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Lebanese: Difference between revisions
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Standard Lebanese (𐤇𐤃𐤔 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm ḥados'') was based on the Central Lebanese dialect. However, the speakers of other dialects and different languages introduced some calques, borrowings and [[w:Phono-semantic_matching|phono-semantic matchings]] of international words. Currently, about 69% of the population speaks Lebanese as a native language, while most of the rest speak it fluently. | Standard Lebanese (𐤇𐤃𐤔 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm ḥados'') was based on the Central Lebanese dialect. However, the speakers of other dialects and different languages introduced some calques, borrowings and [[w:Phono-semantic_matching|phono-semantic matchings]] of international words. Currently, about 69% of the population speaks Lebanese as a native language, while most of the rest speak it fluently. | ||
===Maltese and Cypriot Lebanese=== | |||
There were several varieties of Phoenician, spoken in Malta and on the island of Cyprus, usually called 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤐𐤕̇𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm pūttīm'' (or 𐤃𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤌 𐤀𐤋𐤔𐤉𐤌 ''dabarīm alasēm'' in Cyprus). Phoenician was brought there by traders and settlers in the medieval period following the Arabisation of Lebanon, so neither of these varieties are direct descendants of Punic, which had likely become extinct by that time. Maltese Phoenician died out in Malta, with its former native speakers switched to Maltese, while the Cypriot variety is still being spoken by a small number of speakers. Both are mutually intelligible with Lebanese and are very close to dialects spoken around Sidon. Several unique characteristics of Cypriot Phoenician are: the use of a negative particle 𐤀𐤉 ''ī'' instead of standard Lebanese ''bal'' (used with nouns, suffixing forms and participles) and ''al'' (with prefixing forms of verbs), which it shares with the Sidonian dialect; the presents of vowel "y" [y] instead of Lebanese "i" or "e" ([jy.ˈsal] for ''esˁal'' - "I am asking", [zyθ] for ''edzō'' "this (feminine)", [byn] for ''bin'' "son"), lack of [ʕ] (which also happens in Lebanese) and [ħ], which merges with [x], as well as many loanwords from Greek, for example ''podilat'' "bicycle" (''welō'' or more formal ''bitsiklet'' in Lebanese), ''ḥurōmoth'' "colour" instead of Lebanese ''lūnoth''. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Old Phoenician had a typical Semitic consonant inventory, with pharyngeals, a series of "emphatic" consonants (possibly ejective, but this is debated), and in early stages also a lateral fricative /ɬ/, and uvular /χ/ and /ʁ/ sounds. /χ/ and /ʁ/ merged into /ħ/ and /ʕ/ respectively while /ɬ/ merged into /ʃ/. Later in some dialects of Old Phoenician /ʃ/ became indistinguishable from /s/ and /p/, /t/ and /k/ became [[w:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]] [pʰ], [tʰ] and [kʰ], which was represented in Ancient Greek and later in Latin texts. | Old Phoenician had a typical Semitic consonant inventory, with pharyngeals, a series of "emphatic" consonants (possibly ejective, but this is debated), and in early stages also a lateral fricative /ɬ/, and uvular /χ/ and /ʁ/ sounds. /χ/ and /ʁ/ merged into /ħ/ and /ʕ/ respectively while /ɬ/ merged into /ʃ/. Later in some dialects of Old Phoenician /ʃ/ became indistinguishable from /s/ and /p/, /t/ and /k/ became [[w:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]] [pʰ], [tʰ] and [kʰ], which was represented in Ancient Greek and later in Latin texts. Recent scholarship argues that 𐤔 was originally [s], while 𐤎 was [t͡sʰ], which fits well with 𐤆 being [d͡z], and 𐤑 being [t͡s]. Thus, when the aspirated plosives later changed further into fricatives, 𐤎 also became [s], merging with 𐤔 everywhere. This [[w:Begadkefat|process]] did not involve voiced stops, unlike in Aramaic and Biblical Hebrew (𐤆 also remains an affricate). The vowel system underwent a [[w:Canaanite shift|Canaanite shift]] - the process, partly shared by Biblical Hebrew, but going further in Phoenician (for example: 𐤓𐤅𐤔 ''rūs'', "head", Tiberian Hebrew ''rōš'', ראש). | ||
