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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | ||
! | ! | ||
! Bilabial | ! Bilabial | ||
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! Palatal | ! Palatal | ||
! Velar | ! Velar | ||
! Glottal | ! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ɲ | | ɲ | ||
| ŋ | | ŋ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| c | | c | ||
| k | | k | ||
| ʔ | | ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricative | ! Fricative | ||
| | | | ||
| | | f | ||
| | | | ||
| ʂ | | ʂ | ||
| ç | | ç ʑ | ||
| x | | x | ||
| h | | h | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
|j | |j | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Lateral fricative | ! Lateral fricative | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Co-articulated consonants: k͡p | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
====Monophthongs==== | ====Monophthongs==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | ||
! | ! | ||
! Front | ! Front | ||
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| ɔ | | ɔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Open | ||
|a | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Sound changes=== | |||
lordlang>godlang>old spellang>spellang; old spellang loans into old ljopva>ljopva | |||
*ku>kʷ><br>kʷe>k͡ve>k͡ⱱɛ>k͡ⱱa>ⱱa<br>kʷ/V_∅>w | |||
*ka>xa | |||
*gu>gʷ>k͡p | |||
*g/V_V>k; g/V_∅>ɰ>x | |||
*b>β>w | |||
*p/∅_V>pʋ>p̪; p/V_V>pʋ>ⱱ | |||
*pr>ʙ | |||
*m>ɱ | |||
*n/_V[rounded]>ɳ | |||
*n/_V[front]>ɲ | |||
*n/_k>ŋ | |||
*ŋkʷ>ŋw>ŋ͡ʋ>ŋ͡ɱ>ɱ | |||
*s/V_∅>ç>h>:<br>s/_V[front vowel]>ɕ; s/_V[back vowel]>ʂ | |||
*sʷ>sʋ>sf><br>>f<br>sf/i_∅>s͡f (whistle) | |||
*l/_V[rounded]>ɭ | |||
*lʷ>ɭ | |||
*ls>lɬ>ɬ | |||
*li/V_>lj>j | |||
*t/V_V>ɾ<br>ɾ/_V[back]>ɽ; ɾ/_V[front]>ʔ | |||
*t/_V[rounded]>ʈ | |||
*ti>tʲi>ci | |||
*ki>ci | |||
*ci/[unstressed]>çi>ɕi<br>ɕi/V_∅>ɕ; ɕi/V_C>ʝ>j; ɕi/V_V>ʑ | |||
*ɛ>a | |||
*e>ɛ; ɛ/C[labio-dental]_>a | |||
*ʌ>ɔ | |||
*i>ɨ | |||
*ɯ>u>ɵ | |||
*u>o>ɤ | |||
==Phonotactics== | ==Phonotactics== | ||
Syllables require onset | Syllables require an onset, which can't be a flap or tap, | ||
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===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
===Tone=== | |||
Only in eastern dialects: e.g. ''ti'' /cí/ vs. ''ki'' /cì/ | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
===Native script=== | ===Native script=== | ||
Written from right to left in zigzag rows consisting of hexagons. Logographic symbols, loaned from Spellang, form the nucleus of writing: the symbols are surrounded by a six-place template for morphemic symbols tied with the core to form expressions and clauses. | |||
===Romanization=== | ===Romanization=== | ||
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===Noun=== | ===Noun=== | ||
====Class=== | ====Class==== | ||
concept | expressed by the first consonant | ||
*concept (laterals) | |||
*coreful, animate (fricatives) | |||
* coreless, inanimate (plosives) | |||
coreful inanimates loan words from spellang | coreful inanimates loan words from spellang | ||
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====Mood==== | ====Mood==== | ||
potentials: physical vs. magical | potentials: physical vs. magical | ||
evidentials: visual, sensory, hearsay, foretelling | |||
evidentials: visual, sensory, hearsay, foretelling (--> destiny?) | |||
relative form: "brown is-(relative), cat-(topic) there sits" (The cat, which is brown, sits there.) | |||
contrastive form: "good with-drawing I-am, bad with-sports I-am-(contrastive)" (I'm good at drawing but bad at sports.) vs. "good with-drawing I-am-(contrastive), bad pens I-have" (I'm good at drawing even though I have bad pens.") | |||
===Topic=== | ===Topic=== |
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