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===Noun=== | ===Noun=== | ||
{{See|sub|Nouns}} | |||
In addition to the six cases inherited from the Proto Indo-European Language (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, vocative), secondary cases are formed by suffixes. For example, the Tocharian D word yähwa "horse" < PIE *eḱwos is declined as follows: | In addition to the six cases inherited from the Proto Indo-European Language (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, vocative), secondary cases are formed by suffixes. For example, the Tocharian D word yähwa "horse" < PIE *eḱwos is declined as follows: | ||
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| -ñ | | -ñ | ||
| yähwañ | | yähwañ | ||
| | | yähwaññ | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Verb=== | ===Verb=== | ||
Tocharian verbs