Themsarian/Verbal subparadigms: Difference between revisions

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==Regular verbs==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | Subject affixes
|-
!colspan="4" | Present
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn, -ī(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-ain, -ai(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-ein, -ei(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''-dir, -dir-''<br/>''-ádir, -adir-''<br/>''-édir, -edir-''
|''-mi, -mī-''<br/>''-ámi, -amī-''<br/>''-émi, -emī-''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-vse, -vsi-''<br/>''-ávse, -avsi-''<br/>''-évse, -evsi-''
|''-nse, -nsi-''<br/>''-ánse, -ansi-''<br/>''-énse, -ensi-''
|-
!|2
|''-yr, -yr-''<br/>''-ar, -ar-''<br/>''-er, -er-''
|''-rse, -rsi-''<br/>''-árse, -arsi-''<br/>''-érse, -ersi-''
|''-lse, -lsi-''<br/>''-álse, -alsi-''<br/>''-élse, -elsi-''
|-
!|3.m
|''-ym, -m-''<br/>''-am, -am-''<br/>''-em, -em-''
|rowspan="2"|''-ir, -iri-''<br/>''-air, -airi-''<br/>''-eir, -eiri-''
|''-vi, -vi-''<br/>''-ávi, -avi-''<br/>''-évi, -evi-''
|-
!|3.f
|''-is, -isi-''<br/>''-ais, -aisi-''<br/>''-eis, -eisi-''
|''-ti, -ti-''<br/>''-áti, -ati-''<br/>''-éti, -eti-''
|-
!colspan="4" | Imperfect
|-
|colspan="4"|''Add the ''yn-'' prefix to the present forms.''
|-
!colspan="4" | Preterite
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-ýn, -ýn-''<br/>''-án, -án-''<br/>''-én, -én-''
|''-mor, -mor-''<br/>''-ámor, -amor-''<br/>''-émor, -emor-''
|''-mā, -mā-''<br/>''-ámā, -amā-''<br/>''-émā, -emā-''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-tor, -tor-''<br/>''-átor, -ator-''<br/>''-étor, -etor-''
|''-tā, -tā-''<br/>''-átā, -atā-''<br/>''-étā, -etā-''
|-
!|2
|''-ýr, -ýr-''<br/>''-ár, -ár-''<br/>''-ér, -ér-''
|''-rith, -rith-''<br/>''-árith, -arith-''<br/>''-érith, -erith-''
|''-lis, -lis-''<br/>''-ális, -alis-''<br/>''-élis, -elis-''
|-
!|3.m
|''-a, -am-''<br/>''-ā, -ām-''<br/>''-ea, -eam-''
|rowspan="2"|''-arí, -aríe-''<br/>''-ārí, -āríe''<br/>''-earí, -earíe-''
|''-aví, -avíe-''<br/>''-āví, -āvíe''<br/>''-eaví, -eavíe-''
|-
!|3.f
|''-ar, -ar-''<br/>''-ār, -ār''<br/>''-ear, -ear-''
|''-atí, -atíe-''<br/>''-ātí, -ātíe''<br/>''-eatí, -eatíe-''
|-
!colspan="4" | Future
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-ḗn, -ḗn-''<br/>''-ā́n, -ā́n-''<br/>''-íen, -íen-''
|''-ḗdir, -ēdir-''<br/>''-ā́dir, -ādir-''<br/>''-íedir, -iedir-''
|''-ḗmi, -ēmī-''<br/>''-ā́mi, -āmī-''<br/>''-íemi, -iemī-''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ḗvse, -ēvsi-''<br/>''-ā́vse, -āvsi-''<br/>''-íevse, -ievsi-''
|''-ḗnse, -ēnsi-''<br/>''-ā́nse, -ānsi-''<br/>''-íense, -iensi-''
|-
!|2
|''-ḗr, -ḗr-''<br/>''-ā́r, -ā́r-''<br/>''-íer, -íer-''
|''-ḗrse, -ērsi-''<br/>''-ā́rse, -ārsi-''<br/>''-íerse, -iersi-''
|''-ḗlse, -ēlsi-''<br/>''-ā́lse, -ālsi-''<br/>''-íelse, -ielsi-''
|-
!|3.m
|''-ḗm, -ḗm-''<br/>''-ā́m, -ā́m-''<br/>''-íem, -íem-''
|rowspan="2"|''-ḗri, -ḗri-''<br/>''-ā́ri, -ā́ri-''<br/>''-íeri, -íeri-''
|''-ḗvi, -ēvi-''<br/>''-ā́vi, -āvi-''<br/>''-íevi, -ievi-''
|-
!|3.f
|''-ḗsi, -ḗsi-''<br/>''-ā́si, -ā́si-''<br/>''-íesi, -íesi-''