A special reading tradition, called the "religious reading" (𐤒𐤓𐤉𐤕 𐤒𐤃𐤅𐤔𐤕 ''qirīyoth qodūsoth''), has been preserved in liturgical use. In it the emphatic consonants are usually realized as pharyngealized, 𐤒 may sometimes be a uvular [q], though usually it's still [k], 𐤏 is always pronounced clearly (as [ʕ]), 𐤔 is [ʃ] (the latter is not compulsory, however). Nowadays this tradition is slowly dying out, especially among the Catholics, who now always use a regular pronunciation. | A special reading tradition, called the "religious reading" (𐤒𐤓𐤉𐤕 𐤒𐤃𐤅𐤔𐤕 ''qirīyoth qodūsoth''), has been preserved in liturgical use. In it the emphatic consonants are usually realized as pharyngealized, 𐤒 may sometimes be a uvular [q], though usually it's still [k], 𐤏 is always pronounced clearly (as [ʕ]), 𐤔 is [ʃ] (the latter is not compulsory, however). Nowadays this tradition is slowly dying out, especially among the Catholics, who now always use a regular pronunciation. | ||
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! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | ! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | ||
| (β)<ref group=note>Allophone of /b/ before other consonants.</ref> | | (β)<ref group=note>Allophone of /b/ before other consonants.</ref> | ||
| colspan="2" | (z)<ref group=note>Allophone of /d͡z/ usually in foreign words only. Some speakers tend to pronounce 𐤆 as [z] word-initially.</ref> | | colspan="2" | (z)<ref group=note>Allophone of /d͡z/ usually in foreign words only, also before some consonants. Some speakers tend to pronounce 𐤆 as [z] word-initially as well.</ref> | ||
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! Pronunciation | ! Pronunciation | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 𐤊 | | 𐤊 kōph || kʰ || x | ||
| la'''kh'''ūn "it might be" | | la'''kh'''ūn "it might be" | ||
| [la.ˈxuːn] | | [la.ˈxuːn] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 𐤐 pī || pʰ || f | | 𐤐 pī || pʰ || f | ||
| tsi''' | | tsi'''ph'''er "zero" | ||
| [ˈt͡sɪ.fer] | | [ˈt͡sɪ.fer] | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Historically, 𐤎 was likely involved in this process too, being [t͡sʰ] and leniting to [s]. Later the remaining [t͡sʰ] also lenited to [s], thus merging with 𐤔 completely. | |||
Lenition is not marked. If the consonant doesn't lenite in a typical position, a line (similar to a macron) is placed above it ( ̄ ). Sometimes a dot ( ̇ ) is placed instead, both are equally correct and the different use is due to artistic preferences. | Lenition is not marked. If the consonant doesn't lenite in a typical position, a line (similar to a macron) is placed above it ( ̄ ). Sometimes a dot ( ̇ ) is placed instead, both are equally correct and the different use is due to artistic preferences. | ||
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===Word patterns=== | ===Word patterns=== | ||
