Linguifex

Voþken: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Voþken (view source)

Revision as of 08:13, 7 November 2021

11,162 bytes added ,  7 November 2021
→‎Modal Particles
 
(92 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 107: Line 107:
|-
|-
!'''Near-Close'''
!'''Near-Close'''
|'''i/y''' /ɪ/
|'''i/y''' /ɪ/ [ɪ]*
|
|
|'''o''' /ʊ/
|'''o''' /ʊ/
Line 131: Line 131:
|-
|-
!'''Near-Open'''
!'''Near-Open'''
|'''a''' [æ]*
|'''a''' /æ/
|
|
|
|
Line 137: Line 137:
|-
|-
!'''Open'''
!'''Open'''
|'''a''' /a/
|'''a''' [a]*
|
|
|
|
Line 162: Line 162:


===Phonological Rules===
===Phonological Rules===
*/ɛ/ > [ə] / _#
*/s/ > [z] / $_[+voiced +consonant]
*/s/ > [z] / [+voiced +consonant]_$
*/ʊ/ > [ɔ] / _/j/
*/j/ > [ɪ] / /ʊ/_
*/j/ > [ɪ] / [+consonant] _ [+consonant]
*/j/ > [i] / [+consonant] _#
*/æ/ > [a] / _/j/$


===Stress===
===Stress===
=Orthography=
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|Uppercase !! Romanization || A || B || C || D || Ð || E || F || G || H || I || K || L || M || N || O || P || R || S || Þ || T || U || V || W || Y
|-
!Voþken
|[[File:A-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:b-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:c-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:d-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:ð-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:e-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:f-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:g-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:h-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:i-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:k-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:l_UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:m-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:n-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:o-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:p-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:r-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:s-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:þ-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:t-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:u-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:v-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:w-UC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:y-UC.svg|20px]]
|-
!rowspan="2"|Lowercase !! Romanization || a || b || c || d || ð || e || f || g || h || i || k || l || m || n || o || p || r || s || þ || t || u || v || w || y
|-
!Voþken
|[[File:A-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:b-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:c-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:d-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:ð-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:e-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:f-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:g-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:h-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:i-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:k-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:l-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:m-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:n-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:o-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:p-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:r-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:s-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:þ-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:t-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:u-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:v-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:w-LC.svg|20px]]
|[[File:y-LC.svg|20px]]
|}


=Grammar=
=Grammar=
Line 195: Line 264:
|}
|}


'''Examples''':<br>
'''Examples''':<br/>
''norgig'' - to be curious<br>
''norgig'' - to be curious<br/>
''norgygyn'' - curiosity<br>
''norgygyn'' - curiosity<br/>


''menig'' - to enjoy<br>
''menig'' - to enjoy<br/>
''menygyn'' - enjoyment<br>
''menygyn'' - enjoyment<br/>


''cwenog'' - to be infatuated, to love<br>
''cwenog'' - to be infatuated, to love<br/>
''cwenoygon'' - infatuation<br>
''cwenoygon'' - infatuation<br/>


''eþag'' - to sleep<br>
''eþag'' - to sleep<br/>
''eþaygan'' - slumber<br>
''eþaygan'' - slumber<br/>


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
Line 225: Line 294:




'''Examples''':<br>
'''Examples''':<br/>


''menig'' - to enjoy<br>
''menig'' - to enjoy<br/>
''meniny'' - enjoyable<br>
''meniny'' - enjoyable<br/>


''cwenog'' - to be infatuated, to love<br>
''cwenog'' - to be infatuated, to love<br/>
''cwenony'' - loveable<br>
''cwenony'' - loveable<br/>


''wesog'' - to destroy<br>
''wesog'' - to destroy<br/>
''wesony'' - destroyable<br>
''wesony'' - destroyable<br/>


''cwinag'' - to give<br>
''cwinag'' - to give<br/>
''cwinany'' - giveable<br>
''cwinany'' - giveable<br/>


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
Line 260: Line 329:
| -sla
| -sla
| -ish
| -ish
|}
'''Examples''':<br/>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="2"|
!Voþken
!English Approximation
|-
!rowspan="5|Noun to:
!Adverb
|
|
|-
!Verb
| -rið
| -fy
|-
!Adjective
| -ym
| -y
|}
|}


