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===Goals===
===Goals===


To create an aesthetically pleasing, yet easily pronounceable (for me), language for the setting of a habitable alternative Venus.
To create an aesthetically pleasing, yet easily pronounceable (for me, anyways), language for the setting of a habitable alternative Venus.


===Setting===
===Setting===
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The setting is a Venus with a thinner crust which enables convection of heat within the planet's core and, despite Venus' slower rotation, the subsequent generation of a magnetic field sufficient to prevent the loss of the planet's oceans.
The setting is a Venus with a thinner crust which enables convection of heat within the planet's core and, despite Venus' slower rotation, the subsequent generation of a magnetic field sufficient to prevent the loss of the planet's oceans.


Common Venerian (ComVen: Lanakwa) is the predominant lingua franca spoken on Venus (ComVen: Lhinla). It originated from the environs of the mercantile city of Suliriyal on the continent of Yehadramit.
Jakvalat (Often called Common Venerian in English) is the predominant lingua franca spoken on Venus (Ja: Sinty). It originated from the environs of the mercantile city of Tulirijyq on the continent of Jekkarramet.


===Inspirations===
===Inspirations===


The main phonological inspirations were from Finnish and Greenlandic with some input from Tolkien's conlang, Quenya. The morphological inspirations will likely be primarily from the Inuit and the Uralic languages.


<!-- Example categories/headings:  
<!-- Example categories/headings:  
Line 58: Line 59:


-->
-->
===A. Orthography===
===Orthography===


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| Native Alphabet|| Practical Orthography||IPA
| Native Script|| Practical Orthography||IPA Value
|-
|-
| ⟨o⟩ || ⟨p⟩|| /p/
|⟨o⟩|| ⟨p⟩|| /p/
|-
|-
| ⟨ɵ⟩ || ⟨ph⟩|| /f/
|⟨ɵ⟩|| ⟨m⟩|| /m/
|-
|-
| ⟨c⟩|| ⟨b⟩|| /b/
|⟨s⟩||⟨v⟩||/ʋ/
|-
|-
| ⟨ɔ⟩|| ⟨m⟩|| /m/
|⟨v⟩|| ⟨t⟩|| /t/
|-
|-
| ⟨s⟩ || ⟨w⟩|| /w/
|⟨ʌ⟩|| ⟨n⟩|||/n/
|-
|-
| ⟨v⟩ || ⟨t⟩|| /t/
|⟨x⟩||⟨h⟩||/h/
|-
|-
| ⟨ʌ⟩ || ⟨th⟩|| /θ/
|⟨z⟩||⟨r⟩||/ɹ/
|-
|-
| ⟨w⟩ || ⟨d⟩|| /d/
|⟨w⟩ || ⟨s⟩|| /ɬ/
|-
|-
| ⟨ʍ⟩ || ⟨n⟩|| /n/
|⟨ʍ⟩|| ⟨l⟩|| /l/
|-
|-
| ⟨x⟩ || ⟨s⟩|| /s/
|⟨n⟩||⟨k⟩||/k/
|-
|-
| ⟨ɴ⟩ || ⟨r⟩|| /ɹ/
|⟨u⟩||⟨q⟩||/ŋ/
|-
|-
| ⟨ɛ⟩ || ⟨x⟩|| /ɬ/
|⟨ʜ⟩||⟨j⟩||/j/
|-
|-
| ⟨ɜ⟩ || ⟨l⟩|| /l/
|⟨ʎ⟩||⟨i⟩||/i/
|-
|-
| ⟨n⟩ || ⟨k⟩|| /k/
|⟨y⟩||⟨e⟩||/ɛ/
|-
|-
| ⟨u⟩ || ⟨kh⟩|| /x/
|⟨h⟩||⟨y⟩||/ə/
|-
|-
| ⟨m⟩ || ⟨ɡ⟩|| /ɡ/
|⟨ɥ⟩||⟨a⟩||/ä/
|-
|-
| ⟨ɯ⟩ || ⟨q⟩|| /ŋ/
|⟨b⟩||⟨u⟩||/u/
|-
|-
| ⟨ʜ⟩ || ⟨y⟩|| /j/
|⟨q⟩||⟨o⟩||/ɔ/
|-
| ⟨z⟩ || ⟨h⟩|| /h/
|}
|}


NOTES:
NOTES:


1. The native script was ultimately derived from an ancient featural abugida.
1. The native alphabet is ultimately derived from an ancient featural abugida.


