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Togarmite: Difference between revisions

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Togarmite (view source)

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|creator = Praimhín
|image =  
|image =  
|setting = Irta
|setting = Irta
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*loss of grammatical gender
*loss of grammatical gender
*loss of the passive binyanim
*loss of the passive binyanim
*loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs
*loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs (where they form the w-form); erosion of the prefix paradigm (used for the past tense, like the Hebrew waw-consecutive preterite) to the point where subject pronouns are required
*the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe
*the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe
*the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs
*the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs
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* Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic and gives a Welsh aesthetic to Greek loans
* Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic and gives a Welsh aesthetic to Greek loans
* Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic
* Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic
*Should be Iberian?
* Should be spoken in our Turkey?
*A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs
*A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs
*Gzarot
*Gzarot
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*Declensions
*Declensions
*Lots of triconsonantified Greek words
*Lots of triconsonantified Greek words
*A bit more arabic isoglosses / semantic shifts in a general Arabic direction
*A bit more Aramaic isoglosses / semantic shifts in a general Aramaic direction
*Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes
*Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes
*Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names?
*Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names?
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Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables.
Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables.


''a e ė i o ø u y'' /ɑ ɛ e i o ø u (ə)/
''a e ė i o ø u y'' /ɑ æ e i o ø u (ə)/


''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/
''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/
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|-
|-
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''frir'' || ''frij'''ėt'''''
| ''frit'' || ''frij'''ėt'''''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk yktøban''
| ''nėk yktøvan''
| ''at/et yktøban''
| ''at/et yktøvan''
| ''hu/hi ktøban''
| ''hu/hi ktøvan''
| ''nan ktøban''
| ''nan ktøvan''
| ''atøm ktøban''
| ''atøm ktøvan''
| ''høm ktøban''
| ''høm ktøvan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
Line 1,031: Line 1,032:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx ymydrasi''
| ''nėk ymyðrasi''
| ''aþ/eþ ymydrasi''
| ''at/et ymyðrasi''
| ''hu/hi mydrasi''
| ''hu/hi myðrasi''
| ''nan mydrasi''
| ''nan myðrasi''
| ''aþøm mydrasi''
| ''atøm myðrasi''
| ''høm mydrasi''
| ''høm myðrasi''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wymydrasi''
| ''fiti wymyðrasi''
| ''fit wymydrasi''
| ''fit wymyðrasi''
| ''fė wymydrasi''
| ''fė wymyðrasi''
| ''finė wymydrasi''
| ''finė wymyðrasi''
| ''fitøm wymydrasi''
| ''fitøm wymyðrasi''
| ''fu wymydrasi''