Line 310: Line 399:
|surewyr
|surewyr
|}
|}
===Derivational Suffixes===
Diminutive suffix: -aryn


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
Line 329: Line 421:
|onne
|onne
|onest
|onest
|onnest
|onwest
|onyr
|onyr
|onneyr
|onneyr
Line 337: Line 429:
|uððe
|uððe
|uðest
|uðest
|uððest
|uðwest
|uðyr
|uðyr
|uððeyr
|uððeyr
Line 345: Line 437:
|itta
|itta
|test
|test
|ittest
|itwest
|tayr
|tayr
|ittayr
|ittayr
Line 353: Line 445:
|suþþe
|suþþe
|suþest
|suþest
|suþþest
|suþwest
|suþyr
|suþyr
|suþþeyr
|suþþeyr
|}
===Correlatives===
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
!rowspan="2"|Interrogative
!colspan="3"|Demonstrative
!colspan="5"|Quantifier
|-
!Proximal
!Medial
!Distal
!Assertive Existential
!Elective Existential
!Universal
!Negatory
!Positive Alternative
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Determiner
!Singular
|'''''foy''''' <br/> which
|'''''led''''' <br/> this
|'''''loyd''''' <br/> that
|'''''seg''''' <br/> yon
|rowspan="2"|'''''byrcym''''' <br/> some
|rowspan="2"|'''''bytym''''' <br/> any <br/> whichever <br/> whichsoever
|rowspan="2"|'''''veylym''''' <br/> every <br/> each <br/> all
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwivym''''' <br/> no
|rowspan="2"|'''''byonym''''' <br/> another
|-
!Plural
|'''''feyd''''' <br/> what
|'''''ledeþ''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydeþ''''' <br/> those
|'''''segeþ''''' <br/> yonder
|-
!rowspan="6"|Pronoun
!rowspan="2"|Human
!Singular
|'''''frycegoþ''''' <br/> who
|'''''ledah''''' <br/> this
|'''''loydah''''' <br/> that
|'''''segah''''' <br/> yon
|'''''byrcgoþ''''' <br/> someone
|'''''bytgoþ''''' <br/> anyone <br/> anybody <br/> whoever
|rowspan="2"|'''''veylgoþ''''' <br/> everyone <br/> everybody <br/> all
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwivgoþ''''' <br/> no one <br/> nobody
|rowspan="2"|'''''byongoþ''''' <br/> another <br/> someone else <br/> somebody else
|-
!Plural
|'''''frycegoþeþ''''' <br/> whom
|'''''ledhe''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydhe''''' <br/> those
|'''''seghe''''' <br/> yonder
|'''''byrcgoþeþ''''' <br/> somebody
|'''''bytgoþeþ''''' <br/> whomever <br/> whosoever <br/> whomsoever
|-
!rowspan="2"|Nonhuman
!Singular
|'''''fryce''''' <br/> what
|'''''ledah''''' <br/> this
|'''''loydah''''' <br/> that
|'''''segah''''' <br/> yon
|rowspan="2"|'''''byrc''''' <br/> something
|rowspan="2"|'''''byt''''' <br/> anything <br/> whatever <br/> whatsoever
|rowspan="2"|'''''veyl''''' <br/> everything <br/> all
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwiv''''' <br/> nothing
|rowspan="2"|'''''byon''''' <br/> something else <br/> else <br/> other
|-
!Plural
|'''''fryceþ''''' <br/> what
|'''''ledhe''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydhe''''' <br/> those
|'''''seghe''''' <br/> yonder
|-
!colspan="2"|Out of Two (dual)
|'''''fryceuþ''''' <br/> which one
|'''''ledsuþ''''' <br/> this one
|'''''loydsuþ''''' <br/> that one
|'''''segsuþ''''' <br/> yon
