Rwbmwdqwg: Difference between revisions
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| ''šáRəB hu'' | | ''šáRəB hu'' | ||
| ''šáRBəT hi'' | | ''šáRBəT hi'' | ||
| '' | | ''šRáBNə'' | ||
| '' | | ''šRáBTuM, šRáBBiNTuM'' | ||
| ''šáRBu hum'' | | ''šáRBu hum'' | ||
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Revision as of 16:52, 31 May 2022
Corsican Arabic | |
---|---|
əL-KoRSKī́jə; táNGəTNə | |
Pronunciation | [əl̪ˠq̟ʰɔɾˁsˁˈq̟ʰɪːjə̟] |
Created by | Inthar |
Setting | Verse:Irta |
Native to | Corsica |
Native speakers | 330,000 () |
Afro-Asiatic
|
Corsican Arabic is an Irish-influenced historical Arabic variety spoken in the Irta timeline's Corsica (natively əL-KóRSKə [ə̟l̪ˠˈq̟ʰɔɾˁsˁq̟ʰʌ]), an independent country where it's an official language alongside English. In Irta it's called Corsican (natively əL-KoRSKī́jə [əl̪ˠq̟ʰɔɾˁsˁˈq̟ʰɪːjə̟] or ət-táNGə KoRSKī́jə [ə̟t̪ˈt̪ʰæɴ̟q̟ʌ q̟ʰɔɾˁsˁˈq̟ʰɪːjə̟]; táNGə is from Irish teanga). It may also be called táNGəTNə 'our language'. Its speakers are predominantly Catholic and almost always also speak English, and some also speak Modern Standard Latin or Irish.
Its premise is "Maltese but with Middle Irish and Classical Irish (and secondarily French, Nyvierfusiez and Irta Sardinian) instead of Italian", and it's the only Irtan Semitic language that evolved naturally under Celtic influence (Knench is more Azalic-influenced, and Irta Modern Hebrew was revived by Celtic speakers), and the only Irtan Semitic language written in a Latin orthography (which is different from the one used on this page).
Some vowel initial masculine nouns in Irish are borrowed with t-/T-
History
In Irta, Corsica was ruled by Muslim Arabs (8th c. - 11th c.), then by the Irish (11th c. - 17th c.), then the Azalic English (17th c. - 20th c.). Corsica gained independence from the Azalic English in 1940.
Corsica in Irta briefly occupied Cambodia and parts of Thailand as well as parts of North America (e.g. Kansas and Oklahoma)
The first surviving text in Corsican Arabic is dated to 1515.
Corsican Arabic evolved from Sardino-Arabic, a fictional vernacular Arabic variety similar to our old Maghrebi Arabic which had the following features:
- qāf and ṭāʔ are unaspirated, sometimes voiced.
- ẓāʔ and ḍād are both [zˁ~ðˁ].
- jīm is [ɟ~g].
- has imāla after nonemphatics
- new ā from 3ayn loss (same condition as Maltese stressed għa and agħ) causes old ā > ō after emphatics
- The combination of imāla and Irish borrowing has resulted in two archiphonemes: Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á) (ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics after ayin loss)
- Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/
- Ə - schwa archiphoneme, i between 2 nonemphatics
- Some vestigial 2i3rāb (*-i for nouns but *-Ø for verbs)
Corsican Arabic during or immediately after the period of Irish rule was markedly more grammatically conservative and more Irish-like than modern Corsican Arabic. Today's Corsican Arabic shows more English grammatical influence; for example it mainly uses a genitive preposition for possessive constructions (which should be different from Maltese ta'), whereas older texts prefer a head-marked construction which requires the possessum to be in the construct state or take a possessive suffix.
Some Irish vocabulary in Corsican Arabic (especially when created after the 17th century) are actually Corsican coinages.
One Englishism: mā́nduhš Gī́jə xuG = 'he doesn't have a prayer for...' (This and "sad" comes from a Corsicanism in Irta English which shows up in Pacific English and a few British dialects but not in Quelftonian English)
Figures
- Peadar Budı-Digēgı (paDəR Bud-digḗg) is an Irta Irish politician.
- Dylan Alı-Bejdāvī (Dílən əl-bəjZṓwi): speculative evolution worldbuilder
- Bejda (bəjZə) is an Irta Corsican town
Phonology
Consonants
Corsican Arabic has an almost complete set of emphatic-nonemphatic pairs, formed from both native emphatic consonants (Classical Arabic T D S Z q became D Z S Z G) and the contrast between broad (velarized) and slender (palatalized) consonants in borrowed Irish vocabulary. (Some of the labial pairs probably have low functional load, though.) Irish broad and slender consonants are borrowed as emphatic and nonemphatic consonants, respectively (unless possibly after a stressed syllable, where they're subject to emphasis/nonemphasis spreading). Clusters may not follow "broad with broad, slender with slender" in native words or with Irish words put into Arabic patterns. This article represents emphatic consonants with capitalized letters.