| ''fu wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx wymydrasi''
| ''nėk wymyðrasi''
| ''aþ/eþ wymydrasi''
| ''at/et wymyðrasi''
| ''hu/hi wymydrasi''
| ''hu/hi wymyðrasi''
| ''nan wymydrasi''
| ''nan wymyðrasi''
| ''aþøm wymydrasi''
| ''atøm wymyðrasi''
| ''høm wymydrasi''
| ''høm wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx lu wymydrasi''
| ''nėk lu wymyðrasi''
| ''aþ/eþ lu wymydrasi''
| ''at/et lu wymyðrasi''
| ''hu/hi lu wymydrasi''
| ''hu/hi lu wymyðrasi''
| ''nan lu wymydrasi''
| ''nan lu wymyðrasi''
| ''aþøm lu wymydrasi''
| ''atøm lu wymyðrasi''
| ''høm lu wymydrasi''
| ''høm lu wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx ymydrasan''
| ''nėk ymyðrasan''
| ''aþ/eþ ymydrasan''
| ''at/et ymyðrasan''
| ''hu/hi mydrasan''
| ''hu/hi myðrasan''
| ''nan mydrasan''
| ''nan myðrasan''
| ''aþøm mydrasun''
| ''atøm myðrasun''
| ''høm mydrasun''
| ''høm myðrasun''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėx bė mydrasėþ''
| ''nėk bė myðrasėt''
| ''aþ bė mydrasėþ''
| ''at bė myðrasėt''
| ''hu bė mydrasėþ''
| ''hu bė myðrasėt''
| ''nėbu mydrasėþ''
| ''nėbu myðrasėt''
| ''aþøm bė mydrasėþ''
| ''atøm bė myðrasėt''
| ''høm bė mydrasėþ''
| ''høm bė myðrasėt''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
| ''li mømydrasa''
| ''li mømyðrasa''
| ''lax/lex mømydrasa''
| ''lax/lex mømyðrasa''
| ''lau/la mømydrasa''
| ''lau/la mømyðrasa''
| ''lanė mømydrasa''
| ''lanė mømyðrasa''
| ''laxøm mømydrasa''
| ''laxøm mømyðrasa''
| ''laum mømydrasa''
| ''laum mømyðrasa''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''mydrasi!''
|colspan=6| ''myðrasi!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''mømydrasė''
|colspan=6| ''mømyðrasė''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''mydrasa''
|colspan=6| ''myðrasa''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wymydrasi''
|colspan=6| ''wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''mydrasėþ''
|colspan=6| ''myðrasėt''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx fiþ''
| ''nėk fit''
| ''aþ fiþ''
| ''at fit''
| ''hu fė''
| ''hu fė''
| ''nan fu''
| ''nan fu''
| ''aþøm fu''
| ''atøm fu''
| ''høm fu''
| ''høm fu''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''nėx fiþ fė''
| ''nėk fit fė''
| ''aþ fiþ fė''
| ''at fit fė''
| ''hu fė fė''
| ''hu fė fė''
| ''nan fu fė''
| ''nan fu fė''
| ''aþøm fu fė''
| ''atøm fu fė''
| ''høm fu fė''
| ''høm fu fė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''(nėx)''  
| ''(nėk)''  
| ''(aþ/eþ)''  
| ''(at/et)''  
| ''(hu/hi)''  
| ''(hu/hi)''  
| ''(nan)''
| ''(nan)''
| ''(aþøm)''
| ''(atøm)''
| ''(høm)''
| ''(høm)''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx lu fė''
| ''nėk lu fė''
| ''aþ/eþ lu fė''
| ''at/et lu fė''
| ''hu/hi lu fė''
| ''hu/hi lu fė''
| ''nan lu fė''
| ''nan lu fė''
| ''aþøm lu fė''
| ''atøm lu fė''
| ''høm lu fė''
| ''høm lu fė''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx yfijan''
| ''nėk yfijan''
| ''aþ yfijan''
| ''at yfijan''
| ''hu fijan''
| ''hu fijan''
| ''nan fijan''
| ''nan fijan''
| ''aþøm fijan''
| ''atøm fijan''
| ''høm fijan''
| ''høm fijan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėx bė fėþ''
| ''nėk bė fėt''
| ''aþ bė fėþ''
| ''at bė fėt''
| ''hu bė fėþ''
| ''hu bė fėt''
| ''nan bė fėþ''
| ''nan bė fėt''
| ''aþøm bė fėþ''
| ''atøm bė fėt''
| ''høm bė fėþ''
| ''høm bė fėt''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
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|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''fėþ''
|colspan=6| ''fėt''
|}
|}