|'''''suþ''''' <br/> one
|'''''bytsuþ''''' <br/> either <br/> whichever <br/> whichsoever
|'''''veylsuþ''''' <br/> both
|'''''þwivsuþ''''' <br/> neither
|'''''byonsuþ''''' <br/> other
|-
!colspan="2"|Out of Many (plural)
|'''''fryceuþþe''''' <br/> which
|'''''ledsuþþe''''' <br/> these
|'''''loydsuþþe''''' <br/> those
|'''''segsuþþe''''' <br/> yonder
|'''''suþþe''''' <br/> some
|'''''bytsuþþe''''' <br/> any <br/> whichever <br/> whichsoever
|'''''veylsuþþe''''' <br/> each <br/> all
|'''''þwivsuþþe''''' <br/> none
|'''''byonsuþþe''''' <br/> another
|-
!rowspan="6"|Pro-Adverb
!colspan="2"|Location
|'''''fest''''' <br/> where
|'''''festyng''''' <br/> here
|'''''festynþ''''' <br/> there
|'''''festynt''''' <br/> yonder
|'''''byrcfest''''' <br/> somewhere
|'''''bytfest''''' <br/> anywhere <br/> wherever <br/> wheresoever
|'''''veylfest'''''<br/> everywhere
|'''''þwivfest''''' <br/> nowhere
|'''''byonfest''''' <br/> elsewhere
|-
!colspan="2"|Source
|'''''fiþ''''' <br/> whence
|'''''fiþng''''' <br/> hence
|'''''fiþnþ''''' <br/> thence
|'''''fiþnt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfiþ'''''<br/> somewhence
|'''''bytfiþ''''' <br/> anywhence <br/> whencever <br/> whencesoever
|'''''veylfiþ''''' <br/> everywhence
|'''''þwivfiþ''''' <br/> nowhence
|'''''byonfiþ''''' <br/> elsewhence
|-
!colspan="2"|Goal
|'''''fast''''' <br/> whither
|'''''fastyng''''' <br/> hither
|'''''fastynþ''''' <br/> thither
|'''''fastynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfast'''''<br/> somewhither
|'''''bytfast''''' <br/> anywhither <br/> whitherever <br/> whithersoever
|'''''veylfast''''' <br/> everywither
|'''''þwivast''''' <br/> nowhither
|'''''byonfast''''' <br/> elsewhither
|-
!colspan="2"|Time
|'''''feyþ''''' <br/> when
|'''''feyþyng''''' <br/> now
|'''''feyþynþ''''' <br/> then
|'''''feyþynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfeyþ''''' <br/> sometime <br/> somewhen
|'''''bytfeyþ''''' <br/> anytime <br/> anywhen <br/> whenever <br/> whensoever
|'''''veylfeyþ''''' <br/> always <br/>  everywhen
|'''''þwivfeyþ''''' <br/> never <br/> nowhen
|'''''byonfeyþ''''' <br/> elsewhen <br/> another time
|-
!colspan="2"|Manner
|'''''fost''''' <br/> how <br/> whereby
|'''''fostyng''''' <br/> thus <br/> hereby
|'''''fostynþ''''' <br/> thereby
|'''''fostynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfost''''' <br/> somehow
|'''''bytfost''''' <br/> anyhow <br/> however <br/> howsoever
|'''''veylfost''''' <br/> everyway <br/> everyhow
|'''''þwivfost''''' <br/> no way <br/> no how
|'''''byonfost''''' <br/> otherwise <br/> elseway <br/> elsehow
|-
!colspan="2"|Reason
|'''''frih''''' <br/> why <br/> wherefor
|'''''frihyng''''' <br/> herefore
|'''''frihynþ''''' <br/> therefore
|'''''frihynt''''' <br/>
|'''''byrcfrih''''' <br/> somewhy <br/> for some reason
|'''''bytfrih''''' <br/> anywhy <br/> whyever <br/> whysoever
|'''''veylfrih''''' <br/> everywhy
|'''''þwivfrih''''' <br/> nowhy
|'''''byonfrih''''' <br/> elsewhy
|}
|}


