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Lántun: Difference between revisions
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===Syllable structure=== | ===Syllable structure=== | ||
The most typical syllable structure is '''CV''' and '''CVC''' (where '''C''' is any consonant, and '''V''' is any vowel). However, | The most typical syllable structure is '''CV''' and '''CVC''' (where '''C''' is any consonant, and '''V''' is any vowel). However, because of the vowel syncope, consonant clusters can occur within a syllable, such as in the word ''sve'' [s̺ʰʋe̞꜊] “to exist”. In dialects [ə] may usually break these clusters – [s̺ʰə.ʋe̞꜊]. | ||
The main root syllable is generally recognised as being monosyllabic of the form '''(C)VC'''. Disyllabic roots, although common, are derived from monosyllabic with augment formatives, or simply '''augments'''. They act as suffixes and typically have the form '''-VC'''. This, in turn, may be followed by additional secondary augments that often merge together via the process of [[w:Syncope (phonology)|syncope]]. Thus, it is convenient to analyse Lántun roots through a general formula – '''<sup>01</sup>C<sub>1</sub><sup>12</sup>V<sub>1</sub><sup>12</sup>C<sub>2</sub>''', with the form '''<sup>m</sup>C<sub>n</sub>''', in which '''m''' is the "strength" of a consonant (m=0 being [∅], m=1 being a consonant with no tone and m=2 being a consonant with tone. For vowels m=1 indicates that a vowel is short and m=2 indicates a long vowel); and '''n''' is a position of a sound in the root. However, due to various phonological processes that occur in the root, only three simple root patterns are allowed (with the additional fourth pattern arising from augmentation, e.g. adding an augment to a root). The three patterns are: | The main root syllable is generally recognised as being monosyllabic of the form '''(C)VC'''. Disyllabic roots, although common, are derived from monosyllabic with augment formatives, or simply '''augments'''. They act as suffixes and typically have the form '''-VC'''. This, in turn, may be followed by additional secondary augments that often merge together via the process of [[w:Syncope (phonology)|syncope]]. Thus, it is convenient to analyse Lántun roots through a general formula – '''<sup>01</sup>C<sub>1</sub><sup>12</sup>V<sub>1</sub><sup>12</sup>C<sub>2</sub>''', with the form '''<sup>m</sup>C<sub>n</sub>''', in which '''m''' is the "strength" of a consonant (m=0 being [∅], m=1 being a consonant with no tone and m=2 being a consonant with tone. For vowels m=1 indicates that a vowel is short and m=2 indicates a long vowel); and '''n''' is a position of a sound in the root. However, due to various phonological processes that occur in the root, only three simple root patterns are allowed (with the additional fourth pattern arising from augmentation, e.g. adding an augment to a root). The three patterns are: | ||
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Neither prefixes nor suffixes follow these patterns, suggesting that they is a more recent layer of morphology, which contrast with more ancient root alternations. The table shows that some root patterns may look identical on the surface, despite belonging to different types: ''tōme'' “it is spacious” and '' | Neither prefixes nor suffixes follow these patterns, suggesting that they is a more recent layer of morphology, which contrast with more ancient root alternations. The table shows that some root patterns may look identical on the surface, despite belonging to different types: ''tōme'' “it is spacious” and ''tǒne'' “era, long time” both seem to be Type 2, but the latter is actually Type A1<sub>1</sub>. The former has a simple root ''√TŌM'', while the latter has an augmented root ''√TOG+N''. | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
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! Black* | ! Black* | ||
| inanimate | | inanimate | ||
| Used to refer to a person that is not alive. Using with first person is impossible. Can be used to refer to artificial intelligence (e.g. robots). | | Used to refer to a person that is not alive. Using with first or second person is impossible. Can be used to refer to artificial intelligence (e.g. robots). | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| <small>3pl</small> | | <small>3pl</small> | ||
| <small>mood</small> | | <small>mood</small> | ||
| <small>3du.Ag | | <small>3du.Ag<br />2pl</small> | ||
| <small>2du.Pat<br />1du.Pat</small> | | <small>2du.Pat<br />1du.Pat</small> | ||
| <small>incl.<br />excl.</small> | | <small>incl.<br />excl.</small> | ||
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| <small>indirect<br />object</small> | | <small>indirect<br />object</small> | ||
| <small>3sg.Ag<br />3du.Ag</small> | | <small>3sg.Ag<br />3du.Ag</small> | ||
| | | <small>2pl<br />2du.Pat<br />1du.Pat</small> | ||
| <small>incl.<br />excl.</small> | | <small>incl.<br />excl.</small> | ||
| <small>3pl</small> | | <small>3pl</small> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Other suffixes==== | |||