===''kėl'' 'can'===
===''kėl'' 'can'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''xėl'' 'can'
|+ ''kėl'' 'can'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx yxel''
| ''nėk ikel''
| ''aþ/eþ yxel''
| ''at/et ikel''
| ''hu/hi xel''
| ''hu/hi kel''
| ''nan xel''
| ''nan kel''
| ''aþøm xel''
| ''atøm kel''
| ''høm xel''
| ''høm kel''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''nėx fiþ wėxel''
| ''nėk fit wėkel''
| ''aþ fiþ wėxel''
| ''at fit wėkel''
| ''hu fė wėxel''
| ''hu fė wėkel''
| ''nan fu wėxel''
| ''nan fu wėkel''
| ''aþøm fu wėxel''
| ''atøm fu wėkel''
| ''høm fu wėxel''
| ''høm fu wėkel''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx wėxel''
| ''nėk wėkel''
| ''aþ wėxel''
| ''at wėkel''
| ''hu wėxel''
| ''hu wėkel''
| ''nan wėxel''
| ''nan wėkel''
| ''aþøm wėxel''
| ''atøm wėkel''
| ''høm wėxel''
| ''høm wėkel''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx yxelan''
| ''nėk ikelan''
| ''aþ/eþ yxelan''
| ''at/et ikelan''
| ''hu/hi xelan''
| ''hu/hi kelan''
| ''nan xelan''
| ''nan kelan''
| ''aþøm xelan''
| ''atøm kelan''
| ''høm xelan''
| ''høm kelan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėx bė xėl''
| ''nėk bė kėl''
| ''aþ bė xėl''
| ''at bė kėl''
| ''hu bė xėl''
| ''hu bė kėl''
| ''nan bė xėl''
| ''nan bė kėl''
| ''aþøm bė xėl''
| ''atøm bė kėl''
| ''høm bė xėl''
| ''høm bė kėl''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
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|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''fuj wėxel''
|colspan=6| ''fuj wėkel''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wėxel''
|colspan=6| ''wėkel''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''xėl''
|colspan=6| ''kėl''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''nėx fiþ høbė''
| ''nėk fit høbė''
| ''aþ fiþ høbė''
| ''at fit høbė''
| ''hu fė høbė''
| ''hu fė høbė''
| ''nan fu høbu''
| ''nan fu høbu''
| ''aþøm fu høbu''
| ''atøm fu høbu''
| ''høm fu høbu''
| ''høm fu høbu''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx høbė''
| ''nėk høbė''
| ''aþ/eþ høbė''
| ''at/et høbė''
| ''hu/hi høbė''
| ''hu/hi høbė''
| ''nan høbu''
| ''nan høbu''
| ''aþøm høbu''
| ''atøm høbu''
| ''høm høbu''
| ''høm høbu''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx yrži''
| ''nėk yrži''
| ''aþ yrži''
| ''at yrži''
| ''hu yrži''
| ''hu yrži''
| ''nan yržu''
| ''nan yržu''
| ''aþøm yržu''
| ''atøm yržu''
| ''høm yržu''
| ''høm yržu''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''nėx fiþ wyrži''
| ''nėk fit wyrži''
| ''aþ fiþ wyrži''
| ''at fit wyrži''
| ''hu fė wyrži''
| ''hu fė wyrži''
| ''nan fu wyrži''
| ''nan fu wyrži''
| ''aþøm fu wyrži''
| ''atøm fu wyrži''
| ''høm fu wyrži''
| ''høm fu wyrži''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx ryžė''
| ''nėk ryžė''
| ''aþ/eþ ryžė''
| ''at/et ryžė''
| ''hu/hi ryžė''
| ''hu/hi ryžė''
| ''nan ryžu''
| ''nan ryžu''
| ''aþøm ryžu''
| ''atøm ryžu''
| ''høm ryžu''
| ''høm ryžu''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėx bė ryžėþ''
| ''nėk bė ryžėt''
| ''aþ bė ryžėþ''
| ''at bė ryžėt''
| ''hu bė ryžėþ''
| ''hu bė ryžėt''
| ''nan bė ryžėþ''
| ''nan bė ryžėt''
| ''aþøm bė ryžėþ''
| ''atøm bė ryžėt''
| ''høm bė ryžėþ''
| ''høm bė ryžėt''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
Line 1,323: Line 1,324:
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''ryžėþ''
|colspan=6| ''ryžėt''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx sør''
| ''nėk sør''
| ''aþ sør''
| ''at sør''
| ''hu sør''
| ''hu sør''
| ''nan sru''
| ''nan sru''
| ''aþøm sru''
| ''atøm sru''
| ''høm sru''
| ''høm sru''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''nėx fiþ wasar''
| ''nėk fit wasar''
| ''aþ fiþ wasar''
| ''at fit wasar''
| ''hu fė wasar''
| ''hu fė wasar''
| ''nan fu wasar''
| ''nan fu wasar''
| ''aþøm fu wasar''
| ''atøm fu wasar''
| ''høm fu wasar''
| ''høm fu wasar''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx wasar''
| ''nėk wasar''
| ''aþ/eþ wasar''
| ''at/et wasar''
| ''hu/hi wasar''
| ''hu/hi wasar''
| ''nan wasar''
| ''nan wasar''
| ''aþøm wasar''
| ''atøm wasar''
| ''høm wasar''
| ''høm wasar''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėx bė sėr''
| ''nėk bė sėr''
| ''aþ bė sėr''
| ''at bė sėr''
| ''hu bė sėr''
| ''hu bė sėr''
| ''nan bė sėr''
| ''nan bė sėr''
| ''aþøm bė sėr''
| ''atøm bė sėr''
| ''høm bė sėr''
| ''høm bė sėr''
|-
|-
Line 1,383: Line 1,384:


