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:[[Togarmite/Lexicon]]
:[[Togarmite/Swadesh list]]
:[[Togarmite/he|דף זה בעברית]]


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|creator = Praimhín
|image =  
|image =  
|setting = [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]
|setting = Irta
|nativename = Xmėliz
|nativename = yn Tėrmit
|pronunciation = /çəme:liθ/
|pronunciation = /ən thermith/
|region =  
|region =  
|states =  
|states =  
|speakers =  
|speakers =  
|date =  
|date =  
|script=토갊글 (a form of linear Hangul)
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam3=Northwest Semitic
|fam4=North Semitic
|fam4=[[Togarmite/Old|Old Togarmite]]
}}
}}


'''Xmėliz''' /çəme:liθ/, or '''lsėnyn xmėlizyn''' /ˈləse:nən çəme:liθən/ 'the Northern Language', is a North Semitic language, closely related to [[Cretan]]. It is inspired by Maltese, Germanic languages and [[Wiobian]].
'''Togarmite''' or '''Thermite''' (''yn Tėrmit'' /ən thermith/ or ''yn lysėn Tėrmi'') is a Northwest Semitic language (as distant from Hebrew as Aramaic is). It is inspired by Hebrew, Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic), Greek, Welsh and [https://www.veche.net/alashian Alashian], a Semitic conlang.


*p b t d t' k g k' > f b z d t ch g k
Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology of [[Togarmite/Old|Old Togarmite]], but has undergone some phonological and grammatical restructuring:
*š s z > s s ġ
 
*ś ś' > s
*loss of grammatical gender
*s' þ' > ċ
*loss of the passive binyanim
*þ ð > z d
*loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs (where they form the w-form); erosion of the prefix paradigm (used for the past tense, like the Hebrew waw-consecutive preterite) to the point where subject pronouns are required
*m n l r w y > m n l r w j
*the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe
*ʔ ȝ ħ gh x may become laryngeals
*the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs


==Todo==
==Todo==
*gdėl = big
* Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic and gives a Welsh aesthetic to Greek loans
*kdės = (formal, mathematics) specific, particular, chosen (not arbitrary)
* Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic
*mkodas = holy, sacred (from Old Semehliþ muquddaš)
* Should be spoken in our Turkey?
**mkosyn = expletive/swear word like "damn"
*A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs
*Gzarot
*Syntax
*Declensions
*Lots of triconsonantified Greek words
*A bit more Aramaic isoglosses / semantic shifts in a general Aramaic direction
*Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes
*Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names?
*Prepositional pronouns
*more binyanim like ''syfȝel'', ''asøfȝel'', ''tasøfȝel'' and ''tystyfȝel''?
*Taxonomic names get calqued into Greek
*CiCV:C > CyCVC, CaCV:C > CCVC
 
==History==
The Old Togarmite name for the language, ''Θėgarmīθ'', is thought to have been borrowed from a pre-Togarmite source *''Tāgarma''. The name ''Togarmah'' from the same source is also attested in the Hebrew Bible. (The Greeks and the Romans called the Togarmite people ''Θηγαρμικοί'' and ''Thegarmici'' respectively.) The name of the language shows the Togarmite shift of Proto-Semitic ''ā'' to ''ė'' /e:/, mirroring the Canaanite shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' occuring in Hebrew.
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Togarmite has 26 consonants, 22 of them inherited from Proto-Semitic. It gained /p=/ during the Old Togarmite stage by adapting loans from Greek, Aramaic and Persian, e.g. ''barkes'' 'to act', from Ancient Greek ''praxis''. It also merged Old Togarmite ''ħ'' /ħ/ and ''h'' /h/ into ''h'' /h/, OTog ''č'' /tʃ/, ''ž'' and ''j'' into ''ž''.
*'''m n''' /m n/ (PSem *m *n)
*'''b d g ' ''' /p=~b t=~d k=~g ʔ/ ((not in PSem) *T *q *2)
*'''t k''' /th kh/ (*t *k)
*'''th ch''' /θ x/ (in Greek loans)
*'''v ð γ''' /v ð γ/ (*b *d *g)
*'''f s š h''' /f s ʃ h/ (*p *s/*š *þ/*ś *h/*H/*x)
*'''z ž ȝ''' /z ʒ (Philly L)/ (*z *ð/*D/*Z *3/*ğ)
*'''c č''' /ts= tʃ=/ (*S (not in PSem))
*'''w l r j''' /w l r j/ (*w *l *r *w-/*j)
 
===Vowels===
Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables.
 
''a e ė i o ø u y'' /ɑ æ e i o ø u (ə)/
 
''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/
 
Contrastive vowel length is present from elision of h in colloquial Togarmite: ''møtyhanan'' = [mø'ta:nan] instead of /møtə'hanan/
 
===Stress===
Stress in native words is similar to our Maltese.
 
==Orthography==
In addition to the Latin and Greek alphabets, Togarmite uses an abugida (a form of cursive linear Hangul) based on the Phoenician alphabet, called ''yn alvėt'' (after the first 2 letters).
 
The abjadi letter names:
''al, vėt, γam, ðal, hė, wau, zėn, žėn, dėt, jøð, kaf, lam, mėm, nun, ȝėn, fė, bė, cað, čað, gøf, rėš, sin, šin, tau''
 
===Traditional Romanization===
 
The traditional romanization of Togarmite is very unphonetic.
*aCe for ė
*English style unetymological OSL gone crazy
*the orthography should also be templatic, gemination in weird places i.e. not necessarily related to Old Togarmite gemination
*two scripts, Latin and Greek? works like hiragana and kanji
*v for the vowel /ø/!
 