|''-ḗti, -ēti-''<br/>''-ā́ti, -āti-''<br/>''-íeti, -ieti-''
|-
!colspan="4" | Jussive
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-ī́n, -ī́(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-áin, -ái(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''-éin, -éi(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''-dír, -dír-''<br/>''-adír, -adír-''<br/>''-edír, -edír-''
|''-mí, -mī́-''<br/>''-amí, -amī́-''<br/>''-emí, -emī́-''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-vt, -vti-''<br/>''-avt, -avti-''<br/>''-evt, -evti-''
|''-nt, -nti-''<br/>''-ant, -anti-''<br/>''-ent, -enti-''
|-
!|2
|''-t, -t-''<br/>''-at, -at-''<br/>''-et, -et-''
|''-rt, -rti-''<br/>''-art, -arti-''<br/>''-ert, -erti-''
|''-lt, -lti-''<br/>''-alt, -alti-''<br/>''-elt, -elti-''
|-
!|3.m
|''-má, -mā́-''<br/>''-amá, -amā́-''<br/>''-emá, -emā́-''
|rowspan="2"|''-irá, -irā́-''<br/>''-ará, -arā́-''<br/>''-erá, -erā́-''
|''-ivá, -vā́-''<br/>''-avá, -avā́-''<br/>''-evá, -evā́-''
|-
!|3.f
|''-isá, -isā́-''<br/>''-asá, -asā́-''<br/>''-esá, -esā́-''
|''-itá, -itā́-''<br/>''-atá, -atā́-''<br/>''-etá, -etā́-''
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-vs, -vs-''<br/>''-avs, -avs-''<br/>''-evs, -evs-''
|''-ns, -ns-''<br/>''-ans, -ans-''<br/>''-ens, -ens-''
|-
!|2
|''-Ø''<br/>''-a, -a-''<br/>''-e, -e-''
|''-rs, -rs-''<br/>''-ars, -ars-''<br/>''-ers, -ers-''
|''-ls, -ls-''<br/>''-als, -als-''<br/>''-els, -els-''
|-
!colspan="4" | Emphatic imperative
|-
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ḗvs, -ēvs-''<br/>''-ā́vs, -ā́vs-''<br/>''-íevs, -íevs-''
|''-ḗns, -ēns-''<br/>''-ā́ns, -ā́ns-''<br/>''-íens, -íens-''
|-
!|2
|''-ḗ, -ḗ-''<br/>''-ā́, -ā́-''<br/>''-íe, -íe-''
|''-ḗrs, -ḗrs-''<br/>''-ā́rs, -ā́rs-''<br/>''-íers, -íers-''
|''-ḗls, -ḗls-''<br/>''-ā́ls, -ā́ls-''<br/>''-íels, -íels-''
|-
!colspan="4"| Non-finite forms
|-
!Present<br/>participle
|colspan="3"|''-́ryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-rl-''<br/>''-áryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-árl-''<br/>''-éryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-érl-''
|-
!Imperfect<br/>participle
|colspan="4"|''Prefix ''yn-'' to the present participle.''
|-
!Preterite<br/>participle
|colspan="3"|''-náryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-nárl-''<br/>''-anáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-anárl-''<br/>''-enáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-enárl-''
|-
!Future<br/>participle
|colspan="3"|''-ḗryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-ḗrl-''<br/>''-ā́ryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-ā́rl-''<br/>''-íeryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''-íerl-''
|-
!Infinitive
|colspan="3"|''-s<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''-ás<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''-és<sup>M</sup>''
|-
!Supine
|colspan="3"|''-ēð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''-āð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''-ieð<sup>M</sup>''
|}
==Semivowel stems==
==Semivowel stems==
===''*j''-stems===
===''*j''-stems===