Scholars have attempted to categorize the varied types of nouns in the Semitic languages by organizing them according to their root shapes (usually various vowel changes that modify the basic root word). Scholars often use the root '''q-ṭ-l''' as the base for illustrating the patterns. Verbs are categorized differently by using the root '''p-ˁ-l''', except for the most common pattern is '''qal''' (just like in Hebrew). A certain semantic range of meaning is often associated with a particular pattern. | Scholars have attempted to categorize the varied types of nouns in the Semitic languages by organizing them according to their root shapes (usually various vowel changes that modify the basic root word). Scholars often use the root '''q-ṭ-l''' as the base for illustrating the patterns. Verbs are categorized differently by using the root '''p-ˁ-l''', except for the most common pattern is '''qal''' (just like in Hebrew). A certain semantic range of meaning is often associated with a particular pattern. | ||
*Single consonant ('''q'''): 𐤐𐤉 ''pī'' "mouth", | *Single consonant ('''q'''): 𐤐𐤉 ''pī'' "mouth", 𐤔𐤅 ''sū'' "sheep"; | ||
*Biconsonantal: '''qal''': 𐤀𐤁 ''ab'' "father", 𐤃𐤌 ''dom'' "blood", '''qil''': 𐤁̄𐤕 ''bit'' "daughter", '''qul''': 𐤒𐤅𐤋 ''qūl'' "voice"; | *Biconsonantal: '''qal''': 𐤀𐤁 ''ab'' "father", 𐤃𐤌 ''dom'' "blood", '''qil''': 𐤁̄𐤕 ''bit'' "daughter", '''qul''': 𐤒𐤅𐤋 ''qūl'' "voice"; | ||
*Triconsonantal (singular - '''qVtel''', plural '''qitVl''', where "V" is a vowel): '''qatl''': 𐤀𐤓𐤑 ''arts'' "earth", 𐤁𐤏𐤋 ''baˁal'' "master, lord", '''qitl''': 𐤌𐤋𐤊 ''milk'' "king"; | *Triconsonantal (singular - '''qVtel''', plural '''qitVl''', where "V" is a vowel): '''qatl''': 𐤀𐤓𐤑 ''arts'' "earth", 𐤁𐤏𐤋 ''baˁal'' "master, lord", '''qitl''': 𐤌𐤋𐤊 ''milk'' "king"; | ||
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|<poem> | |<poem> | ||
Abūn sibbissamêm, | Abūn sibbissamêm, | ||
yithqeddēs simka. | |||
To | To bō’o mimlakhathka, | ||
yiʿsē ratsūnka, | yiʿsē ratsūnka, | ||
kibissamêm kōn ba’ārts. | kibissamêm kōn ba’ārts. | ||
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Komū sissūlḥīm komū is naḥnū liḥūṭīm lonū. | Komū sissūlḥīm komū is naḥnū liḥūṭīm lonū. | ||
Wa‘al nasōnū liyidê pittūnoth, | Wa‘al nasōnū liyidê pittūnoth, | ||
wu’aph lilitsenū min harraʿi. | |||
Kī likha | Kī likha hammimlakhathka wuhattiqūphoth wuha’addirt | ||
Līʿūlmê ʿūlōmīm. | Līʿūlmê ʿūlōmīm. | ||
Ōmēn. | Ōmēn. | ||
| Line 992: | Line 997: | ||
For ever and ever. | For ever and ever. | ||
Amen.</poem> | Amen.</poem> | ||
|- | |||
|} | |||
</center> | |||
===had'Deklaratsiya ʿūlomī dzikhiyuth-ʿamīm (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)=== | |||
*''Kil adamīm nūladū ḥurīn wusuwīn bikkorūmathom wibiddzikhiyūthom. Ḥūnenū kilom it tibīnoth wi it ittawigdīn wilippeʿīlū habbirruḥ aḥuwoth.'' | |||
*'''Translation''': All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. | |||
===Nidirath liMarīyom (Ave Maria)=== | |||
<center> | |||
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="center" | |||
! Lebanese (romanized) | |||
! English | |||
|- style="vertical-align: top;" | |||
|<poem> | |||
Ḥawū, Marīyom, ḥised mil’ath, | |||
Marīyom, ḥised mil’ath, | |||
Marīyom, ḥised mil’ath, | |||
Solūm, solūm liBaʿal. | |||
Baʿal ethakhī. | |||
Birīkhoth atti bi’isathūth, wu barīkh, | |||
Barīkh pirī boṭnothkī, | |||
Riḥemkī, Yesūʿ. | |||
Ḥawū, Marīyom! | |||
Ḥawū, Marīyom, Am Illīm, | |||
Tsalū ʿaltênū ḥūṭi’īm, | |||
Tsalū, tsalū ʿaltênū, | |||
Tsalū, tsalū ʿaltênū ḥūṭi’īm, | |||
Keʿan wu-biʿith mūthnū, | |||
Biʿith mūthnū, | |||
Biʿith mūthnū. | |||
Ḥawū, Marīyom. | |||
</poem> | |||
| <poem> | |||
Live, Mary, full of grace, | |||
Mary, full of grace, | |||
Mary, full of grace, | |||
Hail, Hail, the Lord. | |||
The Lord is with thee. | |||
Blessed art thou among women, and blessed, | |||
Blessed is the fruit of thy womb, | |||
Thy womb, Jesus. | |||
Live, Mary! | |||
Live, Mary, Mother of God, | |||
Pray for us sinners, | |||
Pray, pray for us; | |||
Pray, pray for us sinners, | |||
Now and at the hour of our death, | |||
The hour of our death, | |||
The hour of our death. | |||
Live, Mary.</poem> | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||