Latest revision as of 08:13, 7 November 2021

Voþken
Voþken
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA\|ˈvɔθ.kɛn]]
Created by	iancgil
Language family	Voþken
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Introduction

Phonology

Consonants

		Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Post Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/		t /t/				k /k/
Plosive	voiced	b /b/		d /d/				g /g/
Nasal		m /m/		n /n/
Fricative	voiceless		f /f/	þ /θ/	s /s/	c /ʃ/		h /x/
Fricative	voiced		v /v/	ð /ð/	s [z]*
Approximant				r /ɹ/			y /j/
Lateral Approximant				l /l/

*allophone

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back	Diphthongs
Close	i /i/		u /u/
Near-Close	i/y /ɪ/ [ɪ]*		o /ʊ/
Close-Mid				ei/ey /ej/
Mid		e [ə]*
Open-Mid	e /ɛ/			oi/oy /ɔɪ/
Near-Open	a /æ/
Open	a [a]*			ai/ay /aj/

*allophone

Phonotactics

Allowed Syllables

(C)(C)V(C)(C)

Consonant Clusters Word Initial

[fricative]+[nasal,liquid,stop]
[stop]+[nasal,liquid,fricative]

Word Internal

Word Final

[fricative]+[stop]
[stop]+[fricative]
/m/+/b/
/n/+[stop,excluding /b/]

Phonological Rules

/ɛ/ > [ə] / _#
/s/ > [z] / $_[+voiced +consonant]
/s/ > [z] / [+voiced +consonant]_$
/ʊ/ > [ɔ] / _/j/
/j/ > [ɪ] / /ʊ/_
/j/ > [ɪ] / [+consonant] _ [+consonant]
/j/ > [i] / [+consonant] _#
/æ/ > [a] / _/j/$

Stress

Orthography

Uppercase	Romanization	A	B	C	D	Ð	E	F	G	H	I	K	L	M	N	O	P	R	S	Þ	T	U	V	W	Y
Uppercase	Voþken
Lowercase	Romanization	a	b	c	d	ð	e	f	g	h	i	k	l	m	n	o	p	r	s	þ	t	u	v	w	y
Lowercase	Voþken

Grammar

Word Order

OVS, V2

Morphosyntactic Alignment

Ergative-Absolutive

Morphology

Analytic with a touch of Oligosynthetic. Lots of particles and adpositions used for aspect, mood, mode, and cases but verbs conjugate for tense (mostly) and nouns decline for a few basic cases.

Derivational Morphology

Verb to Noun
Verb	-ag	-eg	-ig	-og
Suffix	-aygan	-eygen	-ygyn	-oygon

Examples:
norgig - to be curious
norgygyn - curiosity

menig - to enjoy
menygyn - enjoyment

cwenog - to be infatuated, to love
cwenoygon - infatuation

eþag - to sleep
eþaygan - slumber

Verb to Adjective
Verb	-ag	-eg	-ig	-og
Suffix	-any	-eny	-iny	-ony

Examples:

menig - to enjoy
meniny - enjoyable

cwenog - to be infatuated, to love
cwenony - loveable

wesog - to destroy
wesony - destroyable

cwinag - to give
cwinany - giveable

		Voþken	English Approximation
Adjective to:	Adverb	-dwa	-ly
	Noun	-ah	-ness
	Verb	-unk	-ize, -ise
	Adjective	-sla	-ish

Examples:

		Voþken	English Approximation
Noun to:	Adverb
	Verb	-rið	-fy
	Adjective	-ym	-y

Nouns

Absolutive		Ergative		Genitive
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
goþ	goþwa	goþest	goþwest	goþyr	goþwyr
stur	sturwa	sturest	sturwest	sturyr	sturwyr
vent	ventwa	ventest	ventwest	ventyr	ventwyr
vekna	veknaw	veknast	veknawst	veknayr	veknawyr
sure	surew	surest	surewst	sureyr	surewyr

Derivational Suffixes

Diminutive suffix: -aryn

Pronouns

	Absolutive		Ergative		Genitive
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
First Person	on	onne	onest	onwest	onyr	onneyr
Second Person	uð	uððe	uðest	uðwest	uðyr	uððeyr
Third Person	ta	itta	test	itwest	tayr	ittayr
Zeroth Person	suþ	suþþe	suþest	suþwest	suþyr	suþþeyr