Revision as of 11:27, 28 August 2014

Regular verbs

Subject affixes
Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -īn, -ī(n)1-
-ain, -ai(n)1-
-ein, -ei(n)1- 		-dir, -dir-
-ádir, -adir-
-édir, -edir- 		-mi, -mī-
-ámi, -amī-
-émi, -emī-
1.in - -vse, -vsi-
-ávse, -avsi-
-évse, -evsi- 		-nse, -nsi-
-ánse, -ansi-
-énse, -ensi-
2 -yr, -yr-
-ar, -ar-
-er, -er- 		-rse, -rsi-
-árse, -arsi-
-érse, -ersi- 		-lse, -lsi-
-álse, -alsi-
-élse, -elsi-
3.m -ym, -m-
-am, -am-
-em, -em- 		-ir, -iri-
-air, -airi-
-eir, -eiri- 		-vi, -vi-
-ávi, -avi-
-évi, -evi-
3.f -is, -isi-
-ais, -aisi-
-eis, -eisi- 		-ti, -ti-
-áti, -ati-
-éti, -eti-
Imperfect
Add the yn- prefix to the present forms.
Preterite
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -ýn, -ýn-
-án, -án-
-én, -én- 		-mor, -mor-
-ámor, -amor-
-émor, -emor- 		-mā, -mā-
-ámā, -amā-
-émā, -emā-
1.in - -tor, -tor-
-átor, -ator-
-étor, -etor- 		-tā, -tā-
-átā, -atā-
-étā, -etā-
2 -ýr, -ýr-
-ár, -ár-
-ér, -ér- 		-rith, -rith-
-árith, -arith-
-érith, -erith- 		-lis, -lis-
-ális, -alis-
-élis, -elis-
3.m -a, -am-
-ā, -ām-
-ea, -eam- 		-arí, -aríe-
-ārí, -āríe
-earí, -earíe- 		-aví, -avíe-
-āví, -āvíe
-eaví, -eavíe-
3.f -ar, -ar-
-ār, -ār
-ear, -ear- 		-atí, -atíe-
-ātí, -ātíe
-eatí, -eatíe-
Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -ḗn, -ḗn-
-ā́n, -ā́n-
-íen, -íen- 		-ḗdir, -ēdir-
-ā́dir, -ādir-
-íedir, -iedir- 		-ḗmi, -ēmī-
-ā́mi, -āmī-
-íemi, -iemī-
1.in - -ḗvse, -ēvsi-
-ā́vse, -āvsi-
-íevse, -ievsi- 		-ḗnse, -ēnsi-
-ā́nse, -ānsi-
-íense, -iensi-
2 -ḗr, -ḗr-
-ā́r, -ā́r-
-íer, -íer- 		-ḗrse, -ērsi-
-ā́rse, -ārsi-
-íerse, -iersi- 		-ḗlse, -ēlsi-
-ā́lse, -ālsi-
-íelse, -ielsi-
3.m -ḗm, -ḗm-
-ā́m, -ā́m-
-íem, -íem- 		-ḗri, -ḗri-
-ā́ri, -ā́ri-
-íeri, -íeri- 		-ḗvi, -ēvi-
-ā́vi, -āvi-
-íevi, -ievi-
3.f -ḗsi, -ḗsi-
-ā́si, -ā́si-
-íesi, -íesi- 		-ḗti, -ēti-
-ā́ti, -āti-
-íeti, -ieti-
Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex -ī́n, -ī́(n)1-
-áin, -ái(n)1-
-éin, -éi(n)1- 		-dír, -dír-
-adír, -adír-
-edír, -edír- 		-mí, -mī́-
-amí, -amī́-
-emí, -emī́-
1.in - -vt, -vti-
-avt, -avti-
-evt, -evti- 		-nt, -nti-
-ant, -anti-
-ent, -enti-
2 -t, -t-
-at, -at-
-et, -et- 		-rt, -rti-
-art, -arti-
-ert, -erti- 		-lt, -lti-
-alt, -alti-
-elt, -elti-
3.m -má, -mā́-
-amá, -amā́-
-emá, -emā́- 		-irá, -irā́-
-ará, -arā́-
-erá, -erā́- 		-ivá, -vā́-
-avá, -avā́-
-evá, -evā́-
3.f -isá, -isā́-
-asá, -asā́-
-esá, -esā́- 		-itá, -itā́-
-atá, -atā́-
-etá, -etā́-
Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - -vs, -vs-
-avs, -avs-
-evs, -evs- 		-ns, -ns-
-ans, -ans-
-ens, -ens-
2 -Ø
-a, -a-
-e, -e- 		-rs, -rs-
-ars, -ars-
-ers, -ers- 		-ls, -ls-
-als, -als-
-els, -els-
Emphatic imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - -ḗvs, -ēvs-
-ā́vs, -ā́vs-
-íevs, -íevs- 		-ḗns, -ēns-
-ā́ns, -ā́ns-
-íens, -íens-
2 -ḗ, -ḗ-
-ā́, -ā́-
-íe, -íe- 		-ḗrs, -ḗrs-
-ā́rs, -ā́rs-
-íers, -íers- 		-ḗls, -ḗls-
-ā́ls, -ā́ls-
-íels, -íels-
Non-finite forms
Present
participle 		-́rylF, -rl-
-árylF, -árl-
-érylF, -érl-
Imperfect
participle 		Prefix yn- to the present participle.
Preterite
participle 		-nárylF, -nárl-
-anárylF, -anárl-
-enárylF, -enárl-
Future
participle 		-ḗrylF, -ḗrl-
-ā́rylF, -ā́rl-
-íerylF, -íerl-
Infinitive -sM
-ásM
-ésM
Supine -ēðM
-āðM
-ieðM