==Dialects==
===Ethiopian dialect===
some different vocab e.g. ''tėt'' instead of ''wyhėv'' for 'give', ''ðøvrėn'' instead of ''tėma'' for 'topic'
 
some words can have different meanings in Ethiopian and Levantine leading to some funny misunderstandings
 
phonological differences ("ear" -> ødny)
<poem>
a e ė i o ø u y [a e̞ ɛi i ɔ ɵ u (ə)]
ei au [ɒi ø:~øo]
 
a broad Ethiopian accent in Togarmite has random variation in some words like heno, šamo, šyðo etc are pronounced hena, šama, šyða
 
-an -> -en is common in a broad Ethiopian accent (ðarkan -> ðarken); this should typically happen only with agentives, otherwise møsaken / møsakan would be mixed up (that would be one of the telltale signs of a non-Ethiopian faking an accent)
</poem>
 
===Indian dialect===
<poem>
a e ė i o ø u y /a: e~ɪ ɛ: i o: ʊ u: ə/
ei au /ai ɔ:/
</poem>
 
===New World dialect===
a e ė i o ø u y /a e ɪə i o ø u ə/
ei au /ɛi ɔu/
 
==Pronouns==
===Personal===
Modern Togarmite pronouns work similarly to modern Hebrew pronouns. The accusative pronouns derive from inflected foms of Old Togarmite ''ʔiθ'' (emphasis particle and accusative, related to Hebrew ''et'' and Arabic ''iyya-''). The possessive pronouns are derived from inflected forms of Old Togarmite ''la-''. The reflexive pronouns come from inflected forms of ''af'' 'nose'.
 
The semantics of ''hu'', ''hi'' and ''že'' work like in West Country English. (Clarify)
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!|
!I!!thou (m.)!!thou (f.)!!he!!she!!it!!we!!you (pl, polite)!!they
|-
!|Nominative/Conjunctive
|''nėk''||''at''||''et''||''hu''||''hi''||''že''||''nan''||''atøm''||''høm''
|-
!|Objective/Disjunctive
|''ti''||''tak''||''tek''||''tau''||''ta''||''tež''||''tanė''||''takøm''||''taum''
|-
!|Possessive
|''li''||''lak''||''lek''||''lau''||''la''||''lež''||''lanė''||''lakøm''||''laum''
|-
!|Reflexive/Intensive
|''afi''||''afak''||''afek''||''afau''||''afa''||''afež''||''afnė''|| ''afkøm''||''afaum''
|}
The plural pronouns ''atøm'' and ''høm'' can be used as gender-neutral pronouns in the singular, like English ''they''.
 
===Demonstrative===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! || who? || what? || which? || where? || whither? || whence? || when? || how? || why? || how much?
|-
! this
|colspan=3|''žinė'' (sg); ''elinė'' (pl) || ''hė'' || ''heno'' || ''me hė'' || ''ȝeto''
|rowspan="2"| ''hėk''
|rowspan="2"| ''ež''
|rowspan="2"| ''kėrav''
|-
! that
|colspan=3| ''ži'' (sg); ''eli'' (pl) || ''šam'' || ''šamo'' || ''me šam'' || ''šøm''
|-
! what
| ''man'' || ''ma'' || ''ėjo'' || ''ein'' || ''eino'' || ''men ein'' || ''møran'' || ''keik'' || ''maž'' ||''kma, marvy''
|-
! all; every
| ''kølšar'' || ''kølvar; køl'' || ''køl'' || ''kølein'' || ''køleino'' || ''me kølein'' || ''kølam'' || ''køl ør'' || ''-'' || ''-''
|-
! any
| ''nukšar'' || ''nukvar'' || ''nuk'' || ''nukein'' || ''nukeino'' || ''me nukein'' || ''kølam''
|| ''nuk ør'' || ''me nuk sevt'' || ''-''
|-
! some
| ''vilšar'' || ''vilvar'' || ''vil '' || ''vilein'' || ''vileino'' || ''me vilein'' || ''ly zman''; ''vil zman''
|| ''vil ør'' || ''me vil sevt'' || ''-''
|-
! none
| ''lėmšar'' || ''lėmvar'' || ''lėm'' || ''lėmein'' || ''lėmeino'' || ''me lėmein'' || ''lėfȝam''
|| ''lėm ør'' || ''me lėm sevt'' || ''-''
|}
Demonstratives come after nouns.
*''veit žinė'' 'this house'
*''gawi eli'' 'those lines'
 
==Nouns==
In some ways declension has simplified: Modern Togarmite has lost grammatical gender. The construct state has been lost, and the Old Togarmite definite state ''ʔan-'' has been reanalyzed as a separate definite article ''yn''. ''Yn'' becomes ''ym'' before /m f v p=/.
 
However, declension has become more complicated in other ways. For example, Modern Togarmite has innovated more declension paradigms.
===Regular declension===
Most nouns have a regular plural in ''-i'', from a conflation of Middle Togarmite absolute ''-in'' and construct ''-ė''.
 
Example: ''ȝėlam'' 'world'
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''ȝėlam'' 'world'
! || singular || plural
|-
! indefinite
| ''ȝėlam'' || ''ȝėlam'''i'''''
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''lysėn'' 'language'
! || singular || plural
|-
! indefinite
| ''lysėn'' || ''lysėn'''i'''''
|}
 
===Segolates===
These nouns come from CVCC nouns in Proto-Semitic and thus are related to segolates in Hebrew.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ ''kalv'' 'dog'
! || singular || plural
|-
! indefinite
| ''kalv'' || 'klav'''i'''''
|}
 
===Nisba nouns===
An important declension class is comprised of nouns with the ''nisba'' suffix ''-i'':
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+''Tėrmi'' 'Togarmite'
! || singular || plural
|-
! indefinite
| ''Tėrm'''i''''' || ''Tėrm'''in'''''
|}
 
===Singulative-collective nouns===
These nouns have a marked singular in ''-t''.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+''šeȝart'' '(strand of) hair'
! || singular || plural
|-
! indefinite
| ''šeȝar'''t''''' || ''šeȝar''
|}
 
===Former feminines===
This class consists of nouns that were feminine in Old Togarmite, which typically end in ''-t'' and take a plural in ''-ėt'':
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+''frit'' 'fruit'
! || singular || plural
|-
! indefinite
| ''frit'' || ''frij'''ėt'''''
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+''γalt'' 'door' (altered from *ðalt)
! || singular || plural
|-
! indefinite
| ''γalt'' || ''γlat'''ėt'''''
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+''tyktøvt'' 'document'
! || singular || plural
|-
! indefinite
| ''tyktøvt'' || ''tyktøv'''ėt'''''
|}
 
===-a nouns===
These are mainly Greek and Aramaic words.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+''aboloža'' 'excuse (pretext)'
! || singular || plural
|-
! indefinite
| ''abolož'''a''''' || ''abolož'''es'''''
|}
 
Greek ending in ''-ma'' can have a plural in ''-mada'':
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+''tėma'' 'topic'
! || singular || plural
|-
! indefinite
| ''tėm'''a''''' || ''tėm'''es''''' / ''tėm'''ada'''''
|}
 
 
By analogy, even native words ending in ''-a'' are declined this way:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+''heda'' 'sin'
! || singular || plural
|-
! indefinite
| ''hed'''a''''' || ''hed'''es'''''
|}
 
=== Irregulars ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+''vennės'' 'human'
! || singular || plural
|-
! indefinite
| ''vennės'' || ''nės''
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+''ašt'' 'woman'
! || singular || plural
|-
! indefinite
| ''ašt'' || ''nysi''
|}
 
==Adjectives==
Adjectives do not decline.
===Degree===
Adjectives have a comparative form in ''yn-/ym-'' and a superlative in ''køl-'':
*''yn-kvur'' = bigger
*''kølkvur'' = biggest
 
A dedicated particle ''šøm'' (cognate to Arabic ''þumma'') is used for 'than'.
 
