An Bhlaoighne: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 250: Line 250:


éadh: éadhúr, éiq, éar, éannsa, éann, éidh, éibh, éanna
éadh: éadhúr, éiq, éar, éannsa, éann, éidh, éibh, éanna
liobh: liúr, líq, liar, liannsa, liann, lídh, líbh, lianna


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Revision as of 22:21, 22 December 2021

In-universe conlang stealing morphemes from Windermere (like 1sg r, 2sg ł), Irish (samhradh for summer etc.), Camalic, and Indo-Iranian/Greek?

Todo

gús 'and'

a fhloc a ghís 'etc.'

go dhxíogh 'good'

um... 'um...'

peighe 'street'

noir 'black'

líobh 'to want'

Gussnish inspired descendant

Phonology

Phonology of An Bhlaoighne: a e i o u á é í ó ú /ä e̞~ɛ i o̞~ɔ u a: ɛ: i: o: u:/ + far too many diphthongs to even count!

b c d f g h l m n p q r s t x /b k d̪ f g h l̪ m n̪ p tɬ r s t̪ ɬ/

The letters bcdfgpqstx can participate in two mutations. In addition, m can be aspirated.

Aspiration: bh ch dh fh gh mh ph qh sh th xh /bʰ kʰ d̪ʰ fʰ gʰ mʰ pʰ tɬʰ sʰ t̪ʰ ɬʰ/

Prenasalization: mb gc nd bhf ng _ mp nq dhs dt dhx /ᵐb ᵑk ⁿd̪ bʰf ᵑg ᵐp ⁿtɬ dʰs ⁿt̪ dʰɬ/

Sindarin analog

ai -> e
ái -> ä́ -> ia
ao -> å -> o
ea -> ia
ei -> e
eo -> ö́ -> io
aoi, eoi -> í
eo -> o
ia -> ie
io -> io
oi -> e
ua -> uo
uai -> í

éa -> é
eá -> á
eó -> ó
eói -> é
éi -> ei
ío -> io
iú -> ǘ -> iu
iúi -> í
ói -> é
oí -> í
úi, uí -> í

prepositions

to: eis -> sós, smedh, san, es
from: chois éinn go na -> hios, hiomedh, hion, hion
in: ni -> nis, nimedh, nin, nin
away from: ni amhaidh na -> aus, aumedh, aun, aun
with: ro -> ros, romedh, ron, ron
without: go ríste na -> rís, rímedh, rín, rín
like: qe -> qes, qemedh, qen, qen
unlike: xa aghabh na -> xás, xámedh, xán, xán

passive: go leath 'to pass'
causative: go dhaimh 'to give'
reflexive: go dhsinn 'to share'

causative construction:

to cause X to Y the/a Z = dhaimh Y Z ro X



ise = an bhl root for 'this'
ni n-uais ise -> nuaiste -> "sindarin" níst 'today'
ni dhxeóthaigh ise -> "sindarin" λioþis 'this year'

díse, keves, ξiche, saureð = fall, winter, spring, summer
díses, kevest, ξiches, saures = this fall, this winter, this spring, this summer

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Article

Both the definite and indefinite articles are 'an' in the singular, 'na' in the plural.

óis 'one' + plural definite and mhaidh 'some' + plural definite are often used instead of indefinite articles.

Gender and declensions

The An Bhlaoighne nominal system has ten declensions.

First declension masculine: indef. sg. aspiration; indef. pl. prenasalization; def. sg. no mutation; def. pl. no mutation

First declension feminine: indef. sg. prenasalization; indef. pl. aspiration; def. sg. aspiration; def. pl. prenasalization

First declension neuter: indef. sg. no mutation; indef. pl. no mutation; def. sg. prenasalization; def. pl. aspiration

Second declension masculine: indef. sg. aspiration; indef. pl. aspiration; def. sg. no mutation; def. pl. prenasalization

Second declension feminine: indef. sg. prenasalization; indef. pl. no mutation; def. sg. aspiration; def. pl. aspiration

Second declension neuter: indef. sg. no mutation; indef. pl. prenasalization; def. sg. prenasalization; def. pl. no mutation

Third declension masculine: indef. sg. aspiration; indef. pl. no mutation; def. sg. no mutation; def. pl. aspiration

Third declension feminine: indef. sg. prenasalization; indef. pl. prenasalization; def. sg. aspiration; def. pl. no mutation

Third declension neuter: indef. sg. no mutation; indef. pl. aspiration; def. sg. prenasalization; def. pl. prenasalization

Examples:

bheathra 'man' - 2nd decl. masc.
Singular Plural
Indefinite an bheathra na bheathra
Definite an beathra na mbeathra
chealim 'table' - 1st decl. masc.
Singular Plural
Indefinite an chealim na gcealim
Definite an cealim na cealim
mblaoighne 'language' - 1st decl. fem.
Singular Plural
Indefinite an mblaoighne na bhlaoighne
Definite an bhlaoighne na mblaoighne
fiodenn 'honor' - 3rd decl. neut.
Singular Plural
Indefinite an fiodenn na fhiodenn
Definite an bhfiodenn na bhfiodenn
páirín 'house' - 2nd decl. neut.
Singular Plural
Indefinite an páirín na bpáirín
Definite an bpáirín na páirín

(Nouns beginning with 'm' can only be 2nd decl masc, 2nd dec fem, 3rd decl masc or 1st decl fem)

There's also a 'grab bag' class of nouns that begin with consonants that can't be mutated. The gender of a noun in this class is determined solely by meaning, and there is no way to differentiate between its definite and indefinite form.