Semivowel stems

*j-stems

áubiī́ - attack, strike

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - áubivs áubins
2 áubi áubirs áubils


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubiī áubidir áubima
1.in - áubivse áubinse
2 áubir áubirse áubilse
3/4.m áubi áubīr áubivi
3/4.f áubīs áubiti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubín áubisid áubimi
1.in - áubitar áubitā
2 áubír áubirith áubilith
3/4.m áubisa áubisrí áubisví
3/4.f áubisar áubistí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubī́n áubī́dir áubī́ma
1.in - áubī́vse áubī́nse
2 áubī́r áubī́rse áubī́lse
3/4.m áubī́ áubī́ri áubiī́vi
3/4.f áubī́s áubī́ti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubiī́ áubirdá áubimir
1.in - áubivt áubint
2 áubit áubirt áubilt
3/4.m áubimá áubīrá áubiħá
3/4.f áubīsá áubitá

*w-stems

qervī́ - pack, condense

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - qéruvs qéruns
2 qéry qérurs qéruls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qérvī qérudir qéruma
1.in - qéruvse qérunse
2 qérur qérurse qérulse
3/4.m qéry qervir qéruvi
3/4.f qérvis qéruti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qerún qérusid qérumi
1.in - qérutar qérutā
2 qerúr qérurith qérulith
3/4.m qérusa qerusrí qerusví
3/4.f qérusar qerustí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qervḗn qervḗdir qervḗma
1.in - qervḗvse qervḗnse
2 qervḗr qervḗrse qervḗlse
3/4.m qervḗ qervḗri qervḗvi
3/4.f qervéis qervḗti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qervī́ qerurdá qérumir
1.in - qéruvt qérunt
2 qérut qérurt qérult
3/4.m qerumá qervirá qeruħá
3/4.f qervisá qerutá

Labial obstruent stems

-vi, -vie- "dissimilates" to -ħi, -ħie-

duobī́ - to be assembled

Coronal obstruent stems

*t-, *d-, *tʰ-, *s-stems

{*t *d *tʰ *s}

  • > s / _t
  • > r / _d

qvothī́ - shout

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - qvóthyvs qvóthyns
2 qvóth qvóthyrs qvóthyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvóthī qvórdir qvóthma
1.in - qvóthyvse qvóthynse
2 qvóthyr qvóthyrse qvóthylse
3/4.m qvóthe qvóthir qvóthvi
3/4.f qvóthis qvósti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvothýn qvóssid qvóthmi
1.in - qvóstar qvóstā
2 qvothýr qvóthrith qvóthlith
3/4.m qvóssa qvosrí qvosví
3/4.f qvóssar qvostí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvothī́ qvothyrdá qvóthmir
1.in - qvóthyvt qvóthynt
2 qvóthyt qvóthyrt qvóthylt
3/4.m qvothmá qvothirá qvothħá
3/4.f qvothisá qvostá

*z-stems

fáerī́ - interlock, jam

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - fáéryvs fáéryns
2 fáér fáéryrs fáéryls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáérī fáérdir fáérma
1.in - fáéryvse fáérynse
2 fáéryr fáéryrse fáérylse
3/4.m fáére fáerir fáérvi
3/4.f fáéris fáésti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáerýn fáéssid fáérmi
1.in - fáéstar fáéstā
2 fáerýr fáérrith fáerlith
3/4.m fáéssa fáesrí fáesví
3/4.f fáéssar fáestí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáerī́ fáeryrdá fáérmir
1.in - fáéryvt fáérynt
2 fáeryt fáéryrt fáérylt
3/4.m fáermá fáerirá fáerħá
3/4.f fáerisá fáestá