Correlatives

			Interrogative	Demonstrative			Quantifier
			Interrogative	Proximal	Medial	Distal	Assertive Existential	Elective Existential	Universal	Negatory	Positive Alternative
Determiner		Singular	foy which	led this	loyd that	seg yon	byrcym some	bytym any whichever whichsoever	veylym every each all	þwivym no	byonym another
Determiner		Plural	feyd what	ledeþ these	loydeþ those	segeþ yonder	byrcym some	bytym any whichever whichsoever	veylym every each all	þwivym no	byonym another
Pronoun	Human	Singular	frycegoþ who	ledah this	loydah that	segah yon	byrcgoþ someone	bytgoþ anyone anybody whoever	veylgoþ everyone everybody all	þwivgoþ no one nobody	byongoþ another someone else somebody else
	Human	Plural	frycegoþeþ whom	ledhe these	loydhe those	seghe yonder	byrcgoþeþ somebody	bytgoþeþ whomever whosoever whomsoever	veylgoþ everyone everybody all	þwivgoþ no one nobody	byongoþ another someone else somebody else
	Nonhuman	Singular	fryce what	ledah this	loydah that	segah yon	byrc something	byt anything whatever whatsoever	veyl everything all	þwiv nothing	byon something else else other
	Nonhuman	Plural	fryceþ what	ledhe these	loydhe those	seghe yonder	byrc something	byt anything whatever whatsoever	veyl everything all	þwiv nothing	byon something else else other
	Out of Two (dual)		fryceuþ which one	ledsuþ this one	loydsuþ that one	segsuþ yon	suþ one	bytsuþ either whichever whichsoever	veylsuþ both	þwivsuþ neither	byonsuþ other
	Out of Many (plural)		fryceuþþe which	ledsuþþe these	loydsuþþe those	segsuþþe yonder	suþþe some	bytsuþþe any whichever whichsoever	veylsuþþe each all	þwivsuþþe none	byonsuþþe another
Pro-Adverb	Location		fest where	festyng here	festynþ there	festynt yonder	byrcfest somewhere	bytfest anywhere wherever wheresoever	veylfest everywhere	þwivfest nowhere	byonfest elsewhere
	Source		fiþ whence	fiþng hence	fiþnþ thence	fiþnt	byrcfiþ somewhence	bytfiþ anywhence whencever whencesoever	veylfiþ everywhence	þwivfiþ nowhence	byonfiþ elsewhence
	Goal		fast whither	fastyng hither	fastynþ thither	fastynt	byrcfast somewhither	bytfast anywhither whitherever whithersoever	veylfast everywither	þwivast nowhither	byonfast elsewhither
	Time		feyþ when	feyþyng now	feyþynþ then	feyþynt	byrcfeyþ sometime somewhen	bytfeyþ anytime anywhen whenever whensoever	veylfeyþ always everywhen	þwivfeyþ never nowhen	byonfeyþ elsewhen another time
	Manner		fost how whereby	fostyng thus hereby	fostynþ thereby	fostynt	byrcfost somehow	bytfost anyhow however howsoever	veylfost everyway everyhow	þwivfost no way no how	byonfost otherwise elseway elsehow
	Reason		frih why wherefor	frihyng herefore	frihynþ therefore	frihynt	byrcfrih somewhy for some reason	bytfrih anywhy whyever whysoever	veylfrih everywhy	þwivfrih nowhy	byonfrih elsewhy

Verbs

	-ag		-ig		-og		-eg		ayg
	eþag - to sleep		venig - to have		hadog - to want		waneg - to do		ayg - to be
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Present	eþ	eþwa	ven	venwi	had	hadwo	wan	wanwe	ay	aywi
Perfect	eþat	eþact	venit	venict	hadot	hadoct	wanet	wanect	ayt	ayct
Imperfect	ay eþat	ay eþact	ay venit	ay venict	ay hadot	ay hadoct	ay wanet	ay wanect	ay ayt	ay ayct
Pluperfect	ayt eþat	ayct eþact	ayt venit	ayct venict	ayt hadot	ayct hadoct	ayt wanet	ayct wanect	ayt ayt	ayct ayct
Future	eþwað	eþwaðy	venwið	venwiðy	hadoð	hadoðy	waneð	waneðy	ayð	ayðy
Present Hodiernal	eþand	eþande	venind	veninde	hadond	hadonde	wanend	wanende	aynd	aynde
Past Hodiernal	eþatand	eþactand	venitind	venictind	hadotond	hadoctond	wanetend	wanectend	aytind	ayctind
Future Hodiernal	eþwaðand	eþwaðyand	venwiðind	venwiðyind	hadoðond	hadoðyond	waneðend	waneðyend	ayðind	ayðyind

Hodiernal Tenses

Hodiernal tenses in Voþken were previously pure hodiernal tenses referring to current day (present hodiernal), earlier in the day (past hodiernal), and later in the day (future hodiernal). Eventually the scope of both the past and future hodiernal tenses became wider and now refers exclusively to yesterday and tomorrow.

Register Split

Since the temporal widening of the hodiernal case, the words corresponding to the time periods that the hodiernal tenses refer to have lost usage in the upper parts of Voþ societies and a register split has occurred where using the hodiernal conjugations are looked at as elegant proper speech.

Passive

The passive construction in Voþken uses the particle geh preceding a noun in the ablative case.

Comparison:
Active: Kyað onest voyat. I drank water.
Passive: Kyað geh on voyat. Water [was] drank by me.

