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Nankôre: Difference between revisions
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Verbs in Nankôre, as in many other languages, can perform operations to alter the argument structure of a clause. Agents and Patients may be demoted from their core status, Patients may be promoted to a derived Subject, and Obliques may be promoted to a core role. Nankôre has a several auxiliary verbs that perform operations similar to passivation, antipassivation, and applicativized. In a language that has virtually no adpositions or case markings on the NPs, valence operations these auxiliary verbs, particularly the passivation and antipassivation auxiliaries, are exploited to convey spatial or directional information that case affixes or adpositions perform in other languages. The animacy system interacts with these auxiliary verbs, called ''valence auxiliaries'' in the linguistic literature of Nankôre. | Verbs in Nankôre, as in many other languages, can perform operations to alter the argument structure of a clause. Agents and Patients may be demoted from their core status, Patients may be promoted to a derived Subject, and Obliques may be promoted to a core role. Nankôre has a several auxiliary verbs that perform operations similar to passivation, antipassivation, and applicativized. In a language that has virtually no adpositions or case markings on the NPs, valence operations these auxiliary verbs, particularly the passivation and antipassivation auxiliaries, are exploited to convey spatial or directional information that case affixes or adpositions perform in other languages. The animacy system interacts with these auxiliary verbs, called ''valence auxiliaries'' in the linguistic literature of Nankôre. | ||
As an example, the auxiliary ''kohán'' passivizes the clause, resulting in a one-argument clause containing only the logical Patient. Since there is only one core argument, the need for inverse marking no longer exists, and in fact the presence of both the passive auxiliary ''kohán'' and the inverse marker ''tā''' in the same sentence is ungrammatical. The same is true for the antipassive auxilliary ''norhe''/''norhâ | As an example, the auxiliary ''kohán'' passivizes the clause, resulting in a one-argument clause containing only the logical Patient. Since there is only one core argument, the need for inverse marking no longer exists, and in fact the presence of both the passive auxiliary ''kohán'' and the inverse marker ''tā/tāh''' in the same sentence is ungrammatical. The same is true for the antipassive auxilliary ''norhe''/''norhâ'', that is the logical Patient is deleted leaving only the agent, and so once again, the presence of the inverse ''tā/tāh'' is ungrammatical. When either the Agent or the Patient has been deleted by the passive or antipassive auxiliaries, one thing that must be noted is that the demoted arguments are fully deleted. In other languages that have passives and/or antipassives, demoted core arguments need not be deleted, in fact in many languages the demoted argument may still be retained in the sentence, but this time as an oblique argument. Such is not the case in Nankôre; the former core argument cannot appear in the sentence. | ||
The applicative auxiliaries promote an Oblique argument to core status, thereby creating a derived Patient. This results in a transitive sentence, and the inverse marker ''tā/tāh'' once again can be used if the to disambiguate the roles of the core arguments if a lower-animacy argument is an Agent. There are several of these auxiliaries, listed in the following table: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Case Role !! Auxiliary !! Sample Sentence !! Translation !! Comment | |||
|- | |||
| Directional || sanha || Anut America sanha-kor kamuk. || Anut supposedly flew to America. || ''-kor'' = hearsay affix, attaches to the auxiliary. | |||
|- | |||
| Benefactive || nasko|| Nanhoska karen tah-nasko--ro-kor eyna itá. || It is said the (sacred) tree gave (life) for the people.|| ''-ro-'' = Imperfect aspect | |||
|- | |||
| Commitative || yampe || Ehok yurasna yampe-kor || (Example)|| | |||
|- | |||
| Instrumental || makôr || (Example)|| (Example)|| | |||
|- | |||
| Ablative || risa || (Example)|| (Example)|| | |||
|- | |||
| Locative || neyhi || (Example)|| (Example)|| | |||
|- | |||
| Vialis || nahke || (Example)|| (Example)|| | |||
|- | |||
| "Above" || oros || (Example)|| (Example)|| | |||
|- | |||
| "Below" || yorha || (Example)|| (Example)|| | |||
|- | |||
| "From above" || isuk || (Example)|| (Example)|| | |||
|- | |||
| "From below" || royna || (Example)|| (Example)|| | |||
|} | |||
These auxiliaries are often confused for adpositions, or locative nouns, but unlike adpositions and locative nouns, these auxiliaries are full-fledged verbs. If inverse marking is required, the prefix ''tā/tāh'' is still prefixed to the auxiliary verb. Likewise, aspect and modality markers are attached to the auxiliary, a process that occurs only with verbs in the language, never with nouns. | |||
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