==Verbs==
*Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present
**The ''y-'' prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: ''nėk yktøv'' 'I wrote', ''nėk lė ktøv'' 'I didn't write'.
*Present = from the bare w-form
*Imperative
**The imperative is negated with ''al'': ''Ktøv!'' 'write!', ''Al ktøv!'' 'don't write!'
*w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the ''f3øl'' binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim
*Infinitive
*Participles
*Progressive ''lu'' from *ȝalė-hu, c.f. wrthi in Welsh
 
The suffix conjugation does not survive unlike in most other Semitic languages, except in certain irregular verbs like ''fė '' 'to be'.
 
The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative.
===Binyanim===
Modern Togarmite inherits all 8 binyanim of Old Togarmite. The ''ty-'' of Binyan 7 (''tyfaȝel'') verbs has become a productive derivational prefix, however.
====Binyan 1: ''fȝøl''====
This binyan can take -ø- (e.g. ''ktøv'' 'to write'), -e- (''sen'' 'to sleep') or -a- (''dȝam'' 'to choose') as the theme vowel.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''ktøv'' 'write'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk yktøv''
| ''at/et yktøv''
| ''hu/hi ktøv''
| ''nan ktøv''
| ''atøm ktøv''
| ''høm ktøv''
|-
! past imperfective; past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wyktav''
| ''at/et fit wyktav''
| ''hu/hi fė wyktav''
| ''nan fu wyktav''
| ''atøm fu wyktav''
| ''høm fu wyktav''
|-
! present
| ''nėk wyktav''
| ''at/et wyktav''
| ''hu/hi wyktav''
| ''nan wyktav''
| ''atøm wyktav''
| ''høm wyktav''
|-
! present progressive
| ''nėk lu wyktav''
| ''at/et lu wyktav''
| ''hu/hi lu wyktav''
| ''nan lu wyktav''
| ''atøm lu wyktav''
| ''høm lu wyktav''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk yktøvan''
| ''at/et yktøvan''
| ''hu/hi ktøvan''
| ''nan ktøvan''
| ''atøm ktøvan''
| ''høm ktøvan''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė ktėv''
| ''at/et bė ktėv''
| ''hu bė ktėv''
| ''nan bė ktėv''
| ''atøm bė ktėv''
| ''høm bė ktėv''
|-
! perfect
| ''li ktuv''
| ''lax/lex ktuv''
| ''lau/la ktuv''
| ''lanė ktuv''
| ''laxøm ktuv''
| ''laum ktuv''
|-
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''ktøv!''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''xėtev''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''ktuv''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wyktav''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''ktėv''
|}
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''num'' 'sleep'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk ynum''
| ''at/et ynum''
| ''hu/hi num''
| ''nan num''
| ''atøm num''
| ''høm num''
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wynaum''
| ''at/et fit wynaum''
| ''hu/hi fė wynaum''
| ''nan fu wynaum''
| ''atøm fu wynaum''
| ''høm fu wynaum''
|-
! present
| ''nėk wynaum''
| ''at/et wynaum''
| ''hu/hi wynaum''
| ''nan wynaum''
| ''atøm wynaum''
| ''høm wynaum''
|-
! present progressive
| ''nėk lu wynaum''
| ''at/et lu wynaum''
| ''hu/hi lu wynaum''
| ''nan lu wynaum''
| ''atøm lu wynaum''
| ''høm lu wynaum''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk ynuman''
| ''at/et ynuman''
| ''hu/hi numan''
| ''nan numan''
| ''atøm numan''
| ''høm numan''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė nwėm''
| ''at/et bė nwėm''
| ''hu/hi bė nwėm''
| ''nan bė nwėm''
| ''atøm bė nwėm''
| ''høm bė nwėm''
|-
! perfect
| ''li num''
| ''lax/lex num''
| ''lau/la num''
| ''lanė num''
| ''laxøm num''
| ''laum num''
|-
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''num!''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''nėwem''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''num''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wynaum''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''nwėm''
|}
 
====Binyan 2: ''faȝel''====
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic D-stem (related to Hebrew pi33el and Arabic fa33ala)
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 2 conjugation: ''saken'' 'inhabit'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk ysaken''
| ''at/et ysaken''
| ''hu/hi saken''
| ''nan saken''
| ''atøm saken''
| ''høm saken''
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wysaken''
| ''at/et fit wysaken''
| ''hu/hi fė wysaken''
| ''nan fu wysaken''
| ''atøm fu wysaken''
| ''høm fu wysaken''
|-
! present
| ''nėk wysaken''
| ''at/et wysaken''
| ''hu/hi wysaken''
| ''nan wysaken''
| ''atøm wysaken''
| ''høm wysaken''
|-
! present progressive
| ''nėk lu wysaken''
| ''at/et lu wysaken''
| ''hu/hi lu wysaken''
| ''nan lu wysaken''
| ''atøm lu wysaken''
| ''høm lu wysaken''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk ysakenan''
| ''at/et ysakenan''
| ''hu/hi sakenan''
| ''nan sakenan''
| ''atøm sakenan''
| ''høm sakenan''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė sakun''
| ''at bė sakun''
| ''hu bė sakun''
| ''nan bė sakun''
| ''atøm bė sakun''
| ''høm bė sakun''
|-
! perfect
| ''li møsakan''
| ''lax/lex møsakan''
| ''lau/la møsakan''
| ''lanė møsakan''
| ''laxøm møsakan''
| ''laum møsakan''
|-
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''saken!''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''møsaken''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''møsakan''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wysaken''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''sakun''
|}
 