2. The practical orthography was devised by the first terrestrial linguists to reach Venus. It has since become the default scheme of romanisation for Common Venerian.
2. The practical orthography was devised by one the first terrestrial linguists to reach Venus. The Wilkins Orthography has since become the default scheme of romanisation for Yakvalat.


3. The spelling of both the native alphabet and the practical orthography is morphophonemic in that the spelling is phonemic but does change to reflect morphophonemic changes.
3. The spelling of the practical and native orthographies are morphophonemic in that the spelling is phonemic but does change to reflect morphophonemic changes.


4. The following punctuation marks are in use in the native alphabet:
4. The following punctuation marks are in use in the native alphabet:
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5. Any given word is separated from any following word by a space.  There are no equivalents to parentheses, quotation marks, exclamation marks or questions  marks.
5. Any given word is separated from any following word by a space.  There are no equivalents to parentheses, quotation marks, exclamation marks or questions  marks.


===B. Phoneme Inventory===
===Phoneme Inventory===
==1. Consonants==
 
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || Labial|| Central Coronal|| Lateral Coronal|| Dorsal||Glottal
|  || Labial|| Central Coronal|| Lateral Coronal ||Dorsal||Glottal
|-
| Plosive ||  ||  ||  || ||
|-
| -voiceless || /p/|| /t/|| || /k/||
|-
| -voiced || /b/|| /d/||  || /ɡ/||
|-
| Fricative ||  ||  ||  || ||
|-
| -sibilant ||  || /s/|| /ɬ/||||
|-
| -spirant || /f/|| /θ/||  || /x/||
|-
| -aspirate ||  ||  ||  || ||/h/
|-
| Sonorant ||  ||  ||  || ||
|-
|-
| -nasal || /m/|| /n/||  || /ŋ/||
|Plosive || /p/ || /t/|| || /k/||
|-
|-
| -lateral ||  ||  || /l/||||
|Fricative||  || ||/ɬ/||||/h/
|-
|-
| Approximant ||  ||  ||  || ||
| Nasal || /m/|| /n/|||| /ŋ/||
|-
|-
| -rhotic ||  || /ɹ/||  || ||
|Liquid||||/ɹ/||/l/||||
|-
|-
| -semivowel || /w/||  ||  || /j/||
| Semivowel ||  /ʋ/||  |||| /j/ ||
|}
|}


Notes:
Notes:


1. All coronals are alveolar except for /ɬ/ which is postalveolar.
1. All coronals are alveolar except /ɹ/ which is postalveolar.


2. Common Venerian has 19 consonants which, according to the World Atlas of Language Structures, is an average inventory. The most notable features, according to WALs, are the presence of a lateral obstruent, the initial velar nasal and a dental fricative.
2. Jakvalat has 12 consonants which, according to the World Atlas of Language Structures, is a small inventory. The most notable features, according to WALs, are the presence of an initial velar nasal and a lateral obstruent.


==2. Vowels==
====Vowels====




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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| || Front|| Back
| || Front||Central|| Back
|-
|-
| High || /i/|| /u/
| High || /i/||/ə/ ||/u/
|-
|-
| Low|| /ɛ/|| /ɑ/
| Low||/ɛ/ || /a/||/ɔ/
|}
|}


Common Venerian has 4 vowel qualities which, according to WALS, is a small inventory. The consonant-vowel ratio is 4.75 which is a moderately high ratio.
Note:


===C. Allophony===
For the purposes of vowel harmony, /ə/ counts as a high vowel and /ɛ, ɔ/ count as low vowels.