Line 444: Line 700:
|ayð
|ayð
|ayðy
|ayðy
|-
!Present Hodiernal
|eþand
|eþande
|venind
|veninde
|hadond
|hadonde
|wanend
|wanende
|aynd
|aynde
|-
!Past Hodiernal
|eþatand
|eþactand
|venitind
|venictind
|hadotond
|hadoctond
|wanetend
|wanectend
|aytind
|ayctind
|-
!Future Hodiernal
|eþwaðand
|eþwaðyand
|venwiðind
|venwiðyind
|hadoðond
|hadoðyond
|waneðend
|waneðyend
|ayðind
|ayðyind
|}
|}
===Hodiernal Tenses===
Hodiernal tenses in Voþken were previously pure hodiernal tenses referring to current day (present hodiernal), earlier in the day (past hodiernal), and later in the day (future hodiernal). Eventually the scope of both the past and future hodiernal tenses became wider and now refers exclusively to yesterday and tomorrow.
====Register Split====
Since the temporal widening of the hodiernal case, the words corresponding to the time periods that the hodiernal tenses refer to have lost usage in the upper parts of Voþ societies and a register split has occurred where using the hodiernal conjugations are looked at as elegant proper speech.


===Passive===
===Passive===
Line 472: Line 769:
|He must have drank the water.
|He must have drank the water.
|-
|-
|cwat
|loy
|Polite Permission
|Polite Permission
|On cwat sun þray?
|On loy sun þray?
|Might I leave?
|Might I leave?
|-
|-
Line 482: Line 779:
|I can run.
|I can run.
|-
|-
|lo
|loy
|Possibility
|Possibility
|On lo noyk.
|On loy noyk.
|I could fall.
|I could fall.
|-
|-
Line 492: Line 789:
|I may leave.
|I may leave.
|-
|-
|loy
|veh
|Permission
|Permission
|Kyað onest loy voy þray?
|Kyað onest veh voy þray?
|May I drink the water?
|May I drink the water?
|-
|-
Line 529: Line 826:
|þray
|þray
|Interrogative
|Interrogative
|Uð vask ay þray?
|Uð vaskdwa ay þray?
|Are you well?
|Are you well?
|}
|}
Line 555: Line 852:


==Adpositions==
==Adpositions==
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|+ Prepositions
! !! Voþken !! Associated Case !! English
|-
!rowspan="3"| Grammatical
|þwai || Ablative || away from, from
|-
|dac || Instrumental || with, by means of
|-
|swyn || Causal || for, for the purpose of
|-
!rowspan="10"|Location
|við || Adessive || near, at, by
|-
|cod || Antessive || before
|-
|ede || Apudessive || next to
|-
|guþ || Inessive || inside
|-
|ðal || Intrative || between
|-
|cef || Locative || at, on, in
|-
|kres || Pertingent || touching
|-
|nem || Postessive || behind
|-
|ðrei || Subessive || under
|-
|eft || Superessive || on top of
|-
!rowspan="5"|Motion from
|grun || Ablative || away from
|-
|fec || Delative || from the top of
|-
|hid || Egressive || beginning from (some time)
|-
|nera || Elative || out of the
|-
|myu || Initiative || beginning from (some location)
|-
!rowspan="5"|Motion to
| deg || Allative || to (the side of)
|-
| yet|| Illative || into
|-
| gyn || Lative || to (the location of)
|-
| hym || Sublative I || onto
|-
| royt || Sublative II || to (under)
|-
!rowspan="3"|Relation
| gehet || Ablative || concerning
|-
| bedwað || Benefactive || for, for the benefit of
|-
| cinem || Causal || because of, due to, because
|}


==Questions==
==Questions==
Line 569: Line 928:


'''''Negative'''''<br>
'''''Negative'''''<br>
Are you not well?<br>
''Uð vaskdwa ay þwi þray?'' - Are you well?<br>
Yea.<br>
''Hact.'' - Yea.<br>
Nay.<br>
''Ðeu'' - Nay.<br>


===Question Words===
===Question Words===


=Numbers=
=Numbers=
The number system of Voþken is a base 12 system that reaches up to 12^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits.
The number system of Voþken is a base 5 system that reaches up to 5^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits.
Zero is "rukya".