==== Binyan 3: ''fėȝel'' ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 3 conjugation: ''ðėver'' 'speak'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk yðėver''
| ''at/et yðėver''
| ''hu/hi ðėver''
| ''nan ðėver''
| ''atøm ðėver''
| ''høm ðėver''
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wyðėver''
| ''at/et fit wyðėver''
| ''hu/hi fė wyðėver''
| ''nan fu wyðėver''
| ''atøm fu wyðėver''
| ''høm fu wyðėver''
|-
! present
| ''nėk wyðėver''
| ''at/et wyðėver''
| ''hu/hi wyðėver''
| ''nan wyðėver''
| ''atøm wyðėver''
| ''høm wyðėver''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk yðėveran''
| ''at/et yðėveran''
| ''hu/hi ðėveran''
| ''nan ðėveran''
| ''atøm ðėveran''
| ''høm ðėveran''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė ðėvur''
| ''at bė ðėvur''
| ''hu bė ðėvur''
| ''nan bė ðėvur''
| ''atøm bė ðėvur''
| ''høm bė ðėvur''
|-
! perfect
| ''li møðėvar''
| ''lax/lex møðėvar''
| ''lau/la møðėvar''
| ''lanė møðėvar''
| ''laxøm møðėvar''
| ''laum møðėvar''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''ðėver!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''ðėveru!''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''møðėver''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''møðėvar''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wyðėver''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''ðėvur''
|}
 
==== Binyan 4: ''afȝel'' ====
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic Š-stems thus corresponds to Hebrew hif3il and Arabic ʔaf3ala.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 3 conjugation: ''ažker'' 'remind'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk ažker''
| ''at/et ažker''
| ''hu/hi ažker''
| ''nan ažker''
| ''atøm ažker''
| ''høm ažker''
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wažker''
| ''fit wažker''
| ''fė wažker''
| ''finė wažker''
| ''fitøm wažker''
| ''fu wažker''
|-
! present
| ''nėk še wažker''
| ''at/et še wažker''
| ''hu/hi še wažker''
| ''nan še wažker''
| ''atøm šu wažker''
| ''høm šu wažker''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk ažkeran''
| ''at/et ažkeran''
| ''hu/hi ažkeran''
| ''nan ažkeran''
| ''atøm ažkeran''
| ''høm ažkeran''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė hažkur''
| ''at bė hažkur''
| ''hu bė hažkur''
| ''nan bė hažkur''
| ''atøm bė hažkur''
| ''høm bė hažkur''
|-
! perfect
| ''li mažkar''
| ''lax/lex mažkar''
| ''lau/la mažkar''
| ''lanė mažkar''
| ''laxøm mažkar''
| ''laum mažkar''
|-
! imperative
|colspan=6|''ažker!''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''mažker''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''mažkar''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wažker''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''ažkur''
|}
 
====Binyan 5: ''ftyȝel''====
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic t-stem and shares similarities with the Hebrew binyan ''hitpa33el'' and Arabic ''ifta3ala''. It is characterized by the t- prefix that comes from the *t infix.
 
Meanings:
*reflexive
*reciprocal
 
The prefix ''t'' metathesizes with C1 when
*C1 = f x s š c h z ž ȝ: ''tf tx ts tš th tz tž tȝ'' > ''ft xt st št ct ht zd žd ȝd''
*C1 = ð d t: ''tð td tt'' > ''ð d t''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 4 conjugation: ''tlymeð'' 'find one's way around'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk ytlymeð''
| ''at/et ytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi tlymeð''
| ''nan tlymeð''
| ''atøm tlymeð''
| ''høm tlymeð''
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wytlymeð''
| ''fit wytlymeð''
| ''fė wytlymeð''
| ''finė wytlymeð''
| ''fitøm wytlymeð''
| ''fu wytlymeð''
|-
! present
| ''nėk ytlėmeð''
| ''at/et ytlėmeð''
| ''hu/hi tlėmeð''
| ''nan tlėmeð''
| ''atøm tlėmeð''
| ''høm tlėmeð''
|-
! present progressive
| ''nėk še wytlymeð''
| ''at/et še wytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi še wytlymeð''
| ''nan še wytlymeð''
| ''atøm šu wytlymeð''
| ''høm šu wytlymeð''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk ytlymeðan''
| ''at/et ytlymeðan''
| ''hu/hi tlymeðan''
| ''nan tlymeðan''
| ''atøm tlymeðan''
| ''høm tlymeðan''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė hytlymuð''
| ''at bė hytlymuð''
| ''hu bė hytlymuð''
| ''nan bė hytlymuð''
| ''atøm bė hytlymuð''
| ''høm bė hytlymuð''
|-
! perfect
| ''li møtlymað''
| ''lax/lex møtlymað''
| ''lau/la møtlymað''
| ''lanė møtlymað''
| ''laxøm møtlymað''
| ''laum møtlymað''
|-
! imperative
|colspan=6|''ytlymeð''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''møtlymeð''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''møtlymað''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wytlymėð''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''hytlymuð''
|}
 
====Binyan 6: ''etyfȝel''====
This binyan comes from the Nt-stem, with the mediopassive n- marker and the reflexive/reciprocal t-marker: the stem comes from *intap3il. cf. Hebrew ''nitpa33el'', a variant of the ''hitpa33el'' binyan and the Arabic ''infa3ala'' binyan.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 5 conjugation: ''etyγðel'' 'grow up'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk etyγðel''
| ''at/et etyγðel''
| ''hu/hi etyγðel''
| ''nan etyγðel''
| ''atøm etyγðel''
| ''høm etyγðel''
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wetyγðel''
| ''fit wetyγðel''
| ''fė wetyγðel''
| ''finė wetyγðel''
| ''fitøm wetyγðel''
| ''fu watyγðel''
|-
! present
| ''nėk še wetyγðel''
| ''at/et še wetyγðel''
| ''hu/hi še wetyγðel''
| ''nan še wetyγðel''
| ''atøm šu wetyγðel''
| ''høm šu wetyγðel''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk etyγðelan''
| ''at/et etyγðelan''
| ''hu/hi etyγðelan''
| ''nan etyγðelan''
| ''atøm etyγðelan''
| ''høm etyγðelan''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė hetyγðul''
| ''at bė hetyγðul''
| ''hu bė hetyγðul''
| ''nan bė hetyγðul''
| ''atøm bė hetyγðul''
| ''høm bė hetyγðul''
|-
! perfect
| ''li metyγðal''
| ''lax/lex metyγðal''
| ''lau/la metyγðal''
| ''lanė metyγðal''
| ''laxøm metyγðal''
| ''laum metyγðal''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''hetyγðel!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hetyγðelu!''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''metyγðel''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''metyγðal''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''watyγðel''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''hetyγðul''
|}
 
