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Hlou-Shum languages (view source)

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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ˈɮɛtʃən/ ({{PAGENAME}}: ''baeyghnae Aetjeon'' /ˈpɛjɣnɛ ˈɛtʃʰən/) is a [[Naquic languages|Naquic language]] inspired by Praimhín's Rencadian (abandoned by the author). It is a modern descendant of [[Naquian]].
[[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]]


Numbers 1-12: baev, diho, natj-L, tqov, dzaweo, bael-L, oth, loseoth, bas-L, gaeyo, dav, dadheo-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)
'''Hlou-Shum''' ([[Hlou]]: ''Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xön''; [[Ko]]: ''lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo'') is a placeholder name for a language family that includes [[Hlou]]. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, '''Proto-Hlou-Shum''' (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages.
TODO: actually look at OC more
 
==Family tree==
*Proto-Hlou-Shum
**[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'')
**Shumic
***[[Shum]] (''lhàu śúṃ'')
**[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'')
**[[Tlu]] (χμῶ Τλὣ)
**[[Liai]] (''hmỳ Liaĩ'')
**[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'')
 
===Timeline===
Proto-Hlou-Shum: 2500 years BP
 
==Writing system==
Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ko and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Phonotactics===
A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure
(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C) <sup>tone</sup>.
Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.
===Initials===
*p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ
*bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh
*b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw
*f θ s x h
*F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h
*m n ń ŋ y r l w
*M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts
θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants
Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.
===Nuclei===
a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə
===Coda===
Allowed finals:
*-p -t -k
*-mp -nt -nk
*-m -n -l -w -y
*-ʔ -s
*nasal + s or ʔ
*plosive + s
===Tones===
PHS was non-tonal.  The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS:
*A: -0, -N, -l
*B: -ʔ
*C: -s
*D: -t
*E: -p, -k
The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1.
==Grammar==
Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.
===Reduplication===
Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives.
Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication.


===Consonants===
===Derivation===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
Sometimes two prefixes could be used.
|-
*''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
!colspan="2"| !!Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
**''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring'
|-
*''-ʔ'': nominalization
!colspan="2"|Nasal
**''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)'
| '''m''' /m/|| '''n''' /n/|| || || || '''ng''' /ŋ/ ||
*m- preinitial
*r- preinitial
**lenition/retroflexion in Hlou
*θ- preinitial
**changes some consonants in Shum
**maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial
 
==Reflexes==
=== Hlou ===
==== Initials ====
Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed)
*ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x
*pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl
*npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl
*bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl
*nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl
*fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl
*tzl tsl > tz ts
*ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx
*dz ds dxl > dz ds dx
*ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl
*ml nl > ml nl
*pr, br > pf, v
*kr, gr > sch
*tr, dr > tr, dr
*sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch
*sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x
*stz sts stx > tz ts tx
 
The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants
 
The r-preinitial (some koineization)
*r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h
*r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk
*r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g
*r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng
*r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h
*r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x
*r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx
*r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j
*r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx
*r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r
*r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl
 
-k > glottal stop final
==== Tones ====
Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial?
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Tone class
! Voiceless initial (5/8)
! Voiced initial (3/8)
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Stop/Affricate
! A (10/27)
!<small>tenuis</small>
| ''-b'' (23%)
| '''b''' /p/ || '''d''' /t/ || '''dz''' /ts/ || '''dx''' /tɬ/ || '''dj''' /tʃ/ || '''g''' /k/||
| ''-0'' (14%)
|-
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
! B (5/27)
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''ts''' /tsʰ/ || '''tq''' /tɬʰ/ || '''tj''' /tʃʰ/ || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||
| ''-n'' (12%)
| ''-s'' (6.9%)
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
! C (5/27)
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ''-s'' (12%)
| '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''q''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
| ''-g'' (6.9%)
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
! D (4/27)
| '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| '''x''' /ɮ/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || '''gh''' /ɣ/||
| ''-ß'' (9.3%)
| ''-d'' (5.6%)
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
! E (3/27)
|  || || || '''l''' /l/||'''y''' /j/ || '''w''' /w/||
| ''-hn'' (6.9%)
| ''-h'' (4.2%)
|}
|}


;Notes
Among non-E syllables the distribution is:
*In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
 
*Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ]. Since {{PAGENAME}} has no rhotic consonant, foreign /r/ or /ɺ˞/ is borrowed as /l/.
b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) >  ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%)
 
===Shum===
s- triggers tone split


===Vowels===
b p > bh p
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
 
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
sb sp > b p
|-
 
!  style="width: 60px; "|
np nb > b mh
!  style="width: 60px; " |Front
 
!  style="width: 60px; " |Central
spr pr > ph p
!  style="width: 60px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''eu''' /ɨ/
| '''u''' /ʊ/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''ae''' /ɛ/
| '''eo''' /ə/
| '''o''' /ɔ/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''a''' /a/
|
|}


===Mutations===
sbr br > bh bh


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
nCl, r.Cl > nl or nlh
|-
! Normal
|| p || t || ts || s || tq || q || tj || sj || c || b || d || dz || z || dx || x || dj || zj || g
|-
! Lenited
|| f || th || s || h || q || h || sj || h || ch || v || dh || z || 0 || x || 0 || zj || 0 || gh
|-
! Eclipsed
|| b || d || dz || z || dx || x || dj || zj || g || m || n || dz || z || dx || x || dj || 0 || ng
|}


l > l, D.l > ll


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
f > h
|-
! Normal
|| m || n || ng || w || l || y
|-
! Lenited
|| w || n || ng || w || w || y
|-
! Eclipsed
|| m || n || ng || w || l || y
|}


===Prosody===
Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh
====Stress====
In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans, stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.


====Intonation====
f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh


===Phonotactics===
x > tl
===Morphophonology===


==Morphology==
z > ś, s > s
===Nouns===
====Case====
Xaetjeon nouns have only two cases, nominative and vocative. The vocative is formed by leniting the noun.
====Number====
Plural nouns are marked with a prefix ''dxa-L''.
====Definiteness====
Definite nouns are marked with a suffix ''-nae''.


===Adjectives===
k' > ś, g' > jh
Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) lenite.


Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.
*kw > p
*gw > v > vh in shum
*w > w > v in shum


===Verbs===
==Sample==
{{col-begin}}
'''ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp'''
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" | Present tense affixes
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-(eo)n''
|''-wae''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-(eo)d''
|-
!|2
|''-ae, -0''
|''-(eo)b''
|-
!|3
|''-(eo)z''
|''-(eo)x''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" | Past tense
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-nae''
|''-wo''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-do''
|-
!|2
|''-ae''
|''-eov''
|-
!|3
|''-zae''
|''-xae''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" | Future tense
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''chin''
|''chiwae''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''chid''
|-
!|2
|''chi''
|''chib''
|-
!|3
|''chiz''
|''chix''
|}
{{col-end}}


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
The Sheep and the Horses
[[Category:Naquic languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Language families]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
IlL
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