(blue background and bold = regularly occurs in native words' underlying forms)
Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Postalveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | uvularized | plain | velarized | prevelar | preuvular | ||||
Nasal | m m | M mˁ | n n̪ | N n̪ˠ | [ŋ̟] | [ɴ̟] | |||
Stop | aspirated | p pʰ | P pˁʰ | t t̪ʰ | T t̪ˠʰ | k k̟ʰ | K q̟ʰ | ||
unaspirated | b b | B bˁ | d d̪ | D d̪ˠ | g ɡ̟ | G ɢ̟ | [ʔˁ] | ||
Fricative | voiceless | f f | F ʍˁ | s s̪ | S s̪ˠ | š ʃ | x x̟ | X χ̟ | h h |
voiced | w v~β̞ | W wˁ | z z̪ | Z z̪ˠ~ðˠ | ž ʒ | j j | Γ ʁ̟ | ||
Trill | r r~ɾ~ɾʲ | R rˠ~ɹ | |||||||
Lateral | l l | L l̪ˠ |
/h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before or after /a/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞] unless preceded by /ɪ/.
Allophones or marginal phonemes include H [hˁ] and Š [ʂˠ]; this article won't reflect these. [ŋ̟ ɴ̟] occur as allophones of /n̪ n̪ˠ/ before velar stops.
Emphatic consonants are realized as uvularized (for dorsal and labial emphatics) or velarized (for coronal emphatics, like Irish broad coronals). They're transcribed as pharyngealized for simplicity.
"Voiceless" stops are consistently aspirated; voiced stops are usually weakly voiced (as in German and Irish) and are always devoiced after a voiceless or aspirated consonant; they are commonly devoiced, especially /ɢ̟/. Voiced geminate stops are realized as voiceless unaspirated. Geminated and word-final aspirated stops are preglottalized. Gemination is neutralized word-finally. Preuvular consonants are velar or uvular for some speakers; the velar realization is more common in rural areas.
G in contemporary urban Corsican Arabic is turning into [ʔˁ] (cf. Maltese and Egyptian Arabic /ʔ/ for older Arabic q), even affecting Irish loans: taNGə 'language' and Gī́jə 'prayer' (from Irish guidhe) are pronounced [ˈt̪ʰæŋʔˁʌ] and [ˈʔˁɪ̠jjə] by the majority of younger speakers. This is often attributed to immigration from other parts of Irta's Arab world bringing the glottal stop realization for Arabic q.
w = [β̞], [v] before vowels
t d T D n N L s S are lamino-dental
Nonemphatic consonants (except /v h/) are slightly more palatalized in word final position than in other conditions. /t d n l/ become laminal alveolar [t̻ʲ d̻ʲ n̻ʲ lʲ] when allophonically palatalized.
/rˁ/ may be realized as [ɾˁ] or [ɹʷˁ], the latter sounding a lot like a General American English r: aSXūR [æɑ̯sˠˈχʊːɹʷˁ] 'bird'.
Vowels
has a similar vowel inventory to Irish, with short /u/ (retained from Classical Arabic) realized as [y] after nonemphatic consonants and with more vowels from lost ayin
a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū əj əw aj aw ea oa ia ua
a is [æ] after nonemphatics, [ɑ] after emphatics
o is [o] after nonemphatics, [ɔ] after emphatics
i is [ɪ̟] after nonemphatics, [ɪ̈] after emphatics
u is [ÿ] after nonemphatics, [ʊ] after emphatics
/əj əw/ is [ɛj ɛw] after nonemphatics, [ɔj ɔw] after emphatics
ea oa ia ua [eɐ oɐ iɐ uɐ] result from CA i u ī ū + pharyngeal consonant; some ia ua also come from Old Irish ía úa
unstressed a is similar to stressed a; unstressed ə is [ʌ] after an emphatic and [ə̟] after a nonemphatic
Stress is no longer predictable
Minimal pairs
- ləwn 'color'; LəWN 'lunch'
- r vs R: final CA r becomes R in verbs and r in nouns and adjectives (because of genitive -i)
- Gaffə 'coffee', GaFFə 'of her'
Archiphonemes
- Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á): ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics and ā after pharyngeals
- Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/
- Ə: schwa archiphoneme, i between 2 nonemphatics in a final syllable
Emphasis spreading
Occurs for affixes that are not marked for emphasis (from originally nonemphatic consonants). A stressed onset being emphatic will result in the corresponding prefixes being emphatic and a stressed coda being emphatic will result in suffixes being emphatic.