====Binyan 8: ''styfȝel''====
This binyan comes from the Št-stem and is directly related to the binyan ''istaf3ala'' in Arabic and the very rare binyan ''hishtaf3el'' in Biblical Hebrew.  Binyan 7 tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 8 conjugation: ''stydȝem'' 'try out'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk ystydȝem''
| ''at/et ystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi stydȝem''
| ''nan stydȝem''
| ''atøm stydȝem''
| ''høm stydȝem''
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wystydȝem''
| ''fit wystydȝem''
| ''fė wystydȝem''
| ''finė wystydȝem''
| ''fitøm wystydȝem''
| ''fu wystydȝem''
|-
! present
| ''nėk ystytėȝem''
| ''at/et ystytėȝem''
| ''hu/hi stytėȝem''
| ''nan stytėȝem''
| ''atøm stytėȝem''
| ''høm stytėȝem''
|-
! present progressive
| ''nėk še wystydȝem''
| ''at/et še wystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi še wystydȝem''
| ''nan še wystydȝem''
| ''atøm šu wystydȝem''
| ''høm šu wystydȝem''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk ystydȝeman''
| ''at/et ystydȝeman''
| ''hu/hi stydȝeman''
| ''nan stydȝeman''
| ''atøm stydȝemun''
| ''jystydȝemun''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė stydȝum''
| ''at bė stydȝum''
| ''hu bė stydȝum''
| ''nan bė stydȝum''
| ''atøm bė stydȝum''
| ''høm bė stydȝum''
|-
! perfect
| ''li møstydȝam''
| ''lax/lex møstydȝam''
| ''lau/la møstydȝam''
| ''lanė møstydȝam''
| ''laxøm møstydȝam''
| ''laum møstydȝam''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''stydȝem!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''stydȝemu!''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''møstydȝem''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''møstydȝam''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wystydȝem''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''stydȝum''
|}
 
===Concatenative verbs===
The concatenative paradigm, analogous to Germanic weak verbs, is formed by adding prefixes and suffixes, without changing the stem. The past and imperative forms are formed by adding ''-i'' or ''-ji'' to the noun, when no other suffix is added.
 
It is used for recent loan verbs like ''maksimezi'' 'to maximize', but can also be used to derive verbs from native nouns:
*''myðrasi'' 'to school' (from ''myðras'' 'school')
*''takili'' 'to consume' (from ''takil'' 'consumption', itself from the root √ʔ-k-l 'to eat')
*''žakoji'' 'to entitle, to allow' (from ''žako'' 'right')
*''ȝeini'' 'to eye' (from ''ȝein'' 'eye')
 
The endings are mainly derived from Middle Togarmite forms of 3-y verbs.
*[STEM]-i = active
*ty-[STEM]-i = re-
*mø- = active participle
*-ėt = infinitive
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Weak verb conjugation: ''myðrasi'' 'to school'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk ymyðrasi''
| ''at/et ymyðrasi''
| ''hu/hi myðrasi''
| ''nan myðrasi''
| ''atøm myðrasi''
| ''høm myðrasi''
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wymyðrasi''
| ''fit wymyðrasi''
| ''fė wymyðrasi''
| ''finė wymyðrasi''
| ''fitøm wymyðrasi''
| ''fu wymyðrasi''
|-
! present
| ''nėk wymyðrasi''
| ''at/et wymyðrasi''
| ''hu/hi wymyðrasi''
| ''nan wymyðrasi''
| ''atøm wymyðrasi''
| ''høm wymyðrasi''
|-
! present progressive
| ''nėk lu wymyðrasi''
| ''at/et lu wymyðrasi''
| ''hu/hi lu wymyðrasi''
| ''nan lu wymyðrasi''
| ''atøm lu wymyðrasi''
| ''høm lu wymyðrasi''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk ymyðrasan''
| ''at/et ymyðrasan''
| ''hu/hi myðrasan''
| ''nan myðrasan''
| ''atøm myðrasun''
| ''høm myðrasun''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė myðrasėt''
| ''at bė myðrasėt''
| ''hu bė myðrasėt''
| ''nėbu myðrasėt''
| ''atøm bė myðrasėt''
| ''høm bė myðrasėt''
|-
! perfect
| ''li mømyðrasa''
| ''lax/lex mømyðrasa''
| ''lau/la mømyðrasa''
| ''lanė mømyðrasa''
| ''laxøm mømyðrasa''
| ''laum mømyðrasa''
|-
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''myðrasi!''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''mømyðrasė''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''myðrasa''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wymyðrasi''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''myðrasėt''
|}
 
===''fe'' 'to be'===
The verb ''fe'' 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''fe'' 'to be'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk fit''
| ''at fit''
| ''hu fė''
| ''nan fu''
| ''atøm fu''
| ''høm fu''
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit fė''
| ''at fit fė''
| ''hu fė fė''
| ''nan fu fė''
| ''atøm fu fė''
| ''høm fu fė''
|-
! present
| ''(nėk)''
| ''(at/et)''
| ''(hu/hi)''
| ''(nan)''
| ''(atøm)''
| ''(høm)''
|-
! present progressive
| ''nėk lu fė''
| ''at/et lu fė''
| ''hu/hi lu fė''
| ''nan lu fė''
| ''atøm lu fė''
| ''høm lu fė''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk yfijan''
| ''at yfijan''
| ''hu fijan''
| ''nan fijan''
| ''atøm fijan''
| ''høm fijan''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė fėt''
| ''at bė fėt''
| ''hu bė fėt''
| ''nan bė fėt''
| ''atøm bė fėt''
| ''høm bė fėt''
|-
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''fe!''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''hėwi''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''fuj''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''fė''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''fėt''
|}
 
