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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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* ''lúlasyam'' "twelve" (masc.) {{IPA|/ˌluːˤˈlæʃæm/}} {{IPA|[ˌluɁŭˈlæʃæm]}} | * ''lúlasyam'' "twelve" (masc.) {{IPA|/ˌluːˤˈlæʃæm/}} {{IPA|[ˌluɁŭˈlæʃæm]}} | ||
Minimal pairs distinguished by hamza include the forms of some verbs whose root has hamza and the non-singular endings were originally stressed on an ending that absorbed the root vowel, such as ''mulúti'' {{IPA|/muˈluːˤti/}} "he/she/it speaks" vs. ''mulúti'' {{IPA|/muˈluːti/}} "they speak". A lexical minimal pair, possibly the first one explained to Lifashian students, is ''lú'' {{IPA|/luːˤ/}} "two (masc.)" (from PIE *dwoh<sub>1</sub>) and ''lú'' {{IPA|/luː/}} "hill" (probably from Akkadian ''dû'', itself from Sumerian). | Minimal pairs distinguished by hamza include the forms of some verbs whose root has hamza and the non-singular endings were originally stressed on an ending that absorbed the root vowel, such as ''mulúti'' {{IPA|/muˈluːˤti/}} "he/she/it speaks" vs. ''mulúti'' {{IPA|/muˈluːti/}} "they speak". A lexical minimal pair, possibly the first one explained to Lifashian students, is ''lú'' {{IPA|/luːˤ/}} "two (masc.)" (from PIE *dwoh<sub>1</sub>) and ''lú'' {{IPA|/luː/}} "hill" (probably from Akkadian ''dû'', itself from Sumerian). | ||
===Historical phonology=== | |||
Lifashian is peculiar due to its phonological development, as among Indo-European languages it preserves laryngeals as consonants in many environments. *h₂ is frequently preserved as {{IPA|/h/}}, or - in original codas - by lengthening and colouring a preceding vowel; *h₃ is usually reflected as {{IPA|/f/}}, or - in niche cases - as {{IPA|/w/}} or {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. *h₁, meanwhile, is the least accurately preserved of the three laryngeals, usually as ''hamza'' (although there are some cases of ''hamza'' from other laryngeals, mostly due to dissimilation). Some examples: | |||
* PIE *h₁esh₂ṛ-om > ''ehorm'' {{IPA|/ˈeˤhorm/}} "blood" | |||
* PIE *h₂éwis > ''hawis'' {{IPA|/ˈhæwis/}} "bird" | |||
* PIE *wḷg-k-eh₂ > ''gulká'' {{IPA|/ˈgulkɑː/}} "tongue; language", cfr. the non-coda laryngeal in the plural form *wḷg-k-eh₂es > ''gulkehes'' {{IPA|/ˈgulkehes/}} | |||
* PIE *h₃eḱtōw > ''fastú'' {{IPA|/fæʃˈtuː/}} "eight" | |||
* PIE *h₃ésth₁-om > ''festam'' {{IPA|/ˈfeˤʃtæm}} "bone" | |||
* PIE *déh₃-ts > ''left'' {{IPA|/left/}} "gift" | |||
* PIE *h₃dónts > ''gelont'' {{IPA|/ˈgelont/}} "tooth" through intermediate *w(ǝ)dónt-. | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||