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== Periodic table == | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:100%; max-width:1800px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; vertical-align:top; {{{style|}}};" | |||
! colspan="19" | Periodic table | |||
|- style="line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;" | |||
! style="text-align:left; background:white" | <small>[[Group (periodic table)|Group]]</small> | |||
! style="background:#e8e8e8;" | [[Alkali metal|1]] | |||
! style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Alkaline earth metal|2]] | |||
! style="background:#e8e8e8;" | [[Group 3 element|3]] | |||
! style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Group 4 element|4]] | |||
! style="background:#e8e8e8;" | [[Group 5 element|5]] | |||
! style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Group 6 element|6]] | |||
! style="background:#e8e8e8;" | [[Group 7 element|7]] | |||
! style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Group 8 element|8]] | |||
! style="background:#e8e8e8;" | [[Group 9 element|9]] | |||
! style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Group 10 element|10]] | |||
! style="background:#e8e8e8;" | [[Group 11 element|11]] | |||
! style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Group 12 element|12]] | |||
! style="background:#e8e8e8;" | [[Boron group|13]] | |||
! style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Carbon group|14]] | |||
! style="background:#e8e8e8;" | [[Pnictogen|15]] | |||
! style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Chalcogen|16]] | |||
! style="background:#e8e8e8;" | [[Halogen|17]] | |||
! style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Noble gas|18]] | |||
|- style="font-size:85%; text-align:left; line-height:125%; vertical-align:top;" | |||
| | |||
| style="background:#e8e8e8;" | Alkali metals | |||
| style="background:#f0f0f0;" | Alkaline earth metals | |||
| style="background:#e8e8e8;" | | |||
| style="background:#f0f0f0;" | | |||
| style="background:#e8e8e8;" | | |||
| style="background:#f0f0f0;" | | |||
| style="background:#e8e8e8;" | | |||
| style="background:#f0f0f0;" | | |||
| style="background:#e8e8e8;" | | |||
| style="background:#f0f0f0;" | | |||
| style="background:#e8e8e8;" | | |||
| style="background:#f0f0f0;" | | |||
| style="background:#e8e8e8;" | | |||
| style="background:#f0f0f0;" | | |||
| style="background:#e8e8e8;" | Pnictogens | |||
| style="background:#f0f0f0;" | Chalcogens | |||
| style="background:#e8e8e8;" | Halogens | |||
| style="background:#f0f0f0;" | Noble gases | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
== Ememir (Sumerian conlang)== | == Ememir (Sumerian conlang)== | ||
=== Phonology === | === Phonology === | ||
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=====Characteristics===== | =====Characteristics===== | ||
=====Conjugation===== | =====Conjugation===== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; | |||
! rowspan="3" | Transitive !! colspan="6" | Perfective !! colspan="6" | Imperfective | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="4" | Subject !! rowspan="2" | Stem !! rowspan="2" | Object !! colspan="4" | Object !! rowspan="2" | Stem !! rowspan="2" | Subject | |||
|- | |||
! Base !! Past !! Present !! Future !! Base !! Past !! Present !! Future | |||
|- | |||
! 1sg | |||
| '''ʔ''' || ī || ē || ā || rowspan="6" | STEM || (e)n || '''n''' || in || en || an || rowspan="6" | STEM || (e)n | |||
|- | |||
! 2sg | |||
| '''e''' || e || eh || ah || (e)s || '''s''' || is || es || as || (e)s | |||
|- | |||
! 3sg | |||
| '''n''', '''b'''|| in, ib || en, eb || an, ab || Ø || '''n''', '''b'''|| in, ib || en, eb || an, ab | |||
|- | |||
! 1pl | |||
| '''d''' || id || ed || ad || (e)nden || '''d''' || id || ed || ad || (e)nden | |||
|- | |||
! 2pl | |||
| '''z''' || iz || ez || az || (e)nzen || '''z''' || iz || ez || az || (e)nzen | |||
|- | |||
! 3pl | |||
| '''š''' || iš || eš || aš || (e)š || '''š''' || iš || eš || aš || (e)nē | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | Intransitive !! colspan="6" | Perfective !! colspan="6" | Imperfective | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="4" | - !! rowspan="2" | Stem !! rowspan="2" | Subject !! colspan="4" | - !! rowspan="2" | Stem !! rowspan="2" | Subject | |||
|- | |||
! Base !! Past !! Present !! Future !! Base !! Past !! Present !! Future | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
! 1sg | |||
| rowspan="6" | - || rowspan="6" | i || rowspan="6" | e || rowspan="6" | a || rowspan="6" | STEM || (e)n || rowspan="6" | - || rowspan="6" | i || rowspan="6" | e || rowspan="6" | a || rowspan="6" | (+ed) || (e)n | |||
|- | |||
! 2sg | |||
| (e)s || (e)s | |||
|- | |||
! 3sg | |||
| Ø || Ø | |||
|- | |||
! 1pl | |||
| (e)nden || (e)nden | |||
|- | |||
! 2pl | |||
| (e)nzen || (e)nzen | |||
|- | |||
! 3pl | |||
| (e)š || (e)š | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
