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Jakvalat (view source)

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The setting is a Venus with a thinner crust which enables convection of heat within the planet's core and, despite Venus' slower rotation, the subsequent generation of a magnetic field sufficient to prevent the loss of the planet's oceans.
The setting is a Venus with a thinner crust which enables convection of heat within the planet's core and, despite Venus' slower rotation, the subsequent generation of a magnetic field sufficient to prevent the loss of the planet's oceans.


Jakvalat (Often called Common Venerian in English) is the predominant lingua franca spoken on Venus (Ja: Tilku). It originated from the environs of the mercantile city of Suliriyaq on the continent of Jekkarramit.
Jakvalat (Often called Common Venerian in English) is the predominant lingua franca spoken on Venus (Ja: Sinty). It originated from the environs of the mercantile city of Tulirijyq on the continent of Jekkarramet.


===Inspirations===
===Inspirations===


Phonological inspirations were from Inuktitut and Finnish. The morphological inspirations will likely be primarily from Inuktitut and the Uralic languages.
The main phonological inspirations were from Finnish and Greenlandic with some input from Tolkien's conlang, Quenya. The morphological inspirations will likely be primarily from the Inuit and the Uralic languages.


<!-- Example categories/headings:  
<!-- Example categories/headings:  
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|⟨ʌ⟩|| ⟨n⟩|||/n/
|⟨ʌ⟩|| ⟨n⟩|||/n/
|-
|-
|⟨x⟩||⟨s⟩||/ɬ/
|⟨x⟩||⟨h⟩||/h/
|-
|-
|⟨ɴ⟩ || ⟨r⟩|| /ɹ/
|⟨z⟩||⟨r⟩||/ɹ/
|-
|-
|⟨z⟩|| ⟨l⟩|| /l/
|⟨w⟩ || ⟨s⟩|| /ɬ/
|-
|⟨ʍ⟩|| ⟨l⟩|| /l/
|-
|-
|⟨n⟩||⟨k⟩||/k/
|⟨n⟩||⟨k⟩||/k/
Line 87: Line 89:
|⟨ʜ⟩||⟨j⟩||/j/
|⟨ʜ⟩||⟨j⟩||/j/
|-
|-
|⟨h⟩||⟨i⟩||/i/
|⟨ʎ⟩||⟨i⟩||/i/
|-
|⟨y⟩||⟨e⟩||/ɛ/
|-
|⟨h⟩||⟨y⟩||/ə/
|-
|-
|⟨ɥ⟩||⟨ai⟩||/aɪ/
|⟨ɥ⟩||⟨a⟩||/ä/
|-
|-
|⟨b⟩||⟨u⟩||/u/
|⟨b⟩||⟨u⟩||/u/
|-
|-
|⟨q⟩||⟨au⟩||/ɑʊ/
|⟨q⟩||⟨o⟩||/ɔ/
|-
|⟨ȷ⟩||⟨a⟩||⟨ä⟩
|}
|}


Line 120: Line 124:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  || Labial|| Central Coronal|| Lateral Coronal ||Dorsal
|  || Labial|| Central Coronal|| Lateral Coronal ||Dorsal||Glottal
|-
|-
|Plosive || /p/ || /t/|| || /k/
|Plosive || /p/ || /t/|| || /k/||
|-
|-
|Fricative||  || /s/|||||
|Fricative||  || ||/ɬ/||||/h/
|-
|-
| Nasal || /m/|| /n/|||| /ŋ/ 
| Nasal || /m/|| /n/|||| /ŋ/||
|-
|-
|Liquid||||/ɹ/||/l/||
|Liquid||||/ɹ/||/l/||||
|-
|-
| Semivowel ||  /ʋ/||  |||| /j/ 
| Semivowel ||  /ʋ/||  |||| /j/ ||
|}
|}


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1. All coronals are alveolar except /ɹ/ which is postalveolar.
1. All coronals are alveolar except /ɹ/ which is postalveolar.


2. Jakvalat has 11 consonants which, according to the World Atlas of Language Structures, is a small inventory. The most notable features, according to WALs, are an initial velar nasal and the presence of a dental fricative.
2. Jakvalat has 12 consonants which, according to the World Atlas of Language Structures, is a small inventory. The most notable features, according to WALs, are the presence of an initial velar nasal and a lateral obstruent.


