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Old | == Phonology == | ||
p ph b bh t th d dh c ch g gh mm m mh nn n ll l rr r f fh s sh h (mh only in Camalanàbha loans) | |||
Old Bhadhaghanábha was notable for having the cross-linguistically very rare aspirated fricative /fʰ/. | |||
all the literally read Irish vowels + eao which only occurs in CN loans. Unlike in Irish, Vi vowels and ao can occur in open syllables. | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Marked nominative ''le'' | |||
Possessive suffixes: ''-an, -adh, -sha, -aine, -aidhe, -ama'' | |||
Verbs: | |||
* present indep ''-an, -adh, -0, -aine, -aidhe, -ú'' | |||
* past: -ta, -tha, -sa + pres indep suffixes | |||
* present dep ''-ar'' (sometimes related to PIE *-ōr) | |||
* past dep ''-mann'' | |||
Gen+noun, adj+noun, noun+complementizer, construct state | Gen+noun, adj+noun, noun+complementizer, construct state | ||
The complementizer is ''ann'', with construct state form ''anna''. | The relativizer is ''an''. The complementizer is ''ann'', with construct state form ''anna''. ''Ann'' is used when the complement clause has the same subject as the main clause. | ||
Old PN has no definite article unlike Modern PN. | |||
In independent clauses with 3rd person subjects, Old Padmanábha is V2. In dependent clauses it's SOV. | |||
''Dóish an athall-gha teola'' = The tree which knows everything (lit. the edge of the world) | |||
''Praimhín larbha séicthe | ''Le Praimhín larbha séicthe reiste.'' - Praimhín's dog ate the bone. | ||
''Rinbhrainnean Praimhín larbha anna | ''Rinbhrainnean Praimhín larbha anna reiste séicmann.'' - I believe Praimhín's dog ate the bone. (séicmhann = "gegessen hat" but no person inflection) | ||
'' | ''Fhas blaoighte annan lorsafhaodh séicmann.'' - He explained that I ate the salad. | ||
''Rinbhrainnean ann/annan lorsafhaodh séicmann.'' - I believe that I ate the salad. | |||
== Lexicon == | |||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
animal: | animal: sraim | ||
arm: teanf | arm: teanf | ||
asafoetida: lorsa | asafoetida: lorsa | ||
back: míolbh | back: míolbh | ||
bark: cior | bark: cior | ||
belly: | belly: tái | ||
big: stéith | big: stéith | ||
bird: chuar | bird: chuar | ||
| Line 32: | Line 49: | ||
breast: srofht | breast: srofht | ||
brother: feadhan | brother: feadhan | ||
child: | child: stíotha | ||
dog: larbh | dog: larbh | ||
ear: dígh | ear: dígh | ||
east: néil | east: néil | ||
egg: | egg: nosha | ||
elbow: úraifh | elbow: úraifh | ||
end: gleibh | end: gleibh | ||
endless: gleibhúdh | endless: gleibhúdh | ||
eye: | eye: éidhme | ||
fat: suille | fat: suille | ||
father: aithnidh | father: aithnidh | ||
| Line 46: | Line 63: | ||
feather: gcoít | feather: gcoít | ||
fingernail: sciofhth | fingernail: sciofhth | ||
fish: | fish: déimme | ||
flower: leog | flower: leog | ||
fly (insect): gofhd | fly (insect): gofhd | ||
| Line 52: | Line 69: | ||
forest: ríne | forest: ríne | ||
frost: seoraí | frost: seoraí | ||
fruit: | fruit: thama | ||
grass: rúiche | grass: rúiche | ||
guts: dlinneach | guts: dlinneach | ||
hair: núcha | hair: núcha | ||
hand: | hand: flúi | ||
head: snith | head: snith | ||
heart: luisce | heart: luisce | ||
| Line 70: | Line 87: | ||
leaf: aisc | leaf: aisc | ||
leg: deocha | leg: deocha | ||
liver: | liver: steói | ||
long: maol | long: maol | ||
louse: h- | louse: h-úmdha | ||
man: beathra | man: beathra | ||
meat: ceith | meat: ceith | ||
mother: | mother: eimnidh | ||
mouth: iacha | mouth: iacha | ||
narrow: cuacharta | narrow: cuacharta | ||
| Line 83: | Line 100: | ||
nose: gíne | nose: gíne | ||
plough: charth (<- Proto-Semitic ḥrθ) | plough: charth (<- Proto-Semitic ḥrθ) | ||
red: | red: símm | ||
ride: roghbha | ride: roghbha | ||
river: gangá (from Camalanàbha) | river: gangá (from Camalanàbha) | ||
| Line 90: | Line 107: | ||
seed: páilbh | seed: páilbh | ||
shadow: lunasf | shadow: lunasf | ||
short: | short: tlám | ||
sister: saon | sister: saon | ||
skin: geabh | skin: geabh | ||
| Line 97: | Line 114: | ||
snow: seor | snow: seor | ||
soul: neafhsh (<- Proto-Semitic nps) | soul: neafhsh (<- Proto-Semitic nps) | ||
south: | south: teashamm | ||
star: seall | star: seall | ||
stick: cuath | stick: cuath | ||
| Line 106: | Line 123: | ||
to come: eiseoth | to come: eiseoth | ||
to live: chaíofh (<- Proto-Semitic ḥyw); seir | to live: chaíofh (<- Proto-Semitic ḥyw); seir | ||
to rise: | to rise: gaom (<- Proto-Semitic qwm) | ||
to sleep: huaileas | to sleep: huaileas | ||
to smell: muir | to smell: muir | ||
| Line 114: | Line 131: | ||
tree: dóish | tree: dóish | ||
west: spargh | west: spargh | ||
wide: | wide: rao | ||
wife: sleith-fháishe | wife: sleith-fháishe | ||
wind: sithfhe | wind: sithfhe | ||
wing: | wing: cheam | ||
with (preposition): ro | with (preposition): ro | ||
woman: fháishe | woman: fháishe | ||
| Line 123: | Line 140: | ||
worm: gán | worm: gán | ||
swan: | swan: lúibhean | ||
| Line 130: | Line 147: | ||
séic 'to eat' | séic 'to eat' | ||
tumhadh 'to bite' | tumhadh 'to bite' | ||
scéim 'to suck' | |||
fiara 'to spit, to eject' | fiara 'to spit, to eject' | ||
fiara néitheasach 'to vomit' | fiara néitheasach 'to vomit' | ||
fíosha 'to blow' | fíosha 'to blow' | ||
stúime 'to breathe' | |||
sraoth 'to laugh' | sraoth 'to laugh' | ||
bhfeirthe 'to see' | bhfeirthe 'to see' | ||
| Line 140: | Line 157: | ||
teola 'to know' | teola 'to know' | ||
bhrainne 'to think' | bhrainne 'to think' | ||
bhlaoigh 'to illuminate, to explain' | |||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
==Etymologies== | ==Etymologies== | ||