===''kėl'' 'can'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''kėl'' 'can'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk ikel''
| ''at/et ikel''
| ''hu/hi kel''
| ''nan kel''
| ''atøm kel''
| ''høm kel''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wėkel''
| ''at fit wėkel''
| ''hu fė wėkel''
| ''nan fu wėkel''
| ''atøm fu wėkel''
| ''høm fu wėkel''
|-
! present
| ''nėk wėkel''
| ''at wėkel''
| ''hu wėkel''
| ''nan wėkel''
| ''atøm wėkel''
| ''høm wėkel''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk ikelan''
| ''at/et ikelan''
| ''hu/hi kelan''
| ''nan kelan''
| ''atøm kelan''
| ''høm kelan''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė kėl''
| ''at bė kėl''
| ''hu bė kėl''
| ''nan bė kėl''
| ''atøm bė kėl''
| ''høm bė kėl''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''fuj wėkel''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wėkel''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''kėl''
|}
 
===''høvė'' 'should; ought'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''høba'' 'should; ought'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past
| ''nėk fit høbė''
| ''at fit høbė''
| ''hu fė høbė''
| ''nan fu høbu''
| ''atøm fu høbu''
| ''høm fu høbu''
|-
! present
| ''nėk høbė''
| ''at/et høbė''
| ''hu/hi høbė''
| ''nan høbu''
| ''atøm høbu''
| ''høm høbu''
|}
 
===''ryžė'' 'to like'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''ryžė'' 'to like'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk yrži''
| ''at yrži''
| ''hu yrži''
| ''nan yržu''
| ''atøm yržu''
| ''høm yržu''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wyrži''
| ''at fit wyrži''
| ''hu fė wyrži''
| ''nan fu wyrži''
| ''atøm fu wyrži''
| ''høm fu wyrži''
|-
! present
| ''nėk ryžė''
| ''at/et ryžė''
| ''hu/hi ryžė''
| ''nan ryžu''
| ''atøm ryžu''
| ''høm ryžu''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė ryžėt''
| ''at bė ryžėt''
| ''hu bė ryžėt''
| ''nan bė ryžėt''
| ''atøm bė ryžėt''
| ''høm bė ryžėt''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wyrži''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''rėži''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''ryžuj''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''ryžėt''
|}
 
===''sėr'' 'to want'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''sėr'' 'to want'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk sør''
| ''at sør''
| ''hu sør''
| ''nan sru''
| ''atøm sru''
| ''høm sru''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wasar''
| ''at fit wasar''
| ''hu fė wasar''
| ''nan fu wasar''
| ''atøm fu wasar''
| ''høm fu wasar''
|-
! present
| ''nėk wasar''
| ''at/et wasar''
| ''hu/hi wasar''
| ''nan wasar''
| ''atøm wasar''
| ''høm wasar''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė sėr''
| ''at bė sėr''
| ''hu bė sėr''
| ''nan bė sėr''
| ''atøm bė sėr''
| ''høm bė sėr''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wasar''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''sėr''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''sur''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''sėr''
|}
 
=== The auxiliary ''vė'' ===
The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing')  is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive), like the German verb ''werden''.
 
* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)
* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened
* ''Yn γalt lež vuj fytuh'' = The door has been opened
* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)
** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''.
* ''Dawid vė ftėh yn γalt'' = David will open the door
 
===Gzarot===
:''Main article: [[Togarmite/Gzarot]]''
In Semitic languages, ''gzarot'' (Hebrew גְּזָרוֹת‎, sg. ''gizra'' גִּזְרָה 'figure, form, pattern') are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when
* the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (''ʔ ȝ h'') or a semivowel (''j w'');
* the consonantal root contains a ''n'', since ''nC'' tends to assimilate into ''CC''
* the consonantal root has 2 letters.
 
Because Togarmite only uses the prefix conjugation, modern Togarmite gzarot are in some ways less bad than Hebrew gzarot; most of the irregularities occur in binyan ''fȝøl''. However, there are often so many irregularities even within each gizra, and cases of analogy between verbs of different gzarot, that the concept of gzarot in Modern Togarmite has been questioned: in Togarmite, a "gizra" just describes general tendencies of verbs with a certain root consonant.
 
==Prepositions==
Some prepositions:
*''in'' 'in' [from PSem *ina], ''in yn'' > ''nyn''
** ini, inak, inek, inau, ina, inė, inkøm, inaum
*''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)'
*''vy'' (''v' '' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)'
** vi, vak, vek, vau, va, vanė, vakøm, vaum
*''šyðe'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'
** ''meni, menak, menek, menau, mena, menė, mekøm, menaum''
*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)'
** ''3emi, 3emak, 3emek, 3emau, 3ema, 3emnė, 3emkøm, 3emaum''
*''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm''
** ''3lei, 3lėk, 3lėk, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėkøm, 3lėjøm''
*''lið'' 'to' (from ''*la-yad'' 'to the hand of')
*''løv'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'')
**''Nėk wamen løv žinė'' - I believe in this
**''Hu tyhev løva'' - He fell in love with her
*''ȝvar'' 'over'
*''tat'' 'under'
*''aržo'' 'down' (from *ʔarč̣-ah "earthward")
*''ðarkyn'' 'along'
*''vlėš'' 'without'
===Syntax of prepositions===
 
==Numerals==
===Cardinal===
<poem>
0: cefry
1: hað
2: šnein / attributive šnė
3: šlėš (animate šlėšt)
4: yrvaȝ (animate yrvaȝt)
5: mes (animate mest)
6: setš (animate setšt)
7: savȝy (animate savȝyt)
8: šmėni (animate šmėnt)
9: tesȝy (animate tesȝyt)
10: ȝašry (animate ȝašryt)
11: ȝašry wy hað
12: ȝašry šnein
20: ȝešrin
30: šlėšin
40: yrvȝin
50: hymsin
60: setšin
70: syvȝin
80: šmėnin
90: tesȝin
100: met
101: met wy hað
200: metein
300: šlėš met
400: yrvaȝ met
1000: alf
2000: alfein
3000: šlėš alf
1000000: alfun
10^9: vėtfun
10^12: γamfun
etc.
</poem>
 
Plural numerals usually take plural nouns. They used to take singular nouns, however this is considered archaic.
 
Numbers ending in digits "3" through "9" (thus ending in ''šlėš'' through ''tesȝy''), or "10" (thus ending in ''ȝašry''), have two forms depending on the animacy of the noun: ''hymes myrtemi'' 'five abacuses', but ''hymest ahwėt'' 'five sisters'. The animate forms come from the masculine forms (reverse polarity) marked with ''*-t'' in Proto-Semitic.
 
