''''' <br/> otherwise <br/> elseway <br/> elsehow
|-
!colspan="2"|Reason
|'''''frih''''' <br/> why <br/> wherefor
|'''''frihyng''''' <br/> herefore
|'''''frihynþ''''' <br/> therefore
|'''''frihynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfrih''''' <br/> somewhy <br/> for some reason
|'''''bytfrih''''' <br/> anywhy <br/> whyever <br/> whysoever
|'''''veylfrih''''' <br/> everywhy
|'''''þwivfrih''''' <br/> nowhy
|'''''byonfrih''''' <br/> elsewhy
|}
|}


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|ayð
|ayð
|ayðy
|ayðy
|-
!Present Hodiernal
|eþand
|eþande
|venind
|veninde
|hadond
|hadonde
|wanend
|wanende
|aynd
|aynde
|-
!Past Hodiernal
|eþatand
|eþactand
|venitind
|venictind
|hadotond
|hadoctond
|wanetend
|wanectend
|aytind
|ayctind
|-
!Future Hodiernal
|eþwaðand
|eþwaðyand
|venwiðind
|venwiðyind
|hadoðond
|hadoðyond
|waneðend
|waneðyend
|ayðind
|ayðyind
|}
|}
===Hodiernal Tenses===
Hodiernal tenses in Voþken were previously pure hodiernal tenses referring to current day (present hodiernal), earlier in the day (past hodiernal), and later in the day (future hodiernal). Eventually the scope of both the past and future hodiernal tenses became wider and now refers exclusively to yesterday and tomorrow.
====Register Split====
Since the temporal widening of the hodiernal case, the words corresponding to the time periods that the hodiernal tenses refer to have lost usage in the upper parts of Voþ societies and a register split has occurred where using the hodiernal conjugations are looked at as elegant proper speech.


===Passive===
===Passive===
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===Modal Particles===
===Modal Particles===
All modal particles precede the verb phrase


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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|-
|-
|ði
|ði
|Logical Conclusion
|Logical Conclusion/Certainty
|Kyað  
|Kyað itta ði ay voyact
|He must have drank the water.
|He must have drank the water.
|-
|-
|cwat
|loy
|Certainty
|Polite Permission
|On loy sun þray?
|Might I leave?
|-
|-
|ef
|ef
|Ability
|Ability
|On ef cwel.
|I can run.
|-
|-
|lo
|loy
|Possibility
|Possibility
|On loy noyk.
|I could fall.
|-
|-
|veh
|veh
|Probability
|Probability
|On veh sun.
|I may leave.
|-
|-
|loy
|veh
|Permission
|Permission
|Kyað onest veh voy þray?
|May I drink the water?
|-
|-
|beg
|beg
|Obligation
|Obligation
|On beg sun.
|I must leave.
|-
|-
|wyv
|wyv
|Partial Obligation
|Partial Obligation
|On wyv sun.
|I should leave.
|}
|}


===Mood Particles===
===Mood Particles===
All mood particles proceed the main verb so as to conclude the sentence.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Particle
!Mood
!Example
!Translation
|-
|''n/a''
|Indicative
|Stur onest askit.
|I went home.
|-
|von
|Imperative
|Stur uðest ask von.
|(You) go home.
|-
|þray
|Interrogative
|Uð vaskdwa ay þray?
|Are you well?
|}


===Negation===
===Negation===
Negation of verbs in Voþken is done by using the negative particle ''þwi''. This particle precedes the verb to be negated.
Negation of verbs in Voþken is done by using the negative particle ''þwi''. This particle proceeds the verb phrase to be negated, but does not proceed the mood particle if there is one.
 
Examples:<br>
''On ef cwel.'' I can run.<br>
''On ef cwel þwi.'' I cannot run.<br>
 
''Stur uðest ask von.'' (You) go home.<br>
''Stur uðest ask þwi von.'' (You) [do] not go home.


==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
Adjectives precede what it is modifying.
===Predicative Adjectives===
Adjectives are not allowed to be used as nouns and must be converted to a noun via derivation. Depending on the derivation used, the use of a preposition may still be required as in the "-ness" variety of adjective derived nouns.
===Adjective Order===


==Adverbs==
==Adverbs==
Adverbs precede what they are modifying, such as an adjective or verb. In the case that there is a helping verb or a modal particle, the adverb precedes the entire verb phrase.


