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Hlou-Shum languages: Difference between revisions
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[[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]] | [[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]] | ||
'''Hlou-Shum''' ([[Hlou]]: ''Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xön''; [[Ko]]: ''lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo'') is a placeholder name for a language family that includes [[Hlou]]. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, '''Proto-Hlou-Shum''' (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages. | |||
TODO: actually look at OC more | |||
==Family tree== | ==Family tree== | ||
*Proto-Hlou-Shum | *Proto-Hlou-Shum | ||
**[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'') | **[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'') | ||
**[[Shum]] ('' | **Shumic | ||
**[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'') | ***[[Shum]] (''lhàu śúṃ'') | ||
**[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'') | |||
**[[Tlu]] (χμῶ Τλὣ) | |||
**[[Liai]] (''hmỳ Liaĩ'') | |||
**[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'') | **[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'') | ||
===Timeline=== | ===Timeline=== | ||
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==Writing system== | ==Writing system== | ||
Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, | Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ko and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure | |||
(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C)<sup>tone</sup>. | (preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C) <sup>tone</sup>. | ||
Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes. | Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes. | ||
===Initials=== | ===Initials=== | ||
*p t ḱ k kw ʔ | *p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ | ||
*b d ǵ g gw | *bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh | ||
*f | *b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw | ||
*f θ s x h | |||
*F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h | |||
*m n ń y r l w | *m n ń ŋ y r l w | ||
*M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts | |||
θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants | |||
Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l. | |||
===Nuclei=== | ===Nuclei=== | ||
a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə | a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə | ||
===Coda=== | ===Coda=== | ||
Allowed finals: | Allowed finals: | ||
*-p -t -k | |||
*-mp -nt -nk | |||
*-m -n -l -w -y | |||
*-ʔ -s | |||
*nasal + s or ʔ | |||
*plosive + s | |||
===Tones=== | |||
PHS was non-tonal. The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS: | |||
*A: -0, -N, -l | |||
*B: -ʔ | |||
*C: -s | |||
*D: -t | |||
*E: -p, -k | |||
The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1. | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
| Line 60: | Line 71: | ||
===Derivation=== | ===Derivation=== | ||
Sometimes two prefixes could be used. | |||
*''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer | *''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer | ||
**''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring' | **''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring' | ||
*''-ʔ'': nominalization | *''-ʔ'': nominalization | ||
**''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' | **''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' | ||
* | *m- preinitial | ||
*r- preinitial | *r- preinitial | ||
**lenition/retroflexion in Hlou | **lenition/retroflexion in Hlou | ||
* | *θ- preinitial | ||
**changes some consonants in Shum | **changes some consonants in Shum | ||
**maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial | **maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial | ||
==Reflexes== | ==Reflexes== | ||
=== | === Hlou === | ||
==== | ==== Initials ==== | ||
Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed) | Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed) | ||
*pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl | *ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x | ||
*pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl | |||
*npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl | *npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl | ||
*bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl | *bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl | ||
*nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl | *nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl | ||
*fl vl sl > fl fl schl | *fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl | ||
*tzl tsl | *tzl tsl > tz ts | ||
*ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx | *ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx | ||
*dz ds dxl > dz ds dx | *dz ds dxl > dz ds dx | ||
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-k > glottal stop final | -k > glottal stop final | ||
==== Tones ==== | |||
Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial? | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
! Tone class | |||
! Voiceless initial (5/8) | |||
! Voiced initial (3/8) | |||
|- | |||
! A (10/27) | |||
| ''-b'' (23%) | |||
| ''-0'' (14%) | |||
|- | |||
! B (5/27) | |||
| ''-n'' (12%) | |||
| ''-s'' (6.9%) | |||
|- | |||
! C (5/27) | |||
| ''-s'' (12%) | |||
| ''-g'' (6.9%) | |||
|- | |||
! D (4/27) | |||
| ''-ß'' (9.3%) | |||
| ''-d'' (5.6%) | |||
|- | |||
! E (3/27) | |||
| ''-hn'' (6.9%) | |||
| ''-h'' (4.2%) | |||
|} | |||
Among non-E syllables the distribution is: | |||
b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) > ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%) | |||
===Shum=== | |||
s- triggers tone split | s- triggers tone split | ||
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*gw > v > vh in shum | *gw > v > vh in shum | ||
*w > w > v in shum | *w > w > v in shum | ||
==Sample== | ==Sample== | ||
'''ʔouh ʔak | '''ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp''' | ||
The Sheep and the Horses | The Sheep and the Horses | ||
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Language families]] | [[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Language families]] | ||