===Ordinal===
Ordinals are formed using the pattern CCuC; as in English, "1st" and "2nd" are irregular, from elatives ''*ʔaʕlay-'' 'topmost' and ''*ʔaʕqab-'' 'the immediately following' respectively. In compound numerals, the last number word is inflected to the ordinal form.
 
*1st = olė
*2nd = ogav
*3rd = šluš
*4th = rvuȝ
*5th = mus
*6th = stuš
*7th = svuȝ
*8th = smun
*9th = tsuȝ
*10th = ȝšur
*11th = ȝašry w-olė
*12th = ȝašry w-ogav
*13th = ȝašry šluš
etc.
 
===Fractional===
Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhðy'' is used for numerals ending in "1".
*half = γøv (from *gunb- 'side')
*3rd = šølšy
*4th = røvȝy
*11th = ȝašry w-øhðy
 
To express "m/n", Togarmite uses "m nths": "2/3" is ''šnė šølaši''.
 
==Syntax==
===Faulty accusative marker===
The faulty accusative marker ''it'' is used. It behaves like the MSA accusative case and the Welsh soft mutation for direct objects: when there is a constituent separating the verb or predicate from a second constituent, ''it'' comes between the two constituents regardless of whether the second constituent is actually a direct object. Example:
 
*''Halek wyfė li '''it''' šlėšt klavi, wy ȝeto lėš li '''it''' nuk.'' = I used to have three dogs, and now I don't have any.
*''Yn ðėrest li ryšė li '''it''' ȝyšėt rab tamuni veit.'' = My teacher wants me to do a lot of homework.
 
===Questions===
Yes-no questions require the question marker ''ha'' to be placed at the beginning of the sentence.
 
What-questions have a syntax similar to English.
===Existentials===
The word ''iš'' is used to indicate existence. It is also used with the preposition ''ly'' 'to' or the possessive pronouns to indicate possession. The negative of ''iš'' is ''lėš''.
*''Lėš mygėm ėn kølšar nyȝum.'' = There is no place where everyone is happy.
*''Ha iš lek ša3t?'' = Do you (f. sg.) have time?
 
=== Clauses ===
*"if" = ''em''
*"then" = ''šøm''
*"though" = ''ak'', ''kenak''
 
===Relative clauses===
The relative pronoun ''žė'' is used for both relative and complement clauses. It may takes prepositional cases, just like English relative pronouns. The word ''žė'' is from PSem *ðā, the accusative singular form of the demonstrative *ðū; cf. Biblical Hebrew זו ''zu'', Aramaic די ''dī''.
 
For relative clauses whose heads are prepositional objects in the relative clause, there are three strategies:
 
*the relativizer is treated as a resumptive pronoun which takes the preposition, like English ''which'': ''yn γavry lið žė nėk ohav ym mauhav'', lit. 'the man to which I gave the gift'. This syntax arose from the influence of surrounding languages like English.
*the preposition goes to the end of the clause: ''yn γavry žė nėk ohav ym mauhav lið'' lit. 'the man which I gave the gift to'. This syntax arose from the native Semitic construction which used a resumptive pronoun on the preposition: after the resumptive pronoun lost the stress, the preposition lost its pronominal suffix and moved to the end of the clause.
*A combination of both strategies can be used: ''yn γavry lið žė nėk ohav ym mauhav lið'', lit. 'The man to which I gave the gift to'. This is the most common strategy with the other two considered archaic.
 
==Derivation==
===Noun and adjective patterns===
*''CaCCy(t), CeCCy(t), CøCCy(t)'' = segolates
*''CyCiC'' = adjective; -able
*''CyCuC'' = adjective; color
*''CyCėC'' = some adjectives
*''CyCaCt, CyCeCt, CyCøCt''
*''CaCøCt'' = describes a condition
*''CyCeCCaC'' = diminutive
*''myCCaC(t)'', ''meCCaC(t)'', ''myCCėC'': noun, often denoting place
*''maCCaCt'' = causative version of ''myCCaC(t)''
*''myCCeC(t)'' = instrument
*''maCCeCt'' = causative version of ''myCCeC(t)''
*''tyCCuC'', ''tyCCiC'', ''tyCCėC'' = action or process
*''ryCCøCt'' (cognatized from Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
*''CaCėC'' = agentive
** ''katėv'' 'writer'
*''CaCCan'' = agentive; ''-an'' is an agentive
** ''lamsan'' 'philanthropist' (''felantrøb'' is also common)
*''CaCCėn'', ''CeCCėn'', and ''CøCCėn'' = nouns, often an augmentative
 
===Affixes===
*''-an'' = forms agentives and adjectives
*''-in'' = collectives
**''lamusin'' 'charity'
*''-ut'' = abstract noun
*''-i'' = forms adjectives
*''-it'' = forms adverbs
*''i-'' = non-, un-
**''ivyšari'' 'incorporeal'
**''iwøxli'' 'impossible'
*''-yr'' = someone who is characterized by X (from English)
**''iðuȝyr'' 'know-it-all', from ''iduȝ'' 'knowledgeable'
*''-ri'' = -ry (from English)
**''gðėsri'' = sanctimoniousness, from ''gðės'' '(archaic) holy'
**''kal'anri'' = double standard or hypocrisy, from the agentive ''kal'an'' 'hypocrite' of √''x-l-ʔ'' 'double'
*''afto-'' = self-
*''e-'' = a- (from ʔiC-, an assimilated form of the OTog preposition ''ʔin'' 'in'); these adjectives can usually only be predicative
**''e'est'' 'ablaze'
**''eðarky'' 'away'
**''etal'' 'galore' (lit. a-mound)
**''emein'' 'drowned, lost forever', lit. awater
*''-vyl'' = -able (from English -able and native ''avȝel'' 'to be able to')
*''ty-'' 're-' (from the tD-stem)
**''tynawer'' 'to reflect', from ''naur'' 'light'
**''tybarkes'' 'to react', from ''barkis'' 'action'
**''tysalem'' 'to repay', from √s-l-m 'peace, whole'
**''tyȝanė'' 'to satisfy', from √ȝ-n-j 'distress, need'; probably influenced by a now obsolete meaning 'to answer' of the same root
**unpredictable change in meaning stem)
 