====Vowels====
====Vowels====
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| || Front||Central|| Back
| || Front||Central|| Back
|-
|-
| High || /i/|| ||/u/
| High || /i/||/ə/ ||/u/
|-
|-
| Low|| || /ä/||
| Low||/ɛ/ || /a/||/ɔ/
|-
|Diphthong||/aɪ/||||/ɑʊ/
|}
|}


Jakvalat has 3 vowel qualities which, according to WALS, is a small inventory. The consonant-vowel ratio is 3.75 which, according to WALS, is an average ratio.
Note:
 
For the purposes of vowel harmony, /ə/ counts as a high vowel and /ɛ, ɔ/ count as low vowels.
 
Jakvalat has 6 vowel qualities which, according to WALS, is a small inventory. The consonant-vowel ratio is 2.0 which, according to WALS, is a moderately low ratio.


===Allophony===
===Allophony===
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1. /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when in the onset of a stressed syllable.
1. /p, t, k/ are realised as [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when in the onset of a stressed syllable.


2. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʃ] when in coda position before /p, t, k/.
2. /ɬ/ is realised as [θ̠] when in coda position.


3. /ʋ/ is realised as [w] when the second segment of a consonant cluster.
3. /h/ is realised as [x] when in coda position.


4. /ʋ/ is realised as [v] elsewhere.
4. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʃ] when in coda position before /p, t, k/.


5. The geminate clusters /pp, tt, kk, ss/ are realised as [f, θ̠, x, tɬ].
5. /ɹ/ is realised as [ʒ] when in coda position elsewhere.


6. The geminate consonant clusters /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].
6. /ʋ/ is realised as [w] when the second segment of a consonant cluster.


7. The geminate consonant clusters /ll, ɹɹ/ are realised as [ld, ʒd̠].
7. /ʋ/ is realised as [v] elsewhere.


8. The consonant clusters /ɹ̠s, ɹ̠l, ɹ̠ʋ, ɹ̠j/ are realised as [ʃ, ʒl, ʒw, ʒ].
8. The geminate clusters /pp, tt, kk/ are realised as [f, s, x].


9. /i/ is realised as [ɪ] when following a /j/ onset.
9. The geminate clusters /ɬɬ, hh/ are realised as [tɬ, kx].


10. /u/ is realised as [ʊ] when following /ʋ/ when it is the second segment of a consonant cluster.
10. The geminate consonant clusters /mm, nn, ŋŋ/ are realised as [mb, nd, ŋɡ].


11. /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.
11. The geminate consonant clusters /ll, ɹɹ/ are realised as [ld, ʒd].


12. /aɪ, ɑʊ/ are realised as [ɛ, ɔ] in closed syllables.
12. The geminate consonant clusters /ʋʋ, jj/ are realised as [bw, ɡj].


===Phonotactics===
13. /i/ is realised as [ɪ] when following a /j/ onset.
1. Syllable templates:


CCD
14. /u/ is realised as [ʊ] when following /ʋ/ when it is the second segment of a consonant cluster.


CCDC
15. /i, u/ are realised as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.


CCV
===Phonotactics===
1. Syllable template:


CCVC
C(C)V(C)
 
CD
 
CDC
 
CV
 
CVC


Notes:
Notes:


C = consonant, D = diphthong, V = vowel
C = consonant, V = vowel


2. Permitted syllable codas:
2. Permitted syllable codas: all consonants


/p, t, k, s, m, n, ŋ, l, ɹ/.
3. /ɬ, h, l, ɹ, ʋ, j/ do not occur morpheme-finally.
 
3. /s, l, ɹ/ do not occur morpheme-finally.