1. /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when the only consonant in the onset of a stressed syllable.
Jakvalat has 6 vowel qualities which, according to WALS, is a small inventory. The consonant-vowel ratio is 2.0 which, according to WALS, is a moderately low ratio.


2. In intervocalic position and when the onset of an unstressed syllable, /b, d, ɡ/ are realised as [v, ð̠, ʒ].
===Allophony===


3. Onset /s, ɬ/ is realised as [z, ɮ] after a coda of /b, d/.
1. /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when in the onset of a stressed syllable.


4. Coda /s, ɬ/ is realised as [z, ʒ] before an onset of /b, d, ɡ/.
2. /ɬ/ is realised as [θ̠] when in coda position.


5. The consonant clusters /ɬp, ɬt, ɬk/ are realised as [ʃp, ʃt, ʃk].
3. /h/ is realised as [x] when in coda position.


6. The consonant clusters /ɬm, ɬn, ɬŋ, ɬl/ are realised as [ʃm, ʃn, ʃŋ, ʃl].
4. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʃ] when in coda position before /p, t, k/.


7. The consonant clusters /ɬɹ, ɬw, ɬj/ are realised as [ʃɹ, ʃw, ʃj].
5. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʒ] when in coda position elsewhere.


8. The consonant clusters /mm, nn, ŋŋ, ll/ are realised as [bm, dn, ɡŋ, dl].
6. /ʋ/ is realised as [w] when the second segment of a consonant cluster.


9. /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.
7. /ʋ/ is realised as [v] elsewhere.


===D. Phonotactics===
8. The geminate clusters /pp, tt, kk/ are realised as [f, s, x].
1. Syllable template: C(C)V(C).


2. Permitted syllable codas:
9. The geminate clusters /ɬɬ, hh/ are realised as [tɬ, kx].


/t, k, b, d, s, ɬ, θ, x, m, n, ŋ, l/.
10. The geminate consonant clusters /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].


3. /s, ɬ, l/ do not occur as codas in word-final position.
11. The geminate consonant clusters /ll, ɹɹ/ are realised as [ld, ʒd].


4. /θ, x/ only occur as codas in word-final position.
12. The geminate consonant clusters /ʋʋ, jj/ are realised as [bw, ɡj].


5. Permitted Syllable Onset Consonant Clusters:
13. /i/ is realised as [ɪ] when following a /j/ onset.


{| class="wikitable"
14. /u/ is realised as [ʊ] when following /ʋ/ when it is the second segment of a consonant cluster.
|-
 
|  || M || N || Q || L || R || W || Y
15. /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.
|-
 
| T || - ||  -||  -|| - || tr|| tw|| ty
===Phonotactics===
|-
1. Syllable template:
| K || - ||  -||  -||- || kr|| kw|| ky
 
|-
C(C)V(C)
| B || - ||-  ||  -|| || br|| bw|| by
|-
| D || - || - || -|| - || dr|| dw|| dy
|-
| S|| sm|| sn|| sq|| sl|| sr|| sw|| sy
|-
| X || xm|| xn|| xq|| xl|| xr|| xw|| xy
|-
| TH ||  -|| - || - ||- || thr|| thw|| thy
|-
| KH ||  -|| - || - || - || khr|| khw|| khy
|-
|M||-||-||-||-||-||mw||-
|-
|Q||-||-||-||-||-||-||qy
|}


Notes:
Notes:


a. The practical orthography is used here for clarity.
C = consonant, V = vowel
 
2. Permitted syllable codas: all consonants


b. First segment of cluster runs along left of table.
3. /ɬ, h, l, ɹ, ʋ, j/ do not occur morpheme-finally.


c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
4. If a particle has a word-final consonant then that consonant will be one of /m, n, ŋ/.