(The VN suffix -əXəZ is an exception since it is marked for emphasis)
Intonation
Declarative sentences have the Russian question/pause intonation
Morphology
Pronouns
- ēn(ə), ínt(i), hú(wə), hí(jə), áhn(ə), íntum, húm(ə); impersonal mir (< mar2 'person')
- In subject position, mir is often used as 1pl (cf. spoken Finnish)
- emphatic pronouns: Rúahi, Rúahək, ...
- object pronouns: ī́jə, īk, ī́juh, ī́hə, ī́nə, ī́kum, ī́hum (from 2iyyā-, cognate to Hebrew et < *2iyyōt < *2iyy-āt-)
- object pronouns go to the end of a transitive clause
- ritkállim mir gil əS-Sīn ī́hə = it (f.) was spoken in China / one spoke it in China
Nouns
sound plurals: m. -0 > -ī́n, f. -ə > -ḗh/ṓh/ijḗh;
m. pl. const. -əj
f. sg. const. -it/-t (Gī́jə 'prayer' -> Gī́jit 'prayer of', Gī́jiti 'my prayer'); f. pl. const. -ḗt/-ṓt/-ijḗt
nisba nouns: -i -ī́n, f. -ījə -ijḗh
emphasis spreading to the syllables after a posttonic emphatic
- Gī́jə 'prayer', Gī́jiti 'my prayer'; Gī́jituh 'his prayer'
- táNGə 'language', táNGəTi 'my language'; táNGəTuh 'his language'; taNGijḗh 'languages'
- wáNəXT (f.) 'blessing', wáNəXTi 'my blessing', etc.; wəNəXTijḗh 'blessings'
In post-independence Corsican Arabic, əL-Gī́jə GáWWi, əL-Gī́jə GáWWuh can also be found
todo: broken plurals
article əC- before sun letters (KóNSin šemšī́jə); sun letters D d Z z T t L l N n S s R r š ž
Before moon letters (KóNSin Gamrī́jə), the article is əL- before emphatic consonants and əl- before nonemphatic ones (including š, ž, h null).
before vowels l-
sg and sound pl fem possessives: -i -ik -uh -hə -nə -kum -hum
sound pl masc possessives: -éjjə -ḗk -ḗh -ḗhə -ḗnə -ḗkum -ḗhum
irish -ə nouns are borrowed as feminine -ə, unless they are animate masculines
Adjectives
Adjectives became a separate morphological part of speech from nouns under Irish influence.
Most non-nisba adjectives have the same declension: m. sg. -0, f. sg. -ə, pl. -ə. Nisba adjectives decline as -i -ī́jə -ī́jə. (The plural -ə comes from broken plurals taking feminine singular agreement, and spread to all plural adjectives under the influence of Irish plural -a/-e for adjectives.)
Color adjectives follow a different declension: áhmir 'red' has f.sg. and pl. hámrə. Loan adjectives (such as -əX adjectives from Irish) have unmarked feminine singular forms.
Predicative adjectives and adverbs formed from adjectives use kəl-/kəL-(moon) or kəC-(sun) followed by the masculine sg. form of the adjective.
In adjectives ending in non-emphatic r in the masculine form, the feminine and plural form takes emphatic R: GəSī́r 'short (m.sg.)' → GəSī́Rə (f.sg. or pl.).
Degree:
- Gádir 'much' > áktəR 'more', l-áktəR 'most'
- ftī́t 'few, little' > áNGəS 'less', l-áNGəS 'least'
Verbs
4 principal parts: past 3sg.m, imperative sg, passive participle, verbal noun
loan verbs use -əXəZ for VN from MidIr *-aghadh (~ Scottish Gaelic -achadh, Irish -ú)
passive binyanim are lost; maSdars serve the same grammatical roles as Irish verbnouns
Gzarot split based on emphatic/nonemphatic, then simplification
negative mə-š sticks to the first (focused) constituent; the unmarked construction is MəRáDWi huš 'he did not admit' for pronoun subjects, but MəRáDWiš šēMəS 'Séamus did not admit' for noun subjects. However, the MəRáDWiš form is used for answering questions.