Modal Particles

All modal particles precede the verb phrase

Particle	Expressing	Example	Translation
va	Advice	Uð va cwel.	You ought to run.
ði	Logical Conclusion/Certainty	Kyað itta ði ay voyact	He must have drank the water.
loy	Polite Permission	On loy sun þray?	Might I leave?
ef	Ability	On ef cwel.	I can run.
loy	Possibility	On loy noyk.	I could fall.
veh	Probability	On veh sun.	I may leave.
veh	Permission	Kyað onest veh voy þray?	May I drink the water?
beg	Obligation	On beg sun.	I must leave.
wyv	Partial Obligation	On wyv sun.	I should leave.

Mood Particles

All mood particles proceed the main verb so as to conclude the sentence.

Particle	Mood	Example	Translation
n/a	Indicative	Stur onest askit.	I went home.
von	Imperative	Stur uðest ask von.	(You) go home.
þray	Interrogative	Uð vaskdwa ay þray?	Are you well?

Negation

Negation of verbs in Voþken is done by using the negative particle þwi. This particle proceeds the verb phrase to be negated, but does not proceed the mood particle if there is one.

Examples:
On ef cwel. I can run.
On ef cwel þwi. I cannot run.

Stur uðest ask von. (You) go home.
Stur uðest ask þwi von. (You) [do] not go home.

Adjectives

Adjectives precede what it is modifying.

Predicative Adjectives

Adjectives are not allowed to be used as nouns and must be converted to a noun via derivation. Depending on the derivation used, the use of a preposition may still be required as in the "-ness" variety of adjective derived nouns.

Adjective Order

Adverbs

Adverbs precede what they are modifying, such as an adjective or verb. In the case that there is a helping verb or a modal particle, the adverb precedes the entire verb phrase.

Adpositions

Prepositions
	Voþken	Associated Case	English
Grammatical	þwai	Ablative	away from, from
	dac	Instrumental	with, by means of
	swyn	Causal	for, for the purpose of
Location	við	Adessive	near, at, by
	cod	Antessive	before
	ede	Apudessive	next to
	guþ	Inessive	inside
	ðal	Intrative	between
	cef	Locative	at, on, in
	kres	Pertingent	touching
	nem	Postessive	behind
	ðrei	Subessive	under
	eft	Superessive	on top of
Motion from	grun	Ablative	away from
	fec	Delative	from the top of
	hid	Egressive	beginning from (some time)
	nera	Elative	out of the
	myu	Initiative	beginning from (some location)
Motion to	deg	Allative	to (the side of)
	yet	Illative	into
	gyn	Lative	to (the location of)
	hym	Sublative I	onto
	royt	Sublative II	to (under)
Relation	gehet	Ablative	concerning
	bedwað	Benefactive	for, for the benefit of
	cinem	Causal	because of, due to, because

Questions

The Interrogative

Yes/No/Yea/Nay

Voþken has a four-form answer system for yes/no questions. They are divided into two types of questions: affirmative and negative.

Affirmative
Uð vaskdwa ay þray? - Are you well?
Hwa. - Yes.
Ða - No.

Negative
Uð vaskdwa ay þwi þray? - Are you well?
Hact. - Yea.
Ðeu - Nay.

Question Words

Numbers

The number system of Voþken is a base 5 system that reaches up to 5^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits. Zero is "rukya".

Digit	Ancient Glyph	Modern Glyph	Powers of 5
Digit	Ancient Glyph	Modern Glyph	5^0	5^1	5^2	5^3	5^4	5^5
0			rukya
1			gad	gadur	gadara	gadora	gadira	gadurþa
2			þes	þesur	þesara	þesora	þesira	þesurþa
3			syk	sykur	sykara	sykora	sykira	sykurþa
4			wyk	wykur	wykara	wykora	wykira	wykurþa

Mathematics

All math expressions are read from right to left just as the orthography is read.

Operators

Operation	Operator	Voþken Term	Translation
addition		hes	and
subtraction		vat	take
Unary Minus		isna	debt
multiplication	*
division	/
equate		twac	same, equal
exponentiate
logarithm

Sample Texts

Onyr ðoþ onest guweð.
1-GEN destiny-ABS 1-ERG see-FUT
'You will see your doom/destiny.'
[ʊ.nɪɹ ðʊθ ʊ.nɛst gu.wɛð]

Dac kwenð goþ ittest ciet.
PREP-INSTR bad person-ABS 3PL-ERG oppress-PERF
'They were oppressed by the bad person.'
[dæʃ kwɛnð gʊθ it.tɛst ʃi.ɛt]

Nydfirs onest cosdwa cwelet, ledah firs onest cwel þwi, hes þyufirs onest kiþ cweleð.
Lastday-ABS 1-ERG long-ADV run-PERF, this day-ABS 1-ERG run NEG, and nextday-ABS 1-ERG again run-FUT
'Yesterday I ran far, today I did not run, and tomorrow I will run again.'
[nɪd.fiɹz ʊ.nɛst ʃʊz.dwæ ʃwɛl.ɛt lɛ.dæx fiɹz ʊ.nɛst ʃwɛl θwi xɛs θju.fiɹz kiθ ʃwɛl.ɛð]

Voþken: Difference between revisions