6. Permitted Syllable Boundary Consonant Clusters:
5. Permitted Consonant Clusters:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || P || T || K || B || D || G || S|| X || PH || TH|| KH|| M|| N || Q || L|| R
|  ||P||T||K ||S||H||M || N || Q||L||R||V ||J
|-
|P||pp||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||pv*||pj*
|-
|-
| T || tp|| -|| tk ||- || - || - || ts|| tx||tph|| - ||tkh || - || -|| -||-||-
| T || - || tt || -||-||-||-||-||-||-|| -||tv*|| tj*
|-
|-
| K || kp|| kt|| - || - || - || -|| ks|| kx||kph ||kth  || - || - || - || - || - || -
| K || - || -|| kk|| -|| -||-||-||-||-|| -||kv*|| kj*
|-
|-
| B || - || - || - || - || bd|| bg|| bs || bx|| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| S || sp||st|| sk||ss|| -|| -||-||-||-||-|| sv|| sj
|-
|-
| D || - || - || - || - || db|| dg|| ds|| dx|| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|H||hp||ht||hk||-||hh||-||-||-||-||-||hv||hj
|-
|-
| S || sp|| st|| sk|| sb|| sd|| sg|| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
| M || mp|| -|| -|| -||-||mm|| -||-|| - || -||mv||-
|-||-
| X || xp|| xt|| xk|| xb|| xd|| xg|| - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
|TH||thp||-||thk||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-
| N|| - || nt|| -|| ns||nh|| -||nn|| -||-|| -||-||-
|-
|-
|KH||khp||kht||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-
|Q||-||-||qk||-||-||-||-||qq||-||-||-||qj
|-
|-
| M || mp || - || - || mb|| - || - || - || - || mph || || || mm ||-||-||-||-
|L||lp||lt||lk||-||-||-||-||-||ll||-||lv||lj
|-
|-
| N || -|| nt|| - || - || nd|| -|| ns||  nx|| -|| nth|| -|| -|| nn||-|| nl||nr
|R||rp||rt||rk||-||-||-||-||-||-||rr||rv||rj
|-
|-
| Q || - || -|| qk|| - || - || qg|| - || - || -|| - || qkh|| -|| -|| qq|| -|| -
|V||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||vv||-
|-
|-
| L || lp|| lt|| lk|| lb|| ld|| lg|| ls|| lx|| lph|| lth|| lkh|| lm|| ln|| lq|| ll|| lr
|J||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||jj
|}
|}


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c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.


7. No consonant cluster may have more than two segments.
d. An asterisk indicates a consonant cluster may occur root-initially or suffix-initially.
 
e. All other consonant clusters may only occur across a syllable boundary


8. Consonant clusters do not occur within the syllable coda.
6. No consonant cluster may have more than two segments.


9. Vowel sequences do not occur.
7. Consecutive vowel sequences do not occur.


10. /i/ may not occur after onset /j/.
8. Diphthongs do not occur.


11. /u/ may not occur after onset /w/.
10. Most native roots are disyllabic with monosyllabic roots being restricted to pronouns. Most particles are monosyllabic.


12. Most native roots are disyllabic with monosyllabic roots being restricted to pronouns. Most particles are monosyllabic.
11. Roots may have one of the following phonotactic shapes:
 
a. Pronominal And Numeral Roots Only:
 
CV
 
CCV
 
CVC
 
CCVC
 
CVCV
 
b. Some Numeral Roots And All Nominal And Verbal Roots:
 
CCVCV
 
CVCCV
 
CVCVC
 
13. Particles may have one the following phonotactic shapes:
 
CV
 
CVC
 
CVCV
 
CVCCV
 
CVCVC
 
14. Suffixes may have one of following phonotactic shapes:
 
-CV
 
-CCV
 
-CVC
 
-CCVC
 
-CCVCV
 
-CVCCV
 
-CVCVC


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====


===Phonotactics===
1. Primary stress falls on the first syllable of the root.
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
 
