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IlL/Spare pages 1/73

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Ciêng (nă rhòb Chiểng from *nàs ròpàs cècéŋàs) is a classical language of Verse:Méich Bhaonnáiqh.

Inspirations: Vietnamese, Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, Maltese (and Hmong?)

Phonology

p t c k kħ q = /p t k q ʡ ʔ/; ph th ch kh ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/

m n ng; mh nh ngh = /m n ŋ; ṽ (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/

x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/

b ƀ đ d y g ǥ għ = /v pˁ tˁ ð y ɣ (Eevo L) ayin/

r l /r l/

i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; ie uo

Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones

tones: mid high low rising nga nang

Mutations

1. Lenition: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> mh ng ngh b d y g għ h 0 l r
2. L-coloring: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> ƀ l ng ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
3. Aspiration: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> m n ng ph th ch kh ħ s ph x rh

Proto-language

5 vowels: i e a o u, each syllable had high and low tones

allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVs, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)

Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs

Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q̟ q̠ ʔ ʃ w l r j/

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns have both case (abs erg gen lat loc voc) and construct state independently

the cst state unpredictable allomorph worse than TibH construct state

3 genders (not m/f/n)

article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)

Adjectives

Def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew)

Verbs

Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes (the proto-stage had level tones and was predominantly CV, with geminates, nC and sC clusters. tones in reduced syllables leave a mark on the stressed syllable, making tones more complex)