Work out interactions between subject suffixes + object suffixes + subject pronoun clitics
Stems whose past and imperative stems fall together get the preverb rə-/Rə- (from Middle Irish ro, from the Old Irish perfect preverb) in the past tense, də-/Də- if the first consonant in the stem is R/r. Some conservative dialects only use rə-/də- in the past tense (in verbs that use them) when in the affirmative, not in interrogatives or negatives (cf. Irish lenition/d'- and Welsh mi):
- – əl Gáddis KáLəM əlláwm? – MəGáddisš. (Standard əR RəGáddis...? MəRGáddisš.)
- – Did Calum attend Mass today? – He did not.
kətábtēn/kətábbint came from kətábt ēnə/int
The prohibitive is formed by using lē + imperative.
Inherited 3-consonant verbs
Stem I (katib)
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | ktábtēn | ktábbint | kátib hu | kátbit hi | ktábnə | ktábtum, ktábbintum | kátbu hum |
future | náktib | táktib | jáktib hu | táktib hi | náktbu | táktbu | jáktbu hum |
imperative | - | uktib! | - | - | - | uktbu! | - |
passive participle | məktūb | ||||||
verbal noun | kitb |
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | šRáBTēN | šRáBBiNT | šáRəB hu | šáRBəT hi | šRáBNə | šRáBTuM, šRáBBiNTuM | šáRBu hum |
future | nášRəB | tášRəB | jášRəB hu | tášRəB hi | nášəRBu | tášəRBu | jášəRBu hum |
imperative | - | ušRəB! | - | - | - | ušəRBu! | - |
passive participle | məšRūB | ||||||
verbal noun | šuRB |
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | bənájtēn | bənájtint | bánə hu | bánit hi | bənájnə | bənájtum, bənájtintum | bánəw hum |
future | nábni | tábni | jábni hu | tábni hi | nábnu | tábnu | jábnu hum |
imperative | - | úbni! | - | - | - | úbnu! | - |
passive participle | məbnī́ | ||||||
verbal noun | bínjə |
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | muttēn | muttint | mēt hu | mḗtit hi | mútnə | múttum, múttintum | mḗtu hum |
future | nmū́t | tmū́t | jmū́t hu | tmū́t hi | nmū́tu | tmū́tu | jmū́tu hum |
imperative | - | mut! | - | - | - | mū́tu! | - |
passive participle | məmū́t | ||||||
verbal noun | məwt |
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | Xíntēn | Xinnint | Xōn hu | Xṓnit hi | Xínnə | Xíntum, Xínnintum | Xṓnu hum |
future | NXī́n | TXī́n | jXī́n hu | TXī́n hi | NXī́nu | TXī́nu | jXī́nu hum |
imperative | - | Xin! | - | - | - | Xī́nu! | - |
passive participle | MəXū́n | ||||||
verbal noun | Xəjn |
Stem II (rəkattib)
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | RəGəddástēn | RəGəddássint | RəGáddis hu | RəGáddsit hi | RəGəddásnə | RəGəddástum, RəGəddássintum | RəGáddsu hum |
future | NGáddis | TGáddis | jGáddis hu | TGáddis hi | NGáddsu | TGáddsu | jGáddsu hum |
imperative | - | Gáddis! | - | - | - | Gáddsu! | - |
passive participle | MGáddis | ||||||
verbal noun | TəGDī́s |
Stem III (rəkētib)
Stem IV (Raktib)
Stem V (ritkattib)
Stem VI (ritkētib)
Stem VII (rintaktib)
Stem X (riktatib)
Stem X (ristaktib)
4-consonant roots
usually treated somewhat like loan verbs; they even take r- in the past tense
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | rətərgámtēn | rətərgámmint | rətárgim hu | rətárgmit hi | rətərgámnə | rətərgámtum, rətərgámmintum | rətárgmu hum |
future | ntárgim | ttárgim | jtárgim hu | ttárgim hi | ntárgmu | ttárgmu | jtárgmu hum |
imperative | - | tárgim! | - | - | - | tárgmu! | - |
passive participle | mittárgim | ||||||
verbal noun | tárgiməXəZ |
Irish -aigh verbs
Loan verb paradigm based on loaned Irish -aigh verbs (partly fitted to native 3-y verbs, hence the stress shifts and possibly vowel reduction and addition of the R- to past forms from Irish ro and d-/D- if the 1st consonant in the stem is a r/R)
past tense forms are lenited as in Irish, and VN follows that (Irish feminine definite article lenition + analogy to past for d-/t-/s-)
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | RəDWájtēn | RəDWájt, RəDWájtint | RáDWi hu | RáDWiT hi | RəDWájnə | RəDWájtum, RəDWájtintum | RáDWəW hum |
future | náDWi | táDWi | jáDWi hu | táDWi hi | náDWu | táDWu | jáDWu hum |
imperative | - | áDWi! | - | - | - | áDWu! | - |
passive participle | áDWihə | ||||||
verbal noun | áDWəXəZ (used in constructions such as inə f-áDWəXəZ 'I confess') |
Newer loan verbs
Newer loan verbs use the same stress patterns and affixes as Irish -aigh loan verbs, but have a fixed stem. Past participles use -ḗ from French -é.
