Verse:Lõis/Thurish: Difference between revisions

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-'''Warhinysko''' (/warχinɨsko/) is a Balto-Slavic language spoken in western Russia and Scandinavia. It's the most spoken Balto-Slavic language in the [[Verse:Unbegotten|Unbegotten]] timeline; it is neither Baltic nor Slavic, and belongs to its own fictional branch of Balto-Slavic. It has a bit of Slavic like palatalization early on but turns them into geminates or Greekifies them (ly > ll > ɬ etc.).
+'''Thurish''' /ˈθɚrɪʃ/ ''THER-ish'' (natively ''þawrysko'', ''þawrysk górăd'' /θəwˈrɨsk gorəd/ or more formally ''þawrysk gordrad''; ''þawrysk'' is cognate to Russian север 'north') is an IE language isolate spoken in our Norway and Sweden (its speakers are called "the Thurs" in English). It evolved in a sprachbund with Brythonic languages and [[Hivantish]]. It has some non-SAE features, such as split-ergativity (conditioned by tense as in Hindi). Stress is weakly final (penultimate in "segolates").
-Wyrŝinysko has lost the Balto-Slavic pitch accent system. Some vowel reflexes differ by accent; the PBS acute makes vowels RTR and thus has RTR-like effects on vowels (i > e, u > o, a > o in some cases).
+Thurish sound changes turned the palatalized consonants into geminates or "Greekified" them (lj > ľľ > ɬ; nj > ňň > jn; śj, tj > śś, ćć > θ, etc.). Proto-Thurish had something similar to the PBS acute, which made vowels RTR/lax and thus had RTR-like effects on vowels (i > e, u > o, a > o in some cases; lack of acute conditions aR > eR).
-It is inspired by Welsh and Paleosiberian langauges.
+It is inspired by Welsh, Greek, and Hebrew.
-PBS *dōra, *źemē, *waljā, *źwēris > *dōrə, *ðemmē₁, *wallā, *ẑē₁rɨ > duar, jehmy, wəllo, ghierə /duər, ðehmɨ, wəɬo, ʀiərə/ "gift, earth, pleasure, animal"
+TODO: change name
+PBS *dōra, *źemē, *waljā, *źwēris > *dōrə, *źemmē₁, *wallā, *ẑē₁rɨ > duar, jemne, gwəllo, ghieră /duər, jɛmnɛ, gwəɬɔ, ʀiərɨ/ "gift, earth, pleasure, animal"
 dear? dêr? = tree (derwan > *dē₂r)
-*dʰer-mos > darmas 'is suitable' > darm "good" (~ firmus, dharma)
+*dʰer-mos > dermas 'is suitable' > derm "good" (~ firmus, dharma)
+Ăh gorðon þawryske derm /əx gɐr'ðɔn θəwrɨs'kɛ 'dɛrɛm/ = I speak Thurish well
+giwiþ = to live
-Altaic/Hindi grammar
+TODO: Russian/Hebrew-esque vowel reduction; should have some Tocharian style weirdness
+==Phonology==
+Voiceless stops are aspirated; historical voiced stops may be devoiced
 ==Declension==
-Wyrŝinysko has 5 cases: nominative, accusative, oblique-ergative, genitive, and vocative. The oblique-ergative was formed from a merger of the PBS dative, instrumental and locative cases.
+Warhinysko has 5 cases: nominative, accusative, oblique-ergative, genitive, and vocative. The oblique-ergative was formed from a merger of the PBS dative, instrumental and locative cases.
+Thurish has lost IE grammatical gender. However, like in Slavic languages, there is an animacy distinction: the accusative case is the same as the genitive for animate nouns and the same as the nominative for inanimate nouns.
-Like Baltic and unlike Slavic, Wyrŝinysko has merged masculine and neuter genders. However, like in Slavic languages, there is an animacy distinction in the masculine gender: the accusative case is the same as the genitive for masculine animate nouns and the same as the nominative for other nouns.
+*''Llawbdon min'''a''' jeno'''s''''' = I love my wife (animate)
+*''Llawbdon min wordrad'' = I love my language (inanimate)
 ===o-stem declension===
 {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
 |-
 !
-! colspan=2| ''wylk'' = wolf (m.)
+! colspan=2| ''gwylek'' = wolf
-! colspan=2| ''guolo'' = head (f.)
+! colspan=2| ''guolo'' = head
-! colspan=2| ''morr'' = sea (m.)
+! colspan=2| ''morr'' /mor̥/ = sea
 |-
 !
@@ Line 34: / Line 45: @@
 |-
 |align="right"|'''Nominative'''
-|''wylk'' ||''wylke''
+|''gwylek'' ||''gwylke''
 |''guolo'' ||''guolos''
 |''morr''  ||''morre''
 |-
 |align="right"|'''Genitive'''
-|''wylka''  ||''wylku''
+|''gwylka''  ||''gwylku''
 |''guolos'' ||''guolu''
 |''morra'' ||''morru''
 |-
 |align="right" |'''Accusative'''
-|''wylka''  ||''wylku''
+|''gwylka''  ||''gwylku''
 |''guolo'' ||''guolos''
 |''morr'' ||''morre''
 |-
 |align="right" |'''Oblique-Ergative'''
-|''wylki''  ||''wylkăn''
+|''gwylki''  ||''gwylkăn''
 |''guole'' ||''guolon''
 |''morri'' ||''morrăn''
 |-
 |align="right"|'''Vocative'''
-|''wylky!'' ||''wylke!''
+|''gwylky!'' ||''gwylke!''
 |''guolă!'' ||''guolos!''
 |''morry!''  ||''morre!''
+|}
+==== Segolates ====
+"Segolates" come from PBS CVCC- stem nouns. Some segolates (the ones that have fixed accent in PBS) do not change their stems in the plural.
+{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
+|-
+!
+! colspan=2| ''gwéren'' = raven
+! colspan=2| ''gwarnó'' = crow
+|-
+!
+!singular
+!plural
+!singular
+!plural
+|-
+|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
+|''gwéren'' ||''gwrané''
+|''gwarnó'' || ''gwarnós''
+|-
+|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
+|''gwerná''  ||''gwranú''
+|''gwarnós'' ||''gwarnú''
+|-
+|align="right" |'''Accusative'''
+|''gwerná''  ||''gwranú''
+|''gwarnós''  ||''gwarnú''
+|-
+|align="right" |'''Oblique-Ergative'''
+|''gwerní''  ||''gwranán''
+|''gwarné''  ||''gwarnón''
+|-
+|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
+|''gwerný!'' ||''gwrané!''
+|''gwarná!'' ||''gwarnós!''
+|}
+===i-stem declension===
+===u-stem declension===
+===ma-declension===
+{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
+|-
+!
+! colspan=2| ''gwerrma'' = time (m.)
+! colspan=2| ''karma'' = punishment (m.)
+|-
+!
+!singular
+!plural
+!singular
+!plural
+|-
+|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
+|''gwerrma''  ||''gwerrmyno''
+|''karma''  ||''karmyno''
+|-
+|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
+|''gwerrmyn''  ||''gwerrmynu''
+|''karmyn''  ||''karmynu''
+|-
+|align="right" |'''Accusative'''
+|''gwerrma''  ||''gwerrmyno''
+|''karma''  ||''karmyno''
+|-
+|align="right" |'''Oblique-Ergative'''
+|''gwerrmyni''  ||''gwerrmynăn''
+|''karmyni''  ||''karmynăn''
+|-
+|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
+|''gwerrma!''  ||''gwerrmyno!''
+|''karma!''  ||''karmyno!''
+|}
+(''karma'' is the in-universe source of English ''karma''; it began as a slang term borrowed from Thurish immigrants.)
+===Pronouns===
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
+! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (familiar) || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl., polite || rowspan="2" | 3pl. || rowspan="2" | refl.
+|-
+! he || she || it
+|-
+! nom.
+| ''ăh'' || ''tu'' || ''săn'' || ''so'' || ''tăt'' || ''mus'' || ''wus'' || ''se'' || ''-''
+|-
+! acc.
+| ''myna'' || ''twa'' || ''ja'' || ''jo'' || ''tăt'' || ''năs'' || ''wăs'' || ''jus'' || ''swa''
+|-
+! gen.
+| ''myn'', possessive ''min'' || ''tyw'', possessive ''tin'' || ''ja'' || ''jos''  || ''ta'' || ''nah'' || ''wah'' || ''juh'' || ''syw'', possessive ''sin''
+|-
+! obl.
+| ''myni'' || ''twi'' || ''jam'' || ''je'' || ''tam'' || ''nan'' || ''wan'' || ''jun'' || ''swi''
 |}
 ==Verbs==
-Warhynisko has four different regular verb paradigms:
+Thurish has three different regular verb paradigms:
-*''-oþ'' verbs (merger of Lithuanian -oti, PS -ati and Lithuanian -ėti, PS -ěti); e.g. ''jynoþ'' 'to know'; ''uðoþ'' 'to move'
+*''-oþ'' verbs (merger of Lithuanian -oti, PS -ati and Lithuanian -ėti, PS -ěti; verbs that come from -ēʔtei become Greekified); e.g. ''jynoþ'' 'to know' (~ Pol. znać, Lith. žinoti); ''uðoþ'' 'to move' (~ Lith. judėti); ''ustêtoþ'' 'to result (from)' (~ Lith. tekėti)
-*''-iþ'' verbs (~ Lithuanian -yti, PS -iti); e.g. ''ărbiþ'' 'to work'
+*''-iþ'' verbs (~ Lithuanian -yti, PS -iti); e.g. ''ărbiþ'' 'to work'; ''gwardiþ'' 'to speak'
 *''-þ'' or ''-t'' verbs (~ Lithuanian -ti, PS -ti); e.g. ''nest, neþ-'' 'to carry'
+agreement of the participle is with the direct object, unless the object is 1st or 2nd person in which case it's just "hymt es"
+''jynoþ'' 'to know':
+*Present tense: jynon, jynoh, jyno, jynom, jynoty, jynosaws
+*Present participle: jynos (sg), jynosi (pl)
+*Past participle: jynot (sg), jynote (pl)
+**Past tense: jynot es, jynote sos
+*Future tense: jynos bûsu, jynos bûs, jynos bus, jynosi bûsăm, jynosi bûsty, jynosi bus
+*Imperative: jynonu! (sg), jynoþnu! (pl)
+''llawbiþ'' 'to love':
+*Present tense: llaw'''bd'''on, llawbih, llawbi, llawbim, llawbity, llaw'''bd'''osaws
+*Present participle: llaw'''bd'''os (sg), llaw'''bd'''osi (pl)
+*Past participle: llawbit (sg), llawbite (pl)
+**Past tense: llawbit es, llawbite saws
+*Future tense: llawbdos bûsu, llawbdos bûs, llawbdos bus, llawbdosi bûsăm, llawbdosi bûsty, llawbdosi bus
+*Imperative: llawbnu! (sg), llawbiþnu! (pl)
+(Some ''-iþ'' verbs undergo stem changes in some forms: ''b p d t h g k l r m n w'' > ''bd pt ð þ þ d t ll rr mn nn j''
 Conjugation of ''beroþ'' 'to give birth' (irregular):
-*Present tense: berăns(y) êm, berăns(y) êh, berăns(y) es, berănsi/ys êmy, berănsi/ys êsy, berănsi/ys soþ
+*Present tense: berăn, berăh, ber, berăm, berăty, beras
-*Past tense (suppletive, from *eḱs + imti, also split ergative): hymt(o) es, hymte/os soþ
+*Past tense (suppletive, from *eḱs + imti, also split ergative): hymt es, hymte es
-**agreement of the participle is with the direct object, unless the subject is 1st or 2nd person in which case it's just "hymt es"
+==Sample text==
+===UDHR===
+make vocab less slavic
+'''''Wyse llawðe sy răðis sobyne i arwyne yn sne gădynaþi i 'n snăn tiestwăn. Saws se yndărote su arrumi i săwesti i saws winyne yþajoþ nopăr inin yn dawsi broþărtwa.''
+/wɨˈsɛ ɬəwˈðɛ sɨ rəˈðis sobɨˈnɛ i arʊɨˈnɛ ɨn snɛ gədɨnaˈθi i‿n snən tiəstˈwən. səws sɛ ɨndərɔˈtɛ su ar̥ʊˈmi i səwɛsˈti i səws winɨˈnɛ θajɔθ ˈnɔpər inˈin ɨn dəwˈsi broθərˈtwa./
-[[Category:Balto-Slavic languages]][[Category:Stem-Slavic]][[Category:Unbegotten]]
+[[Category:Balto-Slavic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Indo-European languages]]