Hothenese

Todo

-hir - -ful

Native name: Hôthene mâl

Add more Estonian/old Medh Nghêl gibbiness

Phonology: p t k b d g f θ x ð h m n ŋ l r s ʒ j ʋ + Finnish vowels

Mutations (productive): p t k s -> f θ x h; p t k s f -> b d g ʒ ʋ

Only a handful of nouns should begin with f

Declensions:

e-stem rŷch: rŷch, rŷchi, rŷched, rŷchel, rŷchez, rŷchev, rŷche!

a-stem cô: cô, côi, côad, côal, côaz, côav, côa!

o-stem serr: serr, serri, serrœd, serrœl, serrœz, serrœv, serrœ!

apparent-vowel calo: calo, calo, calod, calol, caloz, calov, calo!

t-stem mened: mened, menez, meneth, menedel, menet, menep, mened!

s-stem fôraz: fôraz, fôraz, fôrâth, fôrazel, fôras, fôraf, fôraz!

n-stem cŷthen: cŷthen, cŷthen, cŷthenn, cŷthenel, cŷthêz, cŷthemm, cŷthen!

nen-stem Pellæne: Pellæne, Pellæz, Pellæ̂th, Pellæzel, Pellæs, Pellæf, Pellæz!

Plurals use a particle ma which triggers a spirant mutation (numbers likewise trigger a spirant mutation)

Pronouns

êz, enn, êth, ennel, ennez/ês, ennev/êf = 1SG

lâ, lân, lâd, lâl, lâz, lâv - 2SG

lær, læri, læ^r, lærel, lærez, lærev - 2PL

2SG and 2PL forms? honorifics?

ia, iân, iâth, iâzel, iâs, iâzev = 3SG

hŷz, hynn, hŷth, hynnel, hynnez/hŷs, hynnev/hŷf = 1PL

tôch, tôch, tôth, tôchel, tôchez, tôchev = 3PL

mole, molen, moled, molel, molez, molev = impersonal

all: fîr, fîri, fîr, fîrel, fîrez, fîrev

some: cen, cen, cenn, cenel, cêz, cemm

any: lâth, lâthe, lâthed, lâthel, lâthez, lâthev

Adjectives

Invariable? Just nominative and oblique forms?

Verbs

This is only a rough idea

Thematic verbs (ending with e, a, æ, o, œ, u or y typically)

Change 1PL -dh to -b

pêthe-: pêthen, pêtheth, pêthe, pêthedh, pêthed, pêther

infinitive pêthev

S-stem verbs:

loz-: lozin, lozith, loz, lozidh, lozid, lozir

infinitive lôth

T-stem verbs:

sed-: sedin, sedith, sed, sedidh, sedid, sedir

infinitive set

L-stem verbs:

rothel-: rothelin, rothelith, rothel, rothelidh, rothelid, rothelir

infinitive rothell

R-stem verbs:

sæer-: sæerin, sæerith, sæer, sæeridh, sæerid, sæerir

infinitive sæer (underlying *sæerr; but words can't end in a long vowel followed by a double consonant)

Honorifics use -r instead of the 2sg, 3sg and 2pl forms

Other tenses, aspects and moods

The preterite tense uses the suffixes -An, -Ath, -A, -Adh, -Ad, -Ar after the infinitive form. For example:

pêthevæn, pêthevæth, pêthevæ, pêthevædh, pêthevæd, pêthevær

lôthan, lôthath, lôtha, lôthadh, lôthad, lôthar

setæn, setæth, setæ, setædh, setæd, setær

The future imperfective works by removing the -n from the 1st person singular present tense and adding the suffixes -nÛch, -nÛth, -nUd, -nUth, -nUt, -nÛr?

Imperfect? Future?

Negative: a particle which soft mutates the verb

Nonfinite forms

(other than the infinitive)

Attributive: same as the 1SG present or past but with -n replaced by -m

Notes

Uninflected verbs should mean something (many of them appear in the sample)

Derivational morphology

-edU/-AdU/-OdU/-tU/-^thU/-nnU/-^thU? (reflex of a hypothetical -tu/-ty in a finnish gib)

-edA/-AdA/-OdA/-tA/-^thA/-nnA/-^thA? (reflex of a hypothetical -ta/-tä in a finnish gib)

-ze- (after thematic verbs); -ize- (after athematic verbs): passive

Numbers

oz, cîn, synn, raed, lîth, rœ̂v, fælinn, sŷtheb, rôtheb, ûth

ûthoz, ûthcîn, ûthsynn, ûthraed ...

pecher (20), synnœt (30), raedhot (40), lîthœt (50), rœ̂vœt (60), fælinœt (70), sŷthvot (80), rôthvot (90), tæez (100)

Miscellaneous ideas

A Wackernagel-like law (with particles such as conjunctions generally appearing in second position, like Latin enim) is a Hothenese innovation (neither the parent language Ryctiac nor another descendant of it, Rhythoed, has it)

Sample text

Menez cŷth se fârozel, pêthæd êth choezane,
Hæedhæd nôth sœ̂llechænyd, mîv silmad firized.
Laev âdhad cu lôrozel, iormâch êched hŷne,
Têchab se cathelhireth, iog silmad mydized.

As the days wander on, and summer turns to winter,
And hopes vanish, a light shines far away.
Though Fortune's wheel turns, oblivious to our struggles,
we skillful beings work hard, seeking the light of day.

Menez cŷth se fârozel = moment-PL on PART wander-CONJ
pêthæd êth choezane = winter.DAT turn summer
Hæedhæd nôth sœ̂llechænyd = void.DAT hope vanish-PERF
mîv silmad firized = shine light.DAT distance.GEN.DAT
Laev âdhad cu lôrozel = wheel fortune.DAT though turns
iormâch êched hŷne = oblivious struggle.DAT 1PL
têchab se cathelhir-eth = work-hard.1PL PART skillful-COLL
iog silmad mydized = look light.DAT day.GEN.DAT