Hlou-Shum languages: Difference between revisions

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Hlou-Shum languages (view source)

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→‎Initials: why not have breathy voiced stops if there are other breathy voiced consonants

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-[[Hlou-Ku languages/Lexicon]]
+[[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]]
+'''Hlou-Shum''' ([[Hlou]]: ''Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xön''; [[Ko]]: ''lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo'') is a placeholder name for a language family that includes [[Hlou]]. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, '''Proto-Hlou-Shum''' (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages.
+TODO: actually look at OC more
-The '''Hlou-Ku languages''' are a small family of languages native to [[Verse:Tricin/Bjeheond]]. '''Proto-Hlou-Ku''' is the proto-language. The family is based on the idea of IE languages recast as Hmong-like languages. Hlou-Ku languages were much more important in the past, but today Tsjoen, Wiobian and Rhythoed are more dominant in Bjeheond.
 ==Family tree==
-*Proto-Hlou-Ku
+*Proto-Hlou-Shum
-**[[Hlou]] ("Germanic")
+**[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'')
-**[[Ku]] ("Celtic")
+**Shumic
-**[[Clooa]] ("Italic")
+***[[Shum]] (''lhàu śúṃ'')
-**[[Liai]] ("Balto-Slavic")
+**[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'')
-**[[Shumian]] ("Indo-Iranian")
+**[[Tlu]] (χμῶ Τλὣ)
-**[[Tlu]] ("Greek")
+**[[Liai]] (''hmỳ Liaĩ'')
-**[[Boaqaihoo]] (lone polysynthetic nontonal Hlou-Ku language)
+**[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'')
+===Timeline===
+Proto-Hlou-Shum: 2500 years BP
+==Writing system==
+Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ko and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems.
 ==Phonology==
 ===Phonotactics===
-(unstressed prefix) + (C)C[r/l]V(C)(C) + tone (?)
+A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure
-Unstressed prefixes were lost in some descendants, such as Ku.
+(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C) <sup>tone</sup>.
+Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.
 ===Initials===
-~30 consonants:
+*p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ
+*bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh
+*b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw
+*f θ s x h
+*F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h
+*m n ń ŋ y r l w
+*M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts
+θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants
+Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.
+===Nuclei===
+a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə
+===Coda===
+Allowed finals:
+*-p -t -k
+*-mp -nt -nk
+*-m -n -l -w -y
+*-ʔ -s
+*nasal + s or ʔ
+*plosive + s
+===Tones===
+PHS was non-tonal.  The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS:
+*A: -0, -N, -l
+*B: -ʔ
+*C: -s
+*D: -t
+*E: -p, -k
+The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1.
+==Grammar==
+Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.
+===Reduplication===
+Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives.
+Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication.
+===Derivation===
+Sometimes two prefixes could be used.
+*''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
+**''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring'
+*''-ʔ'': nominalization
+**''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)'
+*m- preinitial
+*r- preinitial
+**lenition/retroflexion in Hlou
+*θ- preinitial
+**changes some consonants in Shum
+**maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial
+==Reflexes==
+=== Hlou ===
+==== Initials ====
+Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed)
+*ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x
+*pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl
+*npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl
+*bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl
+*nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl
+*fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl
+*tzl tsl > tz ts
+*ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx
+*dz ds dxl > dz ds dx
+*ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl
+*ml nl > ml nl
+*pr, br > pf, v
+*kr, gr > sch
+*tr, dr > tr, dr
+*sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch
+*sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x
+*stz sts stx > tz ts tx
-p t ṭ ḱ k ʔ b d ḍ ǵ g f v z s x h tz ts tx dz ds dx m n ṇ ń y r l w (z, s as in Basque)
+The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants
-s-series > ɬ-series in some descendants
+The r-preinitial (some koineization)
+*r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h
+*r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk
+*r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g
+*r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng
+*r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h
+*r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x
+*r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx
+*r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j
+*r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx
+*r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r
+*r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl
-Ku and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.
+-k > glottal stop final
+==== Tones ====
+Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial?
+{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
+! Tone class
+! Voiceless initial (5/8)
+! Voiced initial (3/8)
+|-
+! A (10/27)
+| ''-b'' (23%)
+| ''-0'' (14%)
+|-
+! B (5/27)
+| ''-n'' (12%)
+| ''-s'' (6.9%)
+|-
+! C (5/27)
+| ''-s'' (12%)
+| ''-g'' (6.9%)
+|-
+! D (4/27)
+| ''-ß'' (9.3%)
+| ''-d'' (5.6%)
+|-
+! E (3/27)
+| ''-hn'' (6.9%)
+| ''-h'' (4.2%)
+|}
-===Nuclei===
+Among non-E syllables the distribution is:
-a e i o u ə ai au əi əu iə uə - a few more vowels for Liai
+b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) >  ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%)
+===Shum===
+s- triggers tone split
+b p > bh p
+sb sp > b p
+np nb > b mh
+spr pr > ph p
+sbr br > bh bh
+nCl, r.Cl > nl or nlh
+l > l, D.l > ll
+f > h
+Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh
+f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh
-Hlou will merge ai/au with əi/əu > lots of ei/au! <3
+x > tl
-===Coda===
+z > ś, s > s
-Allowed finals: just -ŋ, -k, -h, -ʔ
-Postfinal consonants (at least to account for Ku):
+k' > ś, g' > jh
--əx (laryngeal), -ən
+*kw > p
+*gw > v > vh in shum
+*w > w > v in shum
-===Tones===
+==Sample==
-or 3 tones
+'''ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp'''
-==Grammar==
+The Sheep and the Horses
+[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Language families]]