*ʒ-stems

néuzī́ - pound, stamp

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - néuryvs néuzyns
2 néuz néuzyrs néuzyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzī néurdir néurma
1.in - néuryvse néuzynse
2 néuzyr néuzyrse néuzylse
3/4.m néuze néuzir néuzvi
3/4.f néuzis néusti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzýn néussid néurmi
1.in - néustar néustā
2 néuzýr néurrith néurlith
3/4.m néussa néusrí néusví
3/4.f néussar néustí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzī́ néuzyrdá néurmir
1.in - néuryvt néuzynt
2 néuzyt néuzyrt néuzylt
3/4.m néurmá néuzirá néurħá
3/4.f néuzisá néustá

*ç- and *ƶ-stems

{*ç, *ƶ}

  • > ch / _*C[+coronal +plosive]
  • > s / _*C[+coronal +fricative/affricate]
  • > [ː~] / _{*ç, *ƶ}
  • > th, ð otherwise

rȳthī́ - classify, categorize

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - rȳ̌thyvs rȳ̌thyns
2 rȳ̌th rȳ̌thyrs rȳ̌thyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳ̌thī rȳ̌chdir rȳ̌thma
1.in - rȳ̌thyvse rȳ̌thynse
2 rȳ̌thyr rȳ̌thyrse rȳ̌thylse
3/4.m rȳ̌the rȳ̌thir rȳ̌thvi
3/4.f rȳ̌this rȳ̌chti


Past perchective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳthýn rȳ̌ssid rȳ̌thmi
1.in - rȳ̌chtar rȳ̌chtā
2 rȳthýr rȳ̌thrith rȳ̌thlith
3/4.m rȳ̌ssa rȳsrí rȳsví
3/4.f rȳ̌ssar rȳstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳthī́ rȳthyrdá rȳ̌thmir
1.in - rȳ̌thyvt rȳ̌thynt
2 rȳ̌thyt rȳ̌thyrt rȳ̌thylt
3/4.m rȳthmá rȳthirá rȳthħá
3/4.f rȳthisá rȳchtá

Velar stems

C[+plosive, +velar] > ch / _d/t/ŧ
g > c / _C[-voiced]

uogī́ - err, miss

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - ǔogyvs ǔogyns
2 ǔog ǔogyrs ǔogyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ǔogī ǔochdir ǔogma
1.in - ǔogyvse ǔogynse
2 ǔogyr ǔogyrse ǔogylse
3/4.m ǔoge ǔogir ǔogvi
3/4.f ǔogis ǔochti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex uogýn ǔocsid ǔogmi
1.in - ǔochtar ǔochtā
2 uogýr ǔogrith ǔoglith
3/4.m ǔocsa uocsrí uocsví
3/4.f ǔocsar uocstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex uogī́ uogyrdá ǔogmir
1.in - ǔogyvt ǔogynt
2 ǔogyt ǔogyrt ǔogylt
3/4.m uogmá uogirá uogħá
3/4.f uogisá uochtá

Guttural stems

Radical stems

*q-stems

*ʁ-stems

*qʰ-stems

*ʔ-stems

*ʔ

  • > [ː~] / V_CV
  • > [~ː] / V_CC

hēseī́ - feel, emote

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - hēsḗvs hēsḗns
2 hēsé hēsḗrs hēsḗls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēséī hēséddir hēsémma
1.in - hēsḗvse hēsḗnse
2 hēséyr hēsḗrse hēsḗlse
3/4.m hēsé hēséìr hēsévvi
3/4.f hēséìs hēsétti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseýn hēséssid hēsémmi
1.in - hēséttar hēséttā
2 hēseýr hēsérrith hēséllith
3/4.m hēséssa hēsēsrí hēsēsví
3/4.f hēséssar hēsēstí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseḗn hēseḗdir hēseḗma
1.in - hēseḗvse hēseḗnse
2 hēseḗr hēseḗrse hēseḗlse
3/4.m hēseḗ hēseḗri hēseḗvi
3/4.f hḗseéis hḗseḗti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseī́ hēsērdá hēsémmir
1.in - hēsḗvt hēsḗnt
2 hēsḗt hēsḗrt hēsḗlt
3/4.m hēsemmá hēseìrá hēsēħá
3/4.f hēseìsá hēsettá

