Proto-Hlou-Shum: Difference between revisions
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#:''*χ > *ħ'' | #:''*χ > *ħ'' | ||
#Assimilation of dentals: | #Assimilation of dentals: | ||
#:''*ts * | #:''*ts *tʰs'' > *ss'' | ||
#:''*dz * | #:''*dz *tʰz'' > ''*zz'' > later ''*z'' | ||
#:''*ƛs > *ƛʰ'' | #:''*ƛs > *ƛʰ'' | ||
#:''*ƛz > λ'' | #:''*ƛz > *λ'' | ||
#Some cluster changes: | #Some cluster changes: | ||
#:''*tk > *kt'' | #:''*tk > *kt'' | ||
| Line 131: | Line 131: | ||
#:''*ʡt'' > ''*ħt'' | #:''*ʡt'' > ''*ħt'' | ||
#Second spirantization: | #Second spirantization: | ||
#:tʰ > þ | #:''*tʰ > *þ'' | ||
#:kʰ > x | #:''*kʰ > *x'' | ||
#:ƛʰ > ł | #:''*ƛʰ > *ł'' | ||
#:ʔC > C[+long] | #:ʔC > C[+long] | ||
# | #Cʔ, Ch > Ce usually | ||
#:mʔ | #:''*mʔ *nʔ *lʔ *rʔ'' > also ''*mp *nt *lt *rt'' (especially in function morphemes) | ||
#:mh | #:''*mh *nh *lh *rh'' > also ''*nf *nþ *lþ *rþ'' | ||
#Loss of laterals (nearly unique to | #Loss of laterals (nearly unique to Themsarian?): | ||
#:ƛ > ŧ /ts/ | #:''*ƛ > *ŧ'' /ts/ | ||
#:ł > þ | #:''*ł > *þ'' | ||
#:λ > l, λλ > ld | #:''*λ > *l'', ''*λλ > *ld'' | ||
#:ḽ > ð, ḽḽ > lð | #:''*ḽ > *ð'', ''*ḽḽ > *lð'' | ||
#Rhotacization: | #Rhotacization: | ||
#:z > r / _C[+voiced] | #:''*z > *r'' / _C[+voiced] | ||
#:dl > rl | #:''*dl > *rl'' | ||
#Epenthetic vowels are added: | #Epenthetic vowels are added: | ||
#:CC[+resonant]# > CyC[+resonant]# and in many functional morphemes. | #:CC[+resonant]# > CyC[+resonant]# and in many functional morphemes. | ||
#w > v | #''*w'' > ''*v'' /ʋˠ/ | ||
#ʁ / V_V, _C[+coronal] > v (a Themsarian-only sound change) | #''*ʁ'' / V_V, _C[+coronal] > ''*v'' (a Themsarian-only sound change) | ||
#ʁ otherwise > ʕ | #''*ʁ'' otherwise > ''*ʕ'' | ||
#Loss of glottal stop: | #Loss of glottal stop: | ||
#*clitic =ʔ becomes final downstep | #*clitic ''*=ʔ'' becomes final downstep | ||
#*vowel contractions: (~ denotes *ʔ or *h) | #*vowel contractions: (~ denotes ''*ʔ'' or ''*h'') | ||
#*''*a~ > ā'' | #*''*a~ > ā'' | ||
#*''*a~e, *ajV *a~i > ae'' | #*''*a~e, *ajV *a~i > ae'' | ||
#*''*aj, a~ī > ai'' | #*''*aj, a~ī > ai'' | ||
#*''*a~o | #*''*a~o (*awV) *a~u > ao'' | ||
#*''*aw | #*''*(aw) > au'' | ||
#*''*e~C > eaC'' | #*''*e~C > eaC'' | ||
#*''*ej | #*''*ej *ew *e~ī > ei'' | ||
#*''*e~u | #*''*e~u *e~ū > ju, jū'' | ||
#*''*ēj > ie'' | #*''*ēj > ie'' | ||
#*''*ē~ > ie | #*''(*ē~ > ie)'' | ||
#*''*i~C > ieC'' | #*''*i~C > ieC'' | ||
#*''*o~C > oaC'' | #*''*o~C > oaC'' | ||
#*''*o~i | #*''*o~i oj u~i uj > ȳ'' | ||
#*''*o~ī > oi'' | #*''*o~ī > oi'' | ||
#*''*ow > ū'' | #*''*ow > ū'' | ||
Revision as of 13:39, 7 September 2014
Proto-Talsmic phonology
Consonant inventory
| Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