Tenses

present: ceis, cean (with the article) past: éadh, éan (with the article) future: liobh, lian (with the article) aorist ("timeless"): fo, fon

  • Fon cealim go bhfóina. /fon kealim go bʰfo:jna/ 'The table is white'
  • Cean beathra go dhxeathar. /kean beatʰra go dʰɬeatʰar/ 'The man is walking'
  • Cean bheathra go mblaoigh. /kean bʰeatʰra go ᵐblaojgʰ/ 'A man is speaking'

(go+prenasalization literally means 'in')

Prepositions fusing with 'an'

  • 'in': go + an = ni, go + na = in
  • 'with': ro + an = ca, ro + na = ac
  • 'to': eis + an = sa, eis + na = as
  • 'like': qe + an = xa, qe + na = ax

Inflected prepositions

I, you, he/she, this, that, we, you, they

eisiúr, eiséiq, eisear, eiseannsa, eiseann, eisidh, eisibh, eiseanna

(originally he and she were distinguished as eisean, eiseas)

niúr, néiq, near, neannsa, neann, néidh, néibh, neanna

rúr, róiq, rór, rónnsa, rónn, róidh, róibh, rónna

qiúr, qéiq, qear, qeannsa, qeann, qéidh, qéibh, qeanna

Tense particles also inflect:

ceis: c(eis)iúr, ceisiq/cíq, c(eis)ear, c(eis)eannsa, c(eis)eann, ceisidh/cídh, c(eis)ibh/cíbh, c(eis)eanna

éadh: éadhúr, éiq, éar, éannsa, éann, éidh, éibh, éanna

liobh: liúr, líq, liar, liannsa, liann, lídh, líbh, lianna

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Numerals

  • 0 = dírabh /di:rabʰ/
  • 1 = óis /o:js/
  • 2 = réix /re:jɬ/
  • 3 = daobhe /daobʰe/
  • 4 = fuín /fwi:n/
  • 5 = seamh /seamʰ/
  • 6 = taca /taka/
  • 7 = óista n-óis /o:jsta no:js/
  • 8 = óista réix /o:jsta re:jɬ/
  • 9 = óista ndaobhe /o:jsta ⁿdaobʰe/
  • 10 = óista bhfuín /o:jsta bʰfwi:n/
  • 11 = óista dhseamh /o:jsta dʰseamʰ/
  • 12 = réixta /re:jɬta/
  • 18 = daobheta /daobʰeta/ or daobhta /daobʰta/
  • 24 = fuínta /fwi:nta/
  • 30 = seamhta /seamʰta/
  • 36 = gról /gro:l/
  • 37 = gról d'óis /gro:l do:js/
  • 38 = gról da réix /gro:l da re:jɬ/

...

  • 72 = réix gról

...

  • 1295 = seamhta dhseamh gról da seamhta dhseamh
  • 1296 = qaoiche /tɬaojkʰe/

Example texts

Modern An Bhlaoighne

Modern An Bhlaoighne, or An Bhlaoighne do Dheofáid (pronounced /vlaːn ðɪfʊid/, or /vlaːnfʊid/ in rapid speech) is the most popular in-universe conlang in Crackfic Irta and has more native speakers in Cualuav than many natlangs (most of them immigrants from Irta). Its pronunciation is much simpler and more eroded but its orthography is pretty much the same as An Bhlaoighne, which makes for some really bloated spellings, and even whole words can be silent, like "na" which serves as a noun marker in written Dheofáid.

An Dheofáid uses a version of Square Word Calligraphy.

An Dheofáid has no noun genders or declensions; the definite plural is the only form of a noun that survives (except in the occasional instance where the definite singular becomes a singulative).

Phonology

Dheofáid phonology is not too different from Brythonic Celtic languages. There are lots of vowel/diphthong mergers though some An Bhlaoighne monophthongs turned into diphthongs like í /ei/.

Silent gh

Dheofáid has vowel coloring from former gh - íogh sounds like /iw/.

Consonant mergers and splits

q and x get merged completely into Welsh ll

c, g and ch undergo a broad/slender split: cealim sounds like /tʃələm/

Orthography

In addition to the standard orthography, An Dheofáid uses Ann An Leannathaimh na Fiolltagh /ɪn lant̪ɪv fɛlte/ (Children's Alphabet) which is more phonetic. The An Leannathaimh na Fiolltagh is also a romanization but has various invented and Greek letters for sounds not present in An Bhlaoighne.

The An Leannathaimh na Fiolltagh is standard in some parts of Cualand.

Grammar

Dheofáid has part of speech markers like Esperanto, but they're standalone words and are silent. Some of these part of speech markers are

  • na for nouns
    • an for singulative and mass nouns
  • do for adjectives

Other resources