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ-stems

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ

  • > mp, {n, l, r}t
  • > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]

híltī́ - imply, make transparent

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - híltyvs híltyns
2 hílt híltyrs híltyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltī híldir híltma
1.in - híltyvse híltynse
2 híltyr híltyrse híltylse
3/4.m hílte híltir híltvi
3/4.f híltis hílti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltýn hílsid híltmi
1.in - híltar híltā
2 híltýr híltrith híltlith
3/4.m hílsa hílsrí hílsví
3/4.f hílsar hílstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltī́ híltyrdá híltmir
1.in - híltyvt híltynt
2 híltyt híltyrt híltylt
3/4.m híltmá híltirá híltħá
3/4.f híltisá híltá

h-stems

*h

  • > [ː~] / V_C[+fricative]V
  • > [~ː] / V_C[otherwise]

bohī́ - measure

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - bō̌vs bō̌ns
2 bō̌ bō̌rs bō̌ls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bóhī bō̌dir bō̌ma
1.in - bō̌vse bō̌nse
2 bóhyr bō̌rse bō̌lse
3/4.m bóhe bóhir bō̌vi
3/4.f bóhis bō̌ti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bohýn bóssid bō̌mi
1.in - bō̌tar bō̌tā
2 bohýr bō̌rith bō̌lith
3/4.m bóssa bōsrí bōsví
3/4.f bóssar bōstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bohī́ bō̌rdá bō̌mir
1.in - bō̌vt bō̌nt
2 bō̌t bō̌rt bō̌lt
3/4.m bōmá bohirá bōħá
3/4.f bohisá bōtá

*{m, n, l, r}h-stems

*{m, n, l, r}h

  • > mf, {n, l, r}th
  • > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]


inthī́ - lie (be in a supine position)

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - ínthyvs ínthyns
2 ínth ínthyrs ínthyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ínthī índir ínthma
1.in - ínthyvse ínthynse
2 ínthyr ínthyrse ínthylse
3/4.m ínthe ínthir ínthvi
3/4.f ínthis ínti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex inthýn ínsid ínthmi
1.in - íntar íntā
2 inthýr ínthrith ínthlith
3/4.m ínsa insrí insví
3/4.f ínsar instí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex inthī́ inthyrdá ínthmir
1.in - ínthyvt ínthynt
2 ínthyt ínthyrt ínthylt
3/4.m inthmá inthirá inthħá
3/4.f inthisá intá

Irregular verbs

Suppletive verbs

Suppletive verbs have many monosyllabic forms; in order to compensate for the lack of tonal information other roots were grafted into their paradigms.

vā́cī́n - copula

The copula is highly suppletive. The present, future, jussive and the infinitives share the stem vā́c-, while the imperfect has the stem ynt- (< *ʔṇʔ-). (There is no preterite.) Note also the preterite endings in the imperfect tense.

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - vā́cyvs vā́cyns
2 vā́c vā́cyrs vā́cyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex (vā́cīn) (vā́chdir) (vā́cmi)
1.in - (vā́cyvse) (vā́cynse)
2 (vā́cyr) (vā́cyrse) (vā́cylse)
3/4.m (vā́ce) (vā́cir) (vā́cvi)
3/4.f (vā́cis) (vā́chti)


Present subjunctive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ávā́cīn ávā́chdir ávā́cmi
1.in - ávā́cyvse ávā́cynse
2 ávā́cyr ávā́cyrse ávā́cylse
3/4.m ávā́ce ávā́cir ávā́cvi
3/4.f ávā́cis ávā́chti


Imperfect
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex yntýn ýnsid ýntmā
1.in - ýntar ýntā
2 yntýr ýntrith ýntlith
3/4.m ýnta yntarí yntaví
3/4.f ýntar yntatí


Imperfect subjunctive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ēntýn ḕnsid ḕntmā
1.in - ḕntar ḕntā
2 ēntýr ḕntrith ḕntlith
3/4.m ḕnta ēntarí ēntaví
3/4.f ḕntar ēntatí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex vā́cī́n vā́chdír vā́cmí
1.in - vā́cyvt vā́cynt
2 vā́cyt vā́cyrt vā́cylt
3/4.m vā́cmá vā́cirá vā́cħá
3/4.f vā́cisá vā́chtá

morī́ - 'exist'

Reduplicating stems

These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.

Eliding stems

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