<br> | |||
'''Forms of the prefixes:''' | |||
* -C > -Cen | |||
* -V > -v̄n (vowel lenthening) | |||
* -v̄ > -ūwen; -īyen; -ēyen; -āen | |||
=====Full paradigm===== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; | ||
|+ '''Conjugation''' | |+ '''Conjugation''' | ||
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! !! colspan="3" | Perfective !! colspan="3" | Imperfective | ! !! colspan="3" | Perfective !! colspan="3" | Imperfective | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Transitive !! Subject | ! Transitive !! Subject !! Stem !! Object !! Object !! Stem !! Subject | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1sg | ! 1sg | ||
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| n-V-eš (in) || || eš || || || enē | | n-V-eš (in) || || eš || || || enē | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Intransitive !! !! Stem !! Subject !! !! Stem !! Subject | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1sg | ! 1sg | ||
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|} | |} | ||
* subject/patient = absolutive | * subject/patient = absolutive (patient = accusative object of transitive verbs; subject = nominative subject of intransitive verbs) | ||
* agent = ergative | * agent = ergative (agent = nominative subject of transitive verbs) | ||
=====Prefixes===== | =====Prefixes===== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1pl | ! 1pl | ||
| || me || me | | mē || me || me | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2pl | ! 2pl | ||
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* {{green|naĝar}} {{blue|iri}}{{red|še}} {{blue|ib}}{{red|še}}ĝen{{green|Ø}} - ''the carpenter went to the city'' | * {{green|naĝar}} {{blue|iri}}{{red|še}} {{blue|ib}}{{red|še}}ĝen{{green|Ø}} - ''the carpenter went to the city'' | ||
* lugal{{blue|e}} nin{{yellow|ra}} iri{{orange|ya}} {{green|ē}} i{{yellow|na}}{{orange|ni}}{{blue|n}}du{{green|Ø}} - ''a house was built for the queen by the king in the city'' | * lugal{{blue|e}} nin{{yellow|ra}} iri{{orange|ya}} {{green|ē}} i{{yellow|na}}{{orange|ni}}{{blue|n}}du{{green|Ø}} - ''a house was built for the queen by the king in the city'' | ||
* When a vocalic suffix is added before the ventive prefix, the vowel is added: '''īm-''', '''ūm-''', and '''ām-''' | |||
** '''īmĝen''' - he came here ''(m+ĝen+Ø)'' | |||
** '''īmmaĝen''' - he came away ''(m+ba+ĝen+Ø)'' | |||
=====Performatives===== | |||
Prefix: '''u-/ū-''' (> '''ul-''' when followed by verb root) | |||
* relative past (when/after) - only with perfective verbs<br> | |||
Prefix: '''i-/ī-''' | |||
* present forms, perfective<br> | |||
Prefix: '''a-''' (> '''al-''' when followed by verb root) | |||
* imperfective; al- in imperatives? <br> | |||
<br> | |||
Modal prefixes: | |||
* NEGATIVE '''nu-''' (la-, li-) ''not'' | |||
* PRECATIVE '''hé-''' (ha-, hu-) ''may he, he should, whether'' | |||
* COHORTATIVE '''ga-''' (gi4-, gú-) ''may I, I shall'' | |||
* PROHIBITIVE '''na-''' ''may he not'' | |||
* AFFIRMATIVE '''na-''' ''he shall (shall he not?)'' | |||
* VETITIVE '''ba-ra-''' ''can not, must not'' | |||
* PROSPECTIVE '''ù-''' (a-, ì-) ''when, after'' | |||
* CONTRAPUNCTIVE '''ši-''' (ša-, šu-) ''so, therefore'' | |||
* FRUSTRATIVE '''nu-uš-''' ''if only'' | |||
* CONJUNCTIVE '''(i)n-ga-''' ''and, also, furthermore'' | |||
=====Imperfective stems===== | |||
Formation: | |||
* affixiation: '''-e''' (-ū > -ūwe, -ā > -āe, -ē > -ēye, -ī > -īye, -a/e/i/u > -ā/ē/ī/ū) | |||
* reduplication: | |||
** type 1: ĝar > ĝaĝa | |||
** type 2: ḫal(a) > ḫalḫa | |||
* suppletive root | |||
=====Copula===== | =====Copula===== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 2sg | ! 2sg | ||
| - | | -mes || =mes | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3sg | ! 3sg | ||
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====Other ==== | ====Other ==== | ||
=====Nominalising suffix -wa===== | |||
* '''lugale hay indū > lugal lu hay indū{{blue|wa}}''' | |||
** ''the king built the house > the king, the man who built the house'' | |||
<br> | |||
* '''hay badū > hay dū{{blue|wa}}''' | |||
** ''the house was built > the house that was built'' | |||
<br> | |||
* '''lugale hay maḫ indū''' | |||
** ''the king built the lofty temple'' | |||
* '''hay maḫbita''' | |||
** ''from that lofty temple'' | |||
* '''hay maḫ lugale [hay maḫ] dū{{blue|wa}}bita''' | |||
** ''from that lofy temple built by the king'' | |||
<br> | |||
* '''hay šub{{blue|wa}}''' | |||
** ''the house that collapsed > the collapsed house'' | |||
* '''hay dū{{blue|wa}}''' | |||
** ''the house that was built > the built house'' | |||
* '''inim dūg{{blue|wa}}''' | |||
** ''the word that was spoken > the spoken word'' | |||
<br> | |||
* '''lue hay indū > hay lue dū{{blue|wa}}''' | |||
** ''the man built the house > the house built by the man'' | |||
=== Vocabulary === | === Vocabulary === |
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