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Tocharian D: Difference between revisions

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Tocharian D (view source)

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===Noun===
===Noun===
{{See|sub|Nouns}}
In addition to the six cases inherited from the Proto Indo-European Language (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, vocative), secondary cases are formed by suffixes. For example, the Tocharian D word yähwa "horse" < PIE *eḱwos is declined as follows:
In addition to the six cases inherited from the Proto Indo-European Language (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, vocative), secondary cases are formed by suffixes. For example, the Tocharian D word yähwa "horse" < PIE *eḱwos is declined as follows:


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|  -ñ
|  -ñ
|  yähwañ
|  yähwañ
|  yähwanñ
|  yähwaññ
|}
|}


===Verb===
===Verb===
Tocharian verbs are conjugated in the following categories:
{{See|sub|Verbs}}
Tocharian D verbs are conjugated in the following categories:
*Mood: indicative, subjunctive, imperative.
*Mood: indicative, subjunctive, imperative.
*Tense: present, past.
*Tense: present, past.
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|''five''||'''fim'''||'''päñ'''||'''piś'''||pénte||páñca||quīnque||*fimf||fimf||cóic||*pętь||''*pénkʷe''
|''five''||'''fim'''||'''päñ'''||'''piś'''||pénte||páñca||quīnque||*fimf||fimf||cóic||*pętь||''*pénkʷe''
|-
|-
|''six''||'''tsäh'''||'''ṣäk'''||'''ṣkas'''||héx||ṣáṣ||sex||*sehs||saihs||sé||*šestь||''*swéḱs''
|''six''||'''śäh'''||'''ṣäk'''||'''ṣkas'''||héx||ṣáṣ||sex||*sehs||saihs||sé||*šestь||''*swéḱs''
|-
|-
|''seven''||'''tsäp'''||'''ṣpät'''||'''ṣukt'''||heptá||saptá||septem||*sebun||sibun||secht||*sedmь||''*septḿ̥''
|''seven''||'''śäp'''||'''ṣpät'''||'''ṣukt'''||heptá||saptá||septem||*sebun||sibun||secht||*sedmь||''*septḿ̥''
|-
|-
|''eight''||''' ahto'''||'''okät'''||'''okt'''||oktṓ||aṣṭáu, aṣṭá||octō||*ahtōu||ahtau||ocht||*osmь||''*oḱtṓw''
|''eight''||''' ahto'''||'''okät'''||'''okt'''||oktṓ||aṣṭáu, aṣṭá||octō||*ahtōu||ahtau||ocht||*osmь||''*oḱtṓw''
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|''brother''||'''pracer'''||'''pracar'''||'''procer'''||phrā́tēr||bhrātṛ||frāter||*brōþēr||brōþar||bráthair||*bràtrъ||''*bʰréh₂tēr''
|''brother''||'''pracer'''||'''pracar'''||'''procer'''||phrā́tēr||bhrātṛ||frāter||*brōþēr||brōþar||bráthair||*bràtrъ||''*bʰréh₂tēr''
|-
|-
|''sister''||'''tsäster'''||'''ṣar'''||'''ṣer'''||éor||svásṛ||soror||*swestēr||swistar||siur||*sestrà||''*swésōr''
|''sister''||'''śyäscer'''||'''ṣar'''||'''ṣer'''||éor||svásṛ||soror||*swestēr||swistar||siur||*sestrà||''*swésōr''
|-
|-
|''horse''||'''yähwa'''||'''yuk'''||'''yakwe'''||híppos||áśva-||equus||*ehwaz||aiƕs||ech||([[w:Balto-Slavic|Balto-Slavic]] ''*áśwāˀ'')||''*h₁éḱwos''
