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Hlou-Shum languages (view source)

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[[Xaetjeon/Lexicon]]
[[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]]


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ˈɮetʃɑn/ ({{PAGENAME}}: ''baeyghnae Aetjeon'' /ˈpejɣne ˈetʃʰɑn/) is a minority language of Talma spoken by the Xaetjva. It is a [[Naquic languages|Naquic language]] (descendant of [[Naquian]]) inspired by Praimhín's [[Gussnish]].
'''Hlou-Shum''' ([[Hlou]]: ''Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xön''; [[Ko]]: ''lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo'') is a placeholder name for a language family that includes [[Hlou]]. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, '''Proto-Hlou-Shum''' (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages.
TODO: actually look at OC more


Main sources of loanwords:
==Family tree==
*[[Tíogall]]
*Proto-Hlou-Shum
*[[Nurian]]
**[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'')
*[[Netagin]]
**Shumic
*Some from [[Naquian]]
***[[Shum]] (''lhàu śúṃ'')
**[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'')
**[[Tlu]] (χμῶ Τλὣ)
**[[Liai]] (''hmỳ Liaĩ'')
**[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'')


Numbers 1-12: baev, diho, natj-L, tqov, dzaweo, bael-L, oth, loseoth, bas-L, gaeyo, dav, dadheo-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)
===Timeline===
Proto-Hlou-Shum: 2500 years BP
 
==Writing system==
Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ko and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Phonotactics===
A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure
(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C) <sup>tone</sup>.
Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.
===Initials===
*p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ
*bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh
*b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw
*f θ s x h
*F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h
*m n ń ŋ y r l w
*M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts


===Consonants===
θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| !!Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/|| '''n''' /n/|| || || || '''ng''' /ŋ/ ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''b''' /p/ || '''d''' /t/ || '''dz''' /ts/ || '''dx''' /tɬ/ || '''dj''' /tʃ/ || '''g''' /k/||
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''ts''' /tsʰ/ || '''tq''' /tɬʰ/ || '''tj''' /tʃʰ/ || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''q''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| '''x''' /ɮ/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || '''gh''' /ɣ/||
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
|  || || || '''l''' /l/||'''y''' /j/ || '''w''' /w/||
|}


In addition, '''r''' /ɾ/ is used in loanwords.
Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.


;Notes
===Nuclei===
*In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə
*Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ].


===Vowels===
===Coda===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
Allowed finals:  
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
*-p -t -k
|-
*-mp -nt -nk
!  style="width: 60px; "|
*-m -n -l -w -y
!  style="width: 60px; " |Front
*-ʔ -s
!  style="width: 60px; " |Central
*nasal + s or ʔ
!  style="width: 60px; " |Back
*plosive + s
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
|
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''ae''' /e/
| '''eu''' /ə/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''a''' /æ/
|
| '''eo''' /ɑ/
|}


;Notes
===Tones===
*/ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
PHS was non-tonal.  The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS:
*/ə/ may be pronounced [ɤ] by some speakers.
*A: -0, -N, -l
*B: -ʔ
*C: -s
*D: -t
*E: -p, -k


===Mutations===
The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1.


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
==Grammar==
|-
Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.
! Normal
===Reduplication===
|| p || t || ts || s || tq || q || tj || sj || c || b || d || dz || z || dx || x || dj || zj || g
Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives.
|-
! Lenited
|| f || th || s || h || q || h || sj || h || ch || v || dh || z || 0 || x || 0 || zj || 0 || gh
|}


Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication.