2. Secondary stress is borne on every odd-numbered syllable after the primary stress.
 
3. Rhythm type is trochaic.
 
4. Jakvalat is spoken with a somewhat slower cadence than English is.
 
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
When consonant clusters result from affixation, they are treated as per the table below:
1. When two-segment consonant clusters result from suffixation, they are treated as per the table below:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || P || T || K || B || D || G || S || X || PH|| TH|| KH|| H|| M || N || Q || L || R || W || Y
|  || P||T ||  K||S||H||M||  N||Q || L|| R ||V|| J
|-
|-
| T || tp|| th|| tk|| db|| t || dg|| ts|| tx|| tph|| th|| tkh|| th|| nt
|P||pp||tt||kk||sp||hp||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||pv||pj
||nt|| nt|| lt|| tr|| tw||ty
|-
|-
| K || kp|| kt|| kh|| p|| t || k || ks|| kx|| kph|| kth|| kh|| kh|| qk|| qk|| qk|| lk|| kr|| kw|| ky
|T||pp||tt||kk||st||ht||nt||nt||nt||lt||rt||tv||tj
|-
|-
| B|| ph || th || kh|| p|| bd|| bg|| bs|| bx|| ph|| th|| kh|| w|| mb|| mb|| mb|| lb|| br|| bw|| by
|K||pp||tt||kk||sk||hk||qk||qk||qk||lk||rk||kv||kj
|-
|-
| D || tp || th || tk || db|| t || dg|| ds|| dx|| ph|| th|| kh|| r || nd|| nd|| nd|| ld|| dr|| dw|| dy
| M || mp||nt|| qk||ns||nh||mm||nn||qq|| ll|| rr|| mv||qj
|-
|-
| TH || thp|| th|| thk|| p || t || k || s|| x|| ph|| th|| kh|| nth|| nth|| || nth|| lth|| thr|| thw|| thy
| N ||mp|| nt|| qk||ns||nh||mm|| nn|| qq|| ll|| rr||mv||qj
|-
|-
| KH|| khp|| kht|| kh|| p || t|| k || s || x || ph|| th|| kh|| kh|| qkh|| qkh|| qkh|| lkh|| khr|| khw|| khy
|Q||mp||nt||qk||ns||nh||mm||nn||qq||ll||rr||mv||qj
|-
| M|| mp|| nt|| qk|| mb|| nd|| qg|| ns|| nx|| mph|| nth|| qkh|| w || mm|| nn|| qq|| nl|| nr|| mw|| qy
|-
| N || mp|| nt|| qk|| mb|| nd|| qg|| ns|| nx|| mph|| nth|| qkh||r|| mm|| nn|| qq|| nl|| nr|| mw|| qy
|-
| Q || mp|| nt|| qk|| mb|| nd|| qg|| ns|| nx|| mph|| nth|| qkh|| y|| mm|| nn|| qq|| nl|| nr|| mw|| qy
|}
|}
Notes:
a. The practical orthography is used here for clarity.
b. First segment of cluster runs along left of table.
c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
2. If a three-segment consonant cluster results from suffixation, then an epenthetic echo vowel is inserted after the first segment in the cluster.
===Vowel Harmony===
1. Vowels are divided into two harmonic classes for the purposes of vowel harmony:
a. High Vowels: /i, ə, u/.
b. Low Vowels: /ɛ, a, ɔ/.
2. All vowels in a root or particles must belong to the same harmonic class.
3. All suffixes have two allomorphs,one containing high vowels, the other containing the corresponding low vowels.
4. The vowels in a suffix must belong to the same harmonic class as the vowels in the preceding morpheme.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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-->
-->
Yakvalat morphemes fall into the following classes:
1. Particles:
These do not bear any inflection, have little semantic content and comprise such things as temporal or locative  adverbs, conjunctions, interjections and anything else that isn't a root.
2. Roots:
These do bear inflection and contain much of the semantic content of an utterance. Roots are divided into nouns and verbs. Nouns are further divided into animate and inanimate categories, verbs into transitive and intransitive categories.
3. Stems:
These are any given sequence of root plus following suffixes.
4. Suffixes:
These either comprise inflection or modify the semantic content of a root or stem.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Rebecca Ashling
7,915

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