| Nasal | *m | *n | |||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | *p | *t | *ƛ | *k | *q | *ʔ | ||
| voiced | *b | *d | *λ | *g | |||||
| aspirated | *pʰ | *tʰ | *ƛʰ | *kʰ | *qʰ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | *s | *ł | *h | |||||
| voiced | *z | *ḽ | *ʁ | ||||||
| Approximant | *w | *l | *j | ||||||
| Trill | *r | ||||||||
Vocalic inventory
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | *i *ī | *u *ū | |
| Mid | *e *ē | *o *ō | |
| Open | *a *ā |
Sound changes
- *ph *th *ƛh *kh *qh > resp. aspirates
- First spirantization:
- *qʰ > *χ
- *pʰ > *f
- Radicalization:
- *q > *ʡ
- *χ > *ħ
- Assimilation of dentals:
- *ts *tʰs > *ss
- *dz *tʰz > *zz > later *z
- *ƛs > *ƛʰ
- *ƛz > *λ
- Some cluster changes:
- *tk > *kt
- *tp *db *kp *gb > *tw *dw *kw *gw (should be earlier than PTal?)
- *kt *łt *kþ > *xt
- *pþ > *ps
- *ʡt > *ħt
- Second spirantization:
- *tʰ > *þ
- *kʰ > *x
- *ƛʰ > *ł
- ʔC > C[+long]
- Cʔ, Ch > Ce usually
- *mʔ *nʔ *lʔ *rʔ > also *mp *nt *lt *rt (especially in function morphemes)
- *mh *nh *lh *rh > also *nf *nþ *lþ *rþ
- Loss of laterals (nearly unique to Themsarian?):
- *ƛ > *ŧ /ts/
- *ł > *þ
- *λ > *l, *λλ > *ld
- *ḽ > *ð, *ḽḽ > *lð
- Rhotacization:
- *z > *r / _C[+voiced]
- *dl > *rl
- Epenthetic vowels are added:
- CC[+resonant]# > CyC[+resonant]# and in many functional morphemes.
- *w > *v /ʋˠ/
- *ʁ / V_V, _C[+coronal] > *v (a Themsarian-only sound change)
- *ʁ otherwise > *ʕ
- Loss of glottal stop:
- clitic *=ʔ becomes final downstep
- vowel contractions: (~ denotes *ʔ or *h)
- *a~ > ā
- *a~e, *ajV *a~i > ae
- *aj, a~ī > ai
- *a~o (*awV) *a~u > ao
- *(aw) > au
- *e~C > eaC
- *ej *ew *e~ī > ei
- *e~u *e~ū > ju, jū
- *ēj > ie
- (*ē~ > ie)
- *i~C > ieC
- *o~C > oaC
- *o~i oj u~i uj > ȳ
- *o~ī > oi
- *ow > ū
- *u~C > uoC
- *u~ī > ui
- *ʕ > *ħ
- *vv, *zz > *wv *z
- *bb *dd *gg > *mb *nd *ng; also *ʡʡ *ħħ > *ʡ *ħ, lengthening previous vowel
- C[+radical] > *a / _#
Classical Themsarian phonology
Consonant inventory
| Consonants | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Radical | Glottal | ||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | n [ŋ] | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /k/ | q /ʡ/ | |||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | th /θ/ | s /s/ | ch /x~ɣ/ | ħ /ħ~ʜ/ | h /h~ɦ/ | |
| voiced | ð /ð/ | z /z/ | q [ʕ~ʢ] | |||||
| Affricate | ŧ /t̪s̪~ts~tɕ~tʃ/ | |||||||
| Approximant | v /ʋˠ/ | j /j/ | ||||||
| Trill | r /r/ | |||||||
| Lateral app. | l /l/ | |||||||
Vocalic inventory
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | ī /iː/ | y /ʉ̜/ | ȳ /ʉ̜ː/ | u /u/ | ū /uː/ |
| Mid | e /e̞/ | ē /e̞ː/ | o /o̞/ | ō /o̞ː/ | ||
| Open | a /a/ | ā /aː/ | ||||