|''horse''||'''yähwa'''||'''yuk'''||'''yakwe'''||híppos||áśva-||equus||*ehwaz||aiƕs||ech||([[w:Balto-Slavic|Balto-Slavic]] ''*áśwāˀ'')||''*h₁éḱwos''
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|''to milk''||'''milkana'''||'''mālkā'''||'''mālkant'''||amélgein||–||mulgēre||*melkaną||miluks||bligid ([[w:Middle Irish|MIr]])||*melzti||''*h₂melǵ-eye''
|''to milk''||'''milkana'''||'''mālkā'''||'''mālkant'''||amélgein||–||mulgēre||*melkaną||miluks||bligid ([[w:Middle Irish|MIr]])||*melzti||''*h₂melǵ-eye''
|}
|}
==Sample==
Schleicher's fable in Tocharian D:
:{{cardo|scepa špä yähwimpa}}
:{{cardosmall|scepa, kuse ñä wälla hafacet, yähwan šehwt; ayna swerana wakna waht, ayna mitsälana perpent, ayna kwämanu ramer waht. scepa yähwan sascet: “mina tsärta mik smircac, ente yähwan tŕipa kwämanu šähwa .” yähwi satsetanc: “pähluš, scep! wänšära tsärti wä smircanc ente θana šähwama: ente kwäma, käššä, scepay wälla yäna warmana wetsice skapic. špä scepa ñä wälla hapic.” ente θa hoša, scepa mišanë floht.}}
{| style="margin:0 auto;font-size: 90%;" class="toccolours" colspan="2" cellpadding="3"
|-
|align=center colspan=13 style="background:#ccf"| '''vocabulary'''
|-
|- bgcolor="#cdcdcd"
|-
!'''''Toch. D'''''!! meaning !! Toch. B
|-
|'''scepa''' nom.(a-stem)||sheep(cognite of PGm *skēpą)||śaiyye, eye
|-
|'''yähwa''' nom.(a-stem)||horse(< PToch yäkwe)||haye, yakwe
|-
|'''kuse''' REL||that(relative pronoun)||kuce
|-
|'''wälla''' nom.(ō-stem)||wool||yok
|-
|'''ñä'''||no, not any||mā
|-
|'''hapia''' v.(weak)||have||?
|-
|'''šähwa''' v.(Strong class5)||see(*sehwaną)||läk-, pälk-
|-
|'''ayna''' nom.(a-stem)||one||še
|-
|'''swera''' adj.||heavy(*swēraz)||kramartstse
|-
|'''wakna''' nom.(a-stem)||wagon||kleńke, kokale
|-
|'''yäka''' v.(strong class5)||pull||yärtt-
|-
|'''mitsälana''' adj.||big, large||orotstse
|-
|'''perpent''' nom.(root-stem)||load, burden||calle, perpette, talle
|-
|'''kwäma''' nom.(an-stem)||man, human||śaumo
|-
|'''ramer''' adv.||quickly, suddenly||ramer, ñatke
|-
|'''satsa''' v.(weak)||say||we-
|-
|'''yak/mik/mina/mi'''||pron.1.sg.||ñaś
|-
|'''tsärta''' nom.(an-stem)||heart||arañce
|-
|'''smirta''' v.(strong class3)||hurt, pain||mi-
|-
|'''tŕipa''' v.(strong class1)||drive||āk-, kälts-
|-
|'''hluša''' v.(strong class2-u)||listen, hear||klyaus-
|-
|'''wi/wä/wänšära/wänš'''||pron.1.pl.||wes
|-
|'''käššä''' nom.(i-stem)||teacher, master||käššī, upādhyāye
|-
|'''yä/yäna/yä/yämay'''||pron.3.sg.m.||su
|-
|'''warma''' adj.||warm||emalle
|-
|'''wetsä''' nom.(i-stem)||garment, clothes||wastsi, yesti
|-
|'''skapa''' v.(strong class6)||make, create||klutk-, yām-, ritt-
|-
|'''θa/θana/θa/θamay'''||pron.3.sg.n.||te, tu
|-
|'''hoši''' v.(weak)||listen, hear||klyaus-
|-
|'''miša''' nom.(a-stem)||plain, field||mīše, keta, šito (?)
|-
|'''flyoha''' v.(strong class2-e)||flee, escape||mlutk-
|-
Ogogogouy
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