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
===Derivation===
|-
Sometimes two prefixes could be used.
! Normal
*''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
|| m || n || ng || w || l || y
**''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring'
|-
*''-ʔ'': nominalization
! Lenited
**''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)'
|| w || n || ng || w || w || y
*m- preinitial
|}
*r- preinitial
**lenition/retroflexion in Hlou
*θ- preinitial
**changes some consonants in Shum
**maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial


===Prosody===
==Reflexes==
====Stress====
=== Hlou ===
In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans, stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.
==== Initials ====
Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed)
*ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x
*pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl
*npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl
*bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl
*nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl
*fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl
*tzl tsl > tz ts
*ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx
*dz ds dxl > dz ds dx
*ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl
*ml nl > ml nl
*pr, br > pf, v
*kr, gr > sch
*tr, dr > tr, dr
*sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch
*sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x
*stz sts stx > tz ts tx


====Intonation====
The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants


===Phonotactics===
The r-preinitial (some koineization)
===Morphophonology===
*r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h
*r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk
*r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g
*r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng
*r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h
*r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x
*r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx
*r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j
*r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx
*r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r
*r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl


==Morphology==
-k > glottal stop final
===Nouns===
==== Tones ====
''-meo/-eom, -nae, -neu'' < ''ixmi, hinē, hinuoz''
Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial?
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Tone class
! Voiceless initial (5/8)
! Voiced initial (3/8)
|-
|-
! colspan="5"| '''''ba'' - person'''
! A (10/27)
| ''-b'' (23%)
| ''-0'' (14%)
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! B (5/27)
!colspan="2"|Indefinite
| ''-n'' (12%)
!colspan="2"|Definite
| ''-s'' (6.9%)
|-
|-
!Singular
! C (5/27)
!Plural
| ''-s'' (12%)
!Singular
| ''-g'' (6.9%)
!Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! D (4/27)
|| ''ba'' || ''bameo'' || ''banae'' || ''baneu''
| ''-ß'' (9.3%)
| ''-d'' (5.6%)
|-
|-
! Vocative
! E (3/27)
|| ''va'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''vaneu''
| ''-hn'' (6.9%)
| ''-h'' (4.2%)
|}
|}


===Adjectives===
Among non-E syllables the distribution is:
Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.
 
b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) >  ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%)


:'''''ba seowan'''''
===Shum===
:''a small person''
s- triggers tone split


:'''''miv heowan'''''
b p > bh p
:''a small house''


However, the suffixes ''-nae'' and ''-meo''/''-eom'' always lenite the following noun:
sb sp > b p


:'''''banae heowan'''''
np nb > b mh
:''the small person''


:'''''miveom heowan'''''
spr pr > ph p
:''the small houses''


Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.
sbr br > bh bh


===Pronouns===
nCl, r.Cl > nl or nlh
===Prepositions and conjunctions===
*''tjeo-L'' = and
*''meo-L'' = of
*''deo-L'' = at
*''yae-L'' = to


===Verbs===
l > l, D.l > ll
====Object markers====
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
f > h
|-
 
!colspan="3" | Object affixes
Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh
|-
 
!|
f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
 
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
x > tl
|-
 
!|1.ex
z > ś, s > s
|''neo-L, ni-L''
|''aw-L, mi-L''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''veo-L, bi-L''
|-
!|2
|''theo-L, ti-L''
|''zeo-L, dzi-L''
|-
!|3
|colspan="2"|''weo-L, wi-L''
|}


====Tense and subject markers====
k' > ś, g' > jh
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" | Present tense subject affixes
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-(eo)n''
|''-waegh''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-(eo)d''
|-
!|2
|''-0, -a, -ae, -o''
|''-(eo)b''
|-
!|3
|''-(eo)z''
|''-(eo)x''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" | Past tense subject affixes
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-nae''
|''-wae''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-do''
|-
!|2
|''-ae''
|''-zo''
|-
!|3
|''-zae''
|''-xae''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" | Future tense auxiliary
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''cin''
|''ciwaegh''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''cid''
|-
!|2
|''ci''
|''cib''
|-
!|3
|''ciz''
|''cix''
|}
{{col-end}}


===Derivational morphology===
*kw > p
*''-azj'' (f): nominalizer
*gw > v > vh in shum
*w > w > v in shum


==Phrasebook==
==Sample==
*''Lon Xaetjva.'' = I am a Xaetjeon person.
'''ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp'''


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
The Sheep and the Horses
[[Category:Naquic languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Language families]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
IlL
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