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|Digit
!rowspan="2"|Digit
!colspan="6"|Powers of 12
!rowspan="2"|Ancient Glyph
!rowspan="2"|Modern Glyph
!colspan="6"|Powers of 5
|-
|-
!12^0
!5^0
!12^1
!5^1
!12^2
!5^2
!12^3
!5^3
!12^4
!5^4
!12^5
!5^5
|-
|0
|[[File:NUM rukya ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM rukya.svg|20px]]
|rukya
|colspan="5"|
|-
|-
|1
|1
|[[File:NUM gad ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM gad.svg|20px]]
|gad
|gad
|gadur
|gadur
Line 598: Line 968:
|-
|-
|2
|2
|[[File:NUM þes ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM þes.svg|20px]]
|þes
|þes
|þesur
|þesur
Line 606: Line 978:
|-
|-
|3
|3
|an
|[[File:NUM syk ancient.svg|20px]]
|anur
|[[File:NUM syk.svg|20px]]
|anara
|anora
|anira
|anurþa
|-
|4
|syk
|syk
|sykur
|sykur
Line 621: Line 987:
|sykurþa
|sykurþa
|-
|-
|5
|4
|[[File:NUM wyk ancient.svg|20px]]
|[[File:NUM wyk.svg|20px]]
|wyk
|wyk
|wykur
|wykur
Line 628: Line 996:
|wykira
|wykira
|wykurþa
|wykurþa
|}
==Mathematics==
All math expressions are read from right to left just as the orthography is read.
''Operators''
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Operation
!Operator
!Voþken Term
!Translation
|-
|-
|6
|addition
|vað
|
|vaður
[[File:OP hes.svg|20px]]
|vaðara
|hes
|vaðora
|and
|vaðira
|vaðarþa
|-
|-
|7
|subtraction
|nesk
|[[File:OP vat.svg|20px]]
|neskur
|vat
|neskara
|take
|neskora
|neskira
|neskurþa
|-
|-
|8
|Unary Minus
|com
|[[File:OP isna.svg|20px]]
|comur
|isna
|comara
|debt
|comora
|comira
|comurþa
|-
|-
|9
|multiplication
|pwa
|*
|pwar
|
|pwara
|
|pwaora
|pwaira
|pwarþa
|-
|-
|10
|division
|syen
|/
|syenur
|
|syenara
|
|syenora
|syenira
|syenurþa
|-
|-
|11
|equate
|foyl
|[[File:OP twac.svg|20px]]
|foylur
|twac
|foylara
|same, equal
|foylora
|-
|foylira
|exponentiate
|foylurþa
|[[File:FIG_logExpTriangle.svg|80px]]
|
|
|-
|logarithm
|[[File:FIG_logExpTriangle.svg|80px]]
|
|
|}
|}


=Sample Texts=
=Sample Texts=
<b>Onyr ðoþ onest guweð.</b><br>
1-GEN destiny-ABS 1-ERG see-FUT<br>
'You will see your doom/destiny.'<br>
[ʊ.nɪɹ ðʊθ ʊ.nɛst gu.wɛð]<br>
<b>Dac kwenð goþ ittest ciet.</b><br>
PREP-INSTR bad person-ABS 3PL-ERG oppress-PERF<br>
'They were oppressed by the bad person.'<br>
[dæʃ kwɛnð gʊθ it.tɛst ʃi.ɛt]<br>
<b>Nydfirs onest cosdwa cwelet, ledah firs onest cwel þwi, hes þyufirs onest kiþ cweleð.</b><br>
Lastday-ABS 1-ERG long-ADV run-PERF, this day-ABS 1-ERG run NEG, and nextday-ABS 1-ERG again run-FUT<br>
'Yesterday I ran far, today I did not run, and tomorrow I will run again.'<br>
[nɪd.fiɹz ʊ.nɛst ʃʊz.dwæ ʃwɛl.ɛt lɛ.dæx fiɹz ʊ.nɛst ʃwɛl θwi xɛs θju.fiɹz kiθ ʃwɛl.ɛð]<br>
[[Category: Languages]][[Category: A priori]][[Category: Voþken]][[Category: Ergative-absolutive languages]]
Iancgil
1,279

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/90293...242470"