==Phrasebook==
some phrases in Togarmite:
 
*Slėm! - Hello! / Goodbye!
*Slėm ȝlėkøm! - Hello! (formal)
*Leil dėv! / Num vy dėv! - Good night! / Sleep well!
*Jaum dėv! - Good day!
*Ekarus! / Ekarus tak/tek/takøm! - Thanks!
*Ȝem ryžan - Please / You're welcome
*Tryhef ti - Excuse me, Pardon
*Nėk nyhum - I'm sorry
*Ma yn sem lak/lek/lakøm? - What's your name?
*Yn sem li [name] - My name is [name]
*Keik wymar iþ [thing] in Tėrmit? - How do you say [thing] in Togarmite?
*H' at/et/atøm wyðėver [language]? - Do you speak [language]?
*Ȝem ryžan, mør že šėnėn - Please say it again
*Hė lak/lek/lakøm - Here you go! (i.e. I just granted your request) (the source of the English expression is misinterpreted Togarmite)
**Note: In Ethiopia it's spelled without the space.
*Yn ryhaft li hu myli ȝem clėfi - My hovercraft is full of eels
*''En'' = Yes.
*''Lė'' = No.
 
==Sample texts==
=== Schleicher ===
''Yn kavš w' yn frasi''
 
''Kavš ly žė lė fė žamry ly jar frasi: hað γor maȝrevt šgul, hað mol hemly kvur, wy hað mol vennės vy fiz. Yn kavš mar: "Mrur li yn lev, oryn nėk wyrė vennės wyrkav frasi." Yn frasi mar: "Ažen, kavš! Mrur lanė yn lev oryn nan wyrė žinė: vennės, ym vol, woši lið afau mylvast mum me žamry lyn kavš. Wy lėš lyn kavš it žamry." Oryn yn kavš smaȝ žinė, hu mnaȝ lið yn šðe.''
 
Old Tog.:
 
''An xabše wan φarasīn''
 
''Χabše, žė lė hawė čamre lawh, φarasīn yarʔe: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn čamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše čamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.''
 
Hebrew:
 
{{rtl|הכבש והסוסים}}
 
{{rtl|כבש שלא היה לו צמר ראה סוסים: אחד גרר עגלה כבדה, אחד נשא עומס גדול, ואחד נשא בן אדם וזז מהר. אמר הכבש: "כואב לי לראות איך בן אדם רוכב סוסים." אמרו הסוסים: "הקשב, כבש, כואב לנו לראות זאת: בן אדם, האדון, עושה לעצמו בגד חמים מצמרו של הכבש. ולכבש אין צמר." לאחר ששמע זאת, ברח הכבש לתוך המישור.}}
 
===Lysėn Tėrmi, lysėn tlul===
* ''Hað arž, rav arži; hað γalt, rav γalti!''
* ''Jaumyn nėk wyktav, amsyn nėk yktøv; jaumyn nėk wydȝam, amsyn nėk ydȝøm! ''
 
===A biology abstract===
 
''Nan wymðøð yn tyγlim efgarjodeg metycrer lyn irišt TSP3 in ''Vruchorjon sbonerču''. TSP3 wygaðeg ginas nahelan rėkes ly brødezenjon, mygėma vym migrosbørelada gødognėji lyn rivosøm bosadeðeg, wy kahus ly TSP3 rahivyn ma'man ly fėt ym mojan ly garčin gøvothrødeg. In tyktøvt žinė nan wystyðrek wyngad tyvhin kyli-ȝywur Rɪᴄᴇʀ-Jᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋɪ, žė rykės TSP3 lið yn ȝakuvan følochrøpsenas wygrė (p = 0.04) nyn øbodreløma ly gød ''Vrukorjon'' slim møran ety'yfusi aðenodoksen nyhut. Ly tymacu žinė vė fėt ramuzi mø'avjunė lið yn ðrės ly ðesglørøma sømvrøchi.''
 
We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in ''Bruchorium sponercii''. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.04) in the hypotrellome of a healthy ''Bruchorium'' cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma.
 
===Newton's laws of motion===
''I: Ðvar wyšvat vy ðemi, o vy ȝytėg enomorf, lulė yðraȝ wybarkes ȝal že.''
 
I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it.
 
''II: Yn šanuj nyn tyȝtig ly všar že mytkøni lið yn øtisi møtyfacar ȝlėm všar; w' yn šanuj wygrė ðarkyn yn gau tygin ȝal žė øtisi ži vė møtyfacar ȝal.''
 
II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied.
 
''III: Iš ly køl barkis it tybarkis is w' andethed.''
 
III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
 
===O how quickly the sculpture of life===
<poem>
''O! Kma fizit ym myglaȝ ly heiwėt''
''Šaver in demaša zydarder!''
''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau''
''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali jam.''
''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,''
''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.''
''Køl lanė møðawan ȝal ym barkisi lanė;''
''Hamnė wyhėv lið yn ȝni, w' aγatheržijėt lið hajðuð.''
 
O how quickly the sculpture of life
Shattered into tiny fragments!
The splendor of the king on his throne
Is completely swept away by sea-waves.
Ye who come hither stationed here,
By the grace of God ye are guests on earth.
All of us are judged according to our actions;
Let us give to the needy, and do charity towards one another.
</poem>
 
===Warming Up To You===
<poem>
'''Wetyhmem liðak'''
Kenak at vė mėt in klėt,
Nėk wyrtyvec nym mimut lak,
Ym mimut žė azė'en yn hagranut,
Yn ȝyli lyn jeðȝy;
Yn γant žė lak stul in žinė ryvuȝ aðmyt
Wy žė at vė nyžėr lið ðėr wy ðėr.
</poem>
 
===Stairway To Heaven===
<poem>
'''Maȝlyt lið yn Symeinit'''
Iš volt žė hi šur
Køl žė nėher že žahav
Wy hi wyzvan maȝlyt lið yn symeinit
</poem>
 
===UDHR===
''Køl nės mewølað rur w' is in akšobrebja wy žykawi. Høm møtyhanan by ložegi wy syniðisi wy høvu barkus lið hajðuð vyn ruh l'ahwut.''


big in ßaþwiþ:


*gedehl / gedehlen
[[Category:Languages]]
*gedehlt / gedehlten
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
*gedehli / gedehlil
*gedehlehþ / gedehlehþil
IlL
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