The slot '''s1''' of the suffix conjugation occupies it place immediately after the stem and has three functions: [[w:Reflexive verb|reflexive]], [[w:Reciprocal construction|reciprocal]], [[w:Affirmation and negation|negative]] and negative reflexive and negative reciprocal. Negation of the verb is generally marked with the suffix ''-(k)y'', but this is not always the case, as this suffix sometimes fuses to the stem: ''tak-ky-u-∅-a → tỳkku'' “they don’t make it”. Reflexive is marked with the suffix ''-s'' and reciprocal – with ''-ri'', for example: ''tol'''s'''ida'' “he is talking to himself”; ''átor'''ri'''da'' “they two are talking to each other”. When used together, the negative and reflexive or reciprocal suffixes merge: ''-sy'' for reflexive and ''-ry'' for reciprocal; these two suffixes never merge with the stem themselves ''tak-sy-∅-u → tassyku'' “it hasn’t appeared on its own”. The slot corresponds to ''p1'' of the prefix conjugation. | |||
The slot '''s2''' of the suffix conjugation represents tense-aspect-voice category and corresponds to '''s1''' of the prefix conjugation. It includes three suffixes: [[w:Preterite|preterite]], ''-n'' [[w:Passive voice|passive]] ''-uk'', [[w:Causative|causative]] ''-(i)da'', the latter of which merge into [[w:Anticausative verb|anticausative]] ''-ud(a)'', if used together. The preterite suffix merged with suffixes of the ''s3'' and ''s5'' slots and can occasionally merge with the stem, though usually new regular verb forms would be used in such instances: ''ne-n-ŋ-i-a → ''*néŋŋi'' (old form), ''nenaŋi'' (new form) “we (incl.) see”. | |||
The '''s4''' slot has a suffix ''-k(u)'' that marks dual of the first or second person and can only be filled after the '''s3''' or '''s5''' slots (even if the s3-suffix is a zero morpheme): in case when the suffix merges with the suffix or the stem, new forms, formed by analogy, appear instead ''tak-k-ki-a → takakki'' “you two used to speak”. It corresponds to '''p3''' of the prefix conjugation. | |||
The '''s6''' slot contains a suffix ''-ū'' representing 3rd person plural and corresponds to '''p5''' of the prefix conjugation. It can absorb adjacent vowels of other suffixes, if present, which elides the vowel, while its accent shifts to the previous syllable, for example: ''tak-ū-âk-a → tak'''û'''ka'' “they talk to a violet one”. | |||
The '''s7''' slot represents the category of [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]]. The suffixes of this slot are: [[w:Irrealis mood|irrealis]] ''-(i)slî'', used when the subject is plural, and ''-l'', used in all other instances; [[w:Optative mood|optative-imperative]] ''-du(h)'' and [[w:Interrogative|interrogative]] ''-(k)ō'', which becomes ''-(k)ô'' near a tonally-marked syllable. The latter two suffixes can merge into one, this is more typical for the prefix-conjugation verbs: ''nalavokar'''dō''''' “would you do it for me?”, which occupies the slot '''s2''' instead. | |||
The '''s8''' slot of the suffix conjugation contains suffixes for dual number of the 3rd person agent ''-ò'' (although this is usually replaced with the ''á-'' formative, since the vowel suffix is easily erroded), the plural of the second person direct object ''-(o)t'' and subject ''-(g)î''. | |||
The suffixes of the '''s9''' slot mark the dual number of the first person patient – ''-ij'', – and the second person patient – ''-uv''. This slot is preceded by '''s10''', which contains suffixes of [[w:Clusivity|clusivity]]: ''-(j)e'' (exclusive) and ''-i'' (inclusive), and which corresponds to '''p6''' of the prefixing conjugation. | |||
The final slot of the suffix conjugation '''s12''' contains [[w:Focus (linguistics)|focus]] markers. The focus marker describe new, prominent or previously mentioned information. Among nouns and stative verbs focus markers are used for agreement and establishment of syntactic functions, and this agreement is then reflected on the main verb. The slot contains two subsets of suffixes – one is used to mark relationship between subject and object based on their distance; the other is used to indicate, which part of speech is marked. The two subsets act in a slightly different manner, but they form a single system (in the table below the symbol ''V'' represents a vowel from the other set): | |||
{| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" frame=void style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! proximal<br>subj. | |||
! mesioproximal<br>subj. | |||
! mesiodistal<br>subj. | |||
! distal<br>subj. | |||
|- | |||
! proximal<br>obj. | |||
| -V- | |||
| -ḥV- | |||
| -akV- | |||
| -atV- | |||
|- | |||
! mesioproximal<br>obj. | |||
| -asV- | |||
| -sV- | |||
| -usV- | |||
| -ucV- | |||
|- | |||
! mesiodistal<br>obj. | |||
| -(g)øsV- | |||
| -gV- | |||
| -(l)ø(r)V- | |||
| -(g)usV- | |||
|- | |||
! distal<br>obj. | |||
| -ru(m)- | |||
| -hu- | |||
| -hurV- | |||
| -gurV- | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" frame=void style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! Subject | |||
! Oblique<br>Object | |||
! Direct<br>Object | |||
|- | |||
! proximal | |||
| ''-(a)'' | |||
| ''-(i)'' | |||
| ''-(e)'' | |||
|- | |||
! mesioproximal | |||
| ''-Vs'' | |||
| ''-is'' | |||
| ''-es'' | |||
|- | |||
! mesiodistal | |||
| ''-Vr'' | |||
| ''-ir'' | |||
| ''-er'' | |||
|- | |||
! distal | |||
| ''-(i)far'' | |||
| ''-(i)fir'' | |||
| ''-(i)fer'' | |||
|- | |||
! Inverse<br>marker | |||
| ''-(h/g)on'' | |||
| ''-ihen'' | |||
| ''-hen'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
The inverse marker is not semantically one of the focus markers, but it occupies the same slot, so it is viewed as being part of the focus marker system. The inverse marker reverts the relation between person markers to the opposite and is only used in conjunction with '''s3''' or '''s5''' slots (and their prefix-conjugation counterparts). | |||
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