4. If a particle has a word-final consonant then that consonant will be one of /m, n, ŋ/.
4. If a particle has a word-final consonant then that consonant will be one of /m, n, ŋ/.
Line 217: Line 213:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  ||P||T||K ||S||M || N || Q||L||R||V ||J
|  ||P||T||K ||S||H||M || N || Q||L||R||V ||J
|-
|-
|P||pp||pt||pk||ps||-||-||-||-||-||pv*||pj*
|P||pp||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||pv*||pj*
|-
|-
| T || tp || tt || tk ||ts ||-||-||-||-|| -||tv*|| tj*
| T || - || tt || -||-||-||-||-||-||-|| -||tv*|| tj*
|-
|-
| K || kp || kt || kk|| ks ||- ||-||-||-|| -||kv*|| kj*
| K || - || -|| kk|| -|| -||-||-||-||-|| -||kv*|| kj*
|-
|-
| S || sp||st|| sk||ss|| -|| -||-||-||-|| sv*|| sj*
| S || sp||st|| sk||ss|| -|| -||-||-||-||-|| sv|| sj
|-
|-
| M || mp|| -|| -|| -||mm|| -||-|| - || -||mv*||-
|H||hp||ht||hk||-||hh||-||-||-||-||-||hv||hj
|-
|-
| N|| - || nt|| -|| ns|| -||nn|| -||-|| -||-||-
| M || mp|| -|| -|| -||-||mm|| -||-|| - || -||mv||-
|-
|-
|Q||-||-||qk||-||-||-||qq||-||-||-||qj*
| N|| - || nt|| -|| ns||nh|| -||nn|| -||-|| -||-||-
|-
|-
|L||lp||lt||lk||ls||-||-||-||ll||-||lv*||lj*
|Q||-||-||qk||-||-||-||-||qq||-||-||-||qj
|-
|-
|R||rp||rt||rk||rs||-||-||-||-||rr||rv*||rj*
|L||lp||lt||lk||-||-||-||-||-||ll||-||lv||lj
|-
|R||rp||rt||rk||-||-||-||-||-||-||rr||rv||rj
|-
|V||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||vv||-
|-
|J||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||jj
|}
|}


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7. Consecutive vowel sequences do not occur.
7. Consecutive vowel sequences do not occur.


8. Diphthongs may only occur within the root or within an open, monosyllabic suffix.
8. Diphthongs do not occur.


9. /aɪ/ does not precede onset /j/.
10. Most native roots are disyllabic with monosyllabic roots being restricted to pronouns. Most particles are monosyllabic.


10. /ɑʊ/ does not precede onset /ʋ/.
11. Roots may have one of the following phonotactic shapes:
 
11. Most native roots are disyllabic with monosyllabic roots being restricted to pronouns. Most particles are monosyllabic.
 
12. Roots may have one of the following phonotactic shapes:


a. Pronominal And Numeral Roots Only:
a. Pronominal And Numeral Roots Only:
Line 327: Line 325:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|  ||  P||T ||  K||S||M||  N||Q || L|| R ||V|| J
|  ||  P||T ||  K||S||H||M||  N||Q || L|| R ||V|| J
|-
|-
|P||pp||pt||pk||ps||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||pv||pj
|P||pp||tt||kk||sp||hp||mp||mp||mp||lp||rp||pv||pj
|-
|-
|T||tp||tt||tk||ts||nt||nt||nt||lt||rt||tv||tj
|T||pp||tt||kk||st||ht||nt||nt||nt||lt||rt||tv||tj
|-
|-
|K||kp||kt||kk||ks||qk||qk||qk||lk||rk||kv||kj
|K||pp||tt||kk||sk||hk||qk||qk||qk||lk||rk||kv||kj
|-
|-
| M || mp||nt|| qk||ns||mm||nn||qq|| ll|| rr|| mv||qj
| M || mp||nt|| qk||ns||nh||mm||nn||qq|| ll|| rr|| mv||qj
|-
|-
| N ||mp|| nt|| qk||ns||mm|| nn|| qq|| ll|| rr||mv||qj
| N ||mp|| nt|| qk||ns||nh||mm|| nn|| qq|| ll|| rr||mv||qj
|-
|-
|Q||mp||nt||qk||ns||mm||nn||qq||ll||rr||mv||qj
|Q||mp||nt||qk||ns||nh||mm||nn||qq||ll||rr||mv||qj
|}
|}


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c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.
c. Second segment of cluster runs along top of table.


d. The notation v̄ indicates the preceding short vowel was lengthened.
2. If a three-segment consonant cluster results from suffixation, then an epenthetic echo vowel is inserted after the first segment in the cluster.
 
===Vowel Harmony===
 
1. Vowels are divided into two harmonic classes for the purposes of vowel harmony:
 
a. High Vowels: /i, ə, u/.
 
b. Low Vowels: /ɛ, a, ɔ/.


2. If a three-segment consonant cluster results from suffixation, then an epenthetic echo vowel ([i] after /aɪ/, [u] after /ɑʊ/) is inserted after the first segment in the cluster.
2. All vowels in a root or particles must belong to the same harmonic class.


3. If /aɪ/ should precede a /j/ onset as the result of suffixation, then it is reduced to [ä].
3. All suffixes have two allomorphs,one containing high vowels, the other containing the corresponding low vowels.


4. If /ɑʊ/ should precede a /ʋ/ onset as the result of suffixation, then it is reduced to [ä].
4. The vowels in a suffix must belong to the same harmonic class as the vowels in the preceding morpheme.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Rebecca Ashling
7,915

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