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Hantza/Verbs: Difference between revisions
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! colspan="4" |Other prefixes | ! colspan="4" |Other prefixes | ||
! colspan="1" |Stem | ! colspan="1" |Stem | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="3" |Suffixes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1 | | 1 | ||
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| 9 | | 9 | ||
| 10 | | 10 | ||
| 11 | |||
|- | |- | ||
| <small>object</small> | | <small>object</small> | ||
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| <small>copula</small> | | <small>copula</small> | ||
| '''<small>stem</small>''' | | '''<small>stem</small>''' | ||
| <small>applicative</small> | |||
| <small>evidentiality</small> | | <small>evidentiality</small> | ||
| <small>negative</small> | | <small>negative</small> | ||
|} | |} | ||
Despite the large number of slots, it is impossible for all | Despite the large number of slots, it is impossible for all eleven to be occupied by a single conjugated verb and highly unusual for only one to be left vacant. | ||
An extreme example, where seven of the | An extreme example, where seven of the eleven slots are occupied, would be the translation of the English "apparently he may not give it to you". This is provided below. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 548px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 548px; text-align:center;" | ||
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| colspan="10" | /opokuˌt͡suˈbetakampoʔ/ | | colspan="10" | /opokuˌt͡suˈbetakampoʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="10" | [ɔ.pɔ. | | colspan="10" | [ɔ.pɔ.kʊ̈.ˌt͡sʊ̈.ˈbe.tɐ.kɐ.mpɔʔ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| o- | | o- | ||
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|} | |} | ||
This eight syllable word also illustrates the [[Hantza#Morphophonological_processes|morphophonological processes]] of assimilation (''-ti-'' + ''-tu-'' = ''-tzu-'') and metathesis (''-kap-'' + ''-mò'' = ''-kampò''). | This eight-syllable word also illustrates the [[Hantza#Morphophonological_processes|morphophonological processes]] of assimilation (''-ti-'' + ''-tu-'' = ''-tzu-'') and metathesis (''-kap-'' + ''-mò'' = ''-kampò''). | ||
==Person marking== | ==Person marking== | ||
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The perfective is used to present an event as having well defined boundaries in time, that is a completed whole. This contrasts directly with the imperfective. This only occurs in the past tense. | The perfective is used to present an event as having well defined boundaries in time, that is a completed whole. This contrasts directly with the imperfective. This only occurs in the past tense. | ||
The retrospective presents an event or state as having occurred in past relative to the rest of the discourse. | The retrospective presents an event or state as having occurred in the past relative to the rest of the discourse. It is used in conjunction with other verbs in different modes. | ||
The future quite simply conveys that an event is yet to occur or that a state is yet to be. | The future quite simply conveys that an event is yet to occur or that a state is yet to be. | ||
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In Hantza there is no verb that corresponds directly to the English "to be". | In Hantza there is no verb that corresponds directly to the English "to be". | ||
A common way of expressing the verb "to be" in Hantza is by using | A common way of expressing the verb "to be" in Hantza is by using the particle ''ifa''. | ||
When talking being in the sense of location the irregular verb ''ABCDEFG'' is used. This may be translated variously as "to be", "to stay", "to remain", "to become" or "to get". | When talking being in the sense of location the irregular verb ''ABCDEFG'' is used. This may be translated variously as "to be", "to stay", "to remain", "to become" or "to get". Alternatively the verb for "to lie" or "to stand" may be used - as may a reflexive version of "to find". | ||
A noun can also be turned into a verb that means "to be X" by adding | A noun can also be turned into a verb that means "to be X" by adding the copular prefix ''-ta-'' to the root noun. The relevant prefixes marking person and mode are then added. This strategy is only used when the subject of the noun is not being modified by anything adjective-like. In such cases the normal copular construction is used. | ||
==Possession== | ==Possession== | ||
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There is a mediopassive voice which is formed by an infix inserted in the verb stem. As the name suggests, the mediopassive is used to convey both passive and middle voice meanings and nuances. | There is a mediopassive voice which is formed by an infix inserted in the verb stem. As the name suggests, the mediopassive is used to convey both passive and middle voice meanings and nuances. | ||
The syllable ''- | The syllable ''-is-'' is inserted after the first consonant of the root verb. | ||
Uses: | Uses: | ||
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*Anticausative: "the window broke" | *Anticausative: "the window broke" | ||
*Autobenefactive: to add a sense of benefaction for the subject of a transitive verb when used together with the reflexive? | *Autobenefactive: to add a sense of benefaction for the subject of a transitive verb when used together with the reflexive? | ||
*To add an intensive or semantic nuance, "to be a mother" (active) vs "to molly-coddle" (mediopassive) | *To add an intensive or semantic nuance, "to be a mother" (active) vs "to molly-coddle" (mediopassive); "to shine" (active) vs "to shine brightly" (mediopassive) | ||
==Polarity== | ==Polarity== | ||
Negatives are formed by the suffix ''-mò''. | Negatives are formed by the suffix ''-mò''. | ||
==Applicative== | |||
Applicative suffixes are used to incorporate an oblique argument or an adjunct to a core argument of the verb. This also affects the person marking on the verb. | |||
There are multiple applicatives in Hantza: instrumental, comitative, locative, benefactive and, less commonly, malefactive. | |||
Applicatives are primarily used to shift the focus onto the oblique argument. This is especially common when, in narrative context, certain characters are being kept at the centre of the discourse. | |||
==Evidentiality== | ==Evidentiality== | ||
Evidentiality is marked on the verb by suffixation. | Evidentiality is marked on the verb by suffixation. | ||
The division of evidentials is similar to that of the South American languages Aymara and Quechua; there exists a three way distinction. The first version provided is used post-consonantally, the second post-vocalically | The division of evidentials is similar to that of the South American languages Aymara and Quechua; there exists a three way distinction. The first version provided is used post-consonantally, the second post-vocalically: | ||
*Witness: ''-am-'', ''-am-'' | *Witness: ''-am-'', ''-am-'' | ||
*Inferential: ''-ang-'', ''-ng-'' | *Inferential: ''-ang-'', ''-ng-'' | ||
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Verbs of motion are often used idiomatically and in proverbs. | Verbs of motion are often used idiomatically and in proverbs. | ||
{{ | ==Lexical-periphrastic pairs== | ||
Some verbs, whose meanings are almost synonymous, come in pairs. One of these verbs expresses the concept with a separate lexical item, the second periphrastically. These also convey differing semantic nuances. The typical case quote is ''tzunka'' "to kill" and ''tima darki nim'' "to execute" (literally "to send to death", cf. "to put to death"). | |||
{{Hantza}} | |||