==Adpositions==
==Adpositions==
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|+ Prepositions
! !! Voþken !! Associated Case !! English
|-
!rowspan="3"| Grammatical
|þwai || Ablative || away from, from
|-
|dac || Instrumental || with, by means of
|-
|swyn || Causal || for, for the purpose of
|-
!rowspan="10"|Location
|við || Adessive || near, at, by
|-
|cod || Antessive || before
|-
|ede || Apudessive || next to
|-
|guþ || Inessive || inside
|-
|ðal || Intrative || between
|-
|cef || Locative || at, on, in
|-
|kres || Pertingent || touching
|-
|nem || Postessive || behind
|-
|ðrei || Subessive || under
|-
|eft || Superessive || on top of
|-
!rowspan="5"|Motion from
|grun || Ablative || away from
|-
|fec || Delative || from the top of
|-
|hid || Egressive || beginning from (some time)
|-
|nera || Elative || out of the
|-
|myu || Initiative || beginning from (some location)
|-
!rowspan="5"|Motion to
| deg || Allative || to (the side of)
|-
| yet|| Illative || into
|-
| gyn || Lative || to (the location of)
|-
| hym || Sublative I || onto
|-
| royt || Sublative II || to (under)
|-
!rowspan="3"|Relation
| gehet || Ablative || concerning
|-
| bedwað || Benefactive || for, for the benefit of
|-
| cinem || Causal || because of, due to, because
|}
==Questions==
===The Interrogative===
===Yes/No/Yea/Nay===
Voþken has a four-form answer system for yes/no questions. They are divided into two types of questions: affirmative and negative.
'''''Affirmative'''''<br>
''Uð vaskdwa ay þray?'' - Are you well?<br>
''Hwa.'' - Yes.<br>
''Ða'' - No.<br>
'''''Negative'''''<br>
''Uð vaskdwa ay þwi þray?'' - Are you well?<br>
''Hact.'' - Yea.<br>
''Ðeu'' - Nay.<br>
===Question Words===


=Numbers=
=Numbers=
The number system of Voþken is a base 12 system that reaches up to 12^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits.
The number system of Voþken is a base 5 system that reaches up to 5^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits.
Zero is "rukya".


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|Digit
!rowspan="2"|Digit
!colspan="6"|Powers of 12
!rowspan="2"|Ancient Glyph
!rowspan="2"|Modern Glyph
!colspan="6"|Powers of 5
|-
!5^0
!5^1
!5^2
!5^3
!5^4
!5^5
|-
|-
!12^0
|0
!12^1
|[[File:NUM rukya ancient.svg|20px]]
!12^2
|[[File:NUM rukya.svg|20px]]
!12^3
|rukya
!12^4
|colspan="5"|
!12^5
|-
|-
|1
|1
|[[File:NUM gad ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM gad.svg|20px]]
|gad
|gad
|gadur
|gadur
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|-
|-
|2
|2
|[[File:NUM þes ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM þes.svg|20px]]
|þes
|þes
|þesur
|þesur
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|-
|-
|3
|3
|an
|[[File:NUM syk ancient.svg|20px]]
|anur
|[[File:NUM syk.svg|20px]]
|anara
|anora
|anira
|anurþa
|-
|4
|syk
|syk
|sykur
|sykur
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|sykurþa
|sykurþa
|-
|-
|5
|4
|[[File:NUM wyk ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM wyk.svg|20px]]
|wyk
|wyk
|wykur
|wykur
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|wykira
|wykira
|wykurþa
|wykurþa
|}
==Mathematics==
All math expressions are read from right to left just as the orthography is read.
''Operators''
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Operation
!Operator
!Voþken Term
!Translation
|-
|addition
|
[[File:OP hes.svg|20px]]
|hes
|and
|-
|-
|6
|subtraction
|vað
|[[File:OP vat.svg|20px]]
|vaður
|vat
|vaðara
|take
|vaðora
|vaðira
|vaðarþa
|-
|-
|7
|Unary Minus
|nesk
|[[File:OP isna.svg|20px]]
|neskur
|isna
|neskara
|debt
|neskora
|neskira
|neskurþa
|-
|-
|8
|multiplication
|com
|*
|comur
|
|comara
|
|comora
|comira
|comurþa
|-
|-
|9
|division
|pwa
|/
|pwar
|
|pwara
|
|pwaora
|pwaira
|pwarþa
|-
|-
|10
|equate
|syen
|[[File:OP twac.svg|20px]]
|syenur
|twac
|syenara
|same, equal
|syenora
|syenira
|syenurþa
|-
|-
|11
|exponentiate
|fwoyl
|[[File:FIG_logExpTriangle.svg|80px]]
|fwoylur
|
|fwoylara
|
|fwoylora
|-
|fwoylira
|logarithm
|fwoylurþa
|[[File:FIG_logExpTriangle.svg|80px]]
|
|
|}
|}
=Sample Texts=
<b>Onyr ðoþ onest guweð.</b><br>
1-GEN destiny-ABS 1-ERG see-FUT<br>
'You will see your doom/destiny.'<br>
[ʊ.nɪɹ ðʊθ ʊ.nɛst gu.wɛð]<br>
<b>Dac kwenð goþ ittest ciet.</b><br>
PREP-INSTR bad person-ABS 3PL-ERG oppress-PERF<br>
'They were oppressed by the bad person.'<br>
[dæʃ kwɛnð gʊθ it.tɛst ʃi.ɛt]<br>
<b>Nydfirs onest cosdwa cwelet, ledah firs onest cwel þwi, hes þyufirs onest kiþ cweleð.</b><br>
Lastday-ABS 1-ERG long-ADV run-PERF, this day-ABS 1-ERG run NEG, and nextday-ABS 1-ERG again run-FUT<br>
'Yesterday I ran far, today I did not run, and tomorrow I will run again.'<br>
[nɪd.fiɹz ʊ.nɛst ʃʊz.dwæ ʃwɛl.ɛt lɛ.dæx fiɹz ʊ.nɛst ʃwɛl θwi xɛs θju.fiɹz kiθ ʃwɛl.ɛð]<br>
[[Category: Languages]][[Category: A priori]][[Category: Voþken]][[Category: Ergative-absolutive languages]]
Iancgil
1,279

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