=== The auxiliary ''vė'' ===
=== The auxiliary ''vė'' ===
The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing')  is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive).
The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing')  is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive), like the German verb ''werden''.


* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)
* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)
* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened
* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened
* ''Yn γalt lež buj fytuh'' = The door has been opened
* ''Yn γalt lež vuj fytuh'' = The door has been opened
* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)
* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)
** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''.
** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''.
Line 1,404: Line 1,405:
Some prepositions:
Some prepositions:
*''in'' 'in' [from PSem *ina], ''in yn'' > ''nyn''
*''in'' 'in' [from PSem *ina], ''in yn'' > ''nyn''
** ini, inax, inex, inau, ina, inė, inxøm, inaum
** ini, inak, inek, inau, ina, inė, inkøm, inaum
*''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)'
*''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)'
*''by'' (''b' '' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)'
*''vy'' (''v' '' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)'
** bi, bax, bex, bau, ba, banė, baxøm, baum
** vi, vak, vek, vau, va, vanė, vakøm, vaum
*''šyde'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
*''šyðe'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'
** ''meni, menax, menex, menau, mena, menė, mexøm, menaum''
** ''meni, menak, menek, menau, mena, menė, mekøm, menaum''
*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)'
*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)'
** ''3emi, 3emax, 3emex, 3emau, 3ema, 3emnė, 3emxøm, 3emaum''
** ''3emi, 3emak, 3emek, 3emau, 3ema, 3emnė, 3emkøm, 3emaum''
*''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm''  
*''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm''  
** ''3lei, 3lėx, 3lėx, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėxøm, 3lėjøm''
** ''3lei, 3lėk, 3lėk, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėkøm, 3lėjøm''
*''lid'' 'to' (from ''*la-yad'' 'to the hand of')
*''lið'' 'to' (from ''*la-yad'' 'to the hand of')
*''løb'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'')
*''løv'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'')
**''Nėx wamen løb žinė'' - I believe in this
**''Nėk wamen løv žinė'' - I believe in this
**''Hu þ'yheb løba'' - He fell in love with her
**''Hu tyhev løva'' - He fell in love with her
*''ȝbar'' 'over'
*''ȝvar'' 'over'
*''þat'' 'under'
*''tat'' 'under'
*''arþo'' 'down' (from *ʔarþ-ah "earthward")
*''aržo'' 'down' (from *ʔarč̣-ah "earthward")
*''darxyn'' 'along'
*''ðarkyn'' 'along'
*''blėš'' 'without'
*''vlėš'' 'without'
===Syntax of prepositions===
===Syntax of prepositions===


Line 1,488: Line 1,489:
===Fractional===
===Fractional===
Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhðy'' is used for numerals ending in "1".
Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhðy'' is used for numerals ending in "1".
*half = gøv (from *gunb- 'side')
*half = γøv (from *gunb- 'side')
*3rd = šølšy
*3rd = šølšy
*4th = røvȝy
*4th = røvȝy
Line 1,643: Line 1,644:
''Šaver in demaša zydarder!''
''Šaver in demaša zydarder!''
''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau''
''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau''
''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali vor.''
''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali jam.''
''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,''
''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,''
''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.''
''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.''
IlL
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edits

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