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1sg | 2sg | 3sg.m | 3sg.f | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past; conditional | rəmaksimizájtēn | rəmaksimizájt, rəmaksimizájtint | rəmaksimízi hu | rəmaksimízit hi | rəmaksimizájnə | rəmaksimizájtum, rəmaksimizájtintum | rəmaksimízəw hum |
future | nmaksimízi | tmaksimízi | jmaksimízi hu | tmaksimízi hi | nmaksimízu | tmaksimízu | jmaksimízu hum |
imperative | - | maksimízi! | - | - | - | maksimízu! | - |
passive participle | maksimizḗ | ||||||
verbal noun | maksimízəXəZ (used in constructions such as inə fi-maksimízəXəZ 'I maximize') |
Prepositions
frē (< Irish fré) = against
- frəjjə, frēk, frēh, frḗhə, frḗnə, frḗkum, frḗhum (that -hə for 3fs really sounds Scottish Gaelic)
- also alə = on
xuG = upon, towards, for (3fs is xuKKə, 2pl is xuGGum, 3pl is xuKKum) (< fawq + chuig)
mijéjn 'about' (~ Scottish Gaelic mu dheidhinn): mijéjni, mijéjnək, mijéjnuh, mijéjnhə, mijéjnnə, mijéjnkum, mijéjnhum
fi (< CA fī) is matched to faoi sometimes; 'in' often uses a different prep gil (from majāl 'domain')
GaWW = 'of, at' (from GuRB 'vicinity'): GaWWi, GaWWəK, GaWWuh, GaFFə, GaWnə, GaWKuM, GaFFuM
Numerals
wḗhad, tnəjn, tlḗtə, áRBa, hámsə, síttə, sába, tmḗnjə, dísa, ā́šRə [ˈveːhætʲ, ˈt̪ʰn̪ə̟jnʲ, ˈt̪ʰl̪eːtʰə̟, ˈæɑ̯ɹʷˁbˁɑ, ˈhæmsə̟, ˈsʲɪ̟ʔːt̪ʰə̟, ˈsæbæ, ˈt̪ʰmeːnʲjə̟, ˈdʲɪ̟sæ, ˈæːʃɹˁʌ]
áwwil, tḗni, tḗlit, RṓBa, hā́mis, sḗtit, sḗba, tmḗni, dḗsa, ā́šiR [ˈævːɪ̟lʲ, ˈtʰeːnʲɪ̟, ˈtʰeːlʲɪ̟ʔtʰʲ, ˈɹʷˁɔːbˁɑ, ˈhæːmʲɪ̟sʲ, ˈseːtʰʲɪ̟ʔtʰʲ, ˈseːbæ, ˈtʰmeːnʲɪ̟, ˈd̪eːsæ, ˈæːɕɪ̟əɹʷˁ]
Ordinals come before nouns, as in Irish: ət-tḗlit bēb = the third door
Syntax
Irish/Gàidhlig relex; VSO and verbnouns whose possessors are direct objects. Even more Irishy than Irta Modern Hebrew; grammar-wise it's the most Irishy Irtan Semlang, though it does not have mutations.
Less topic-prominent than Arabic so no "anā ismī"
Question particle əl (from hal), assimilates to əL/ər/əR before L/r/R
The vocative particle jə/j' is consistently used (like the Irish vocative): əl məRūhakš fi-targiməXəZHuM, jə šān? 'Aren't you the one translating them, Seán?'
- is fear é Dónal = Rágil hu DóWNəL
- is é Dónal an Taoiseach olc = DóWNəL hu əT-TīšəX āR
- tá Dónal mór = DóWNəL kəl-kibīR; bhí Dónal ... = kēn DóWNəL..., beidh Dónal = jəkin DóWNəL...
- tá úll ann/agam = (form of kēn) tuffēh nēk/āndi (reverse of Arabic)
- Stative verbs: tá mé i mo chodladh = ēn fi-RGōdi
Texts
The Lord's Prayer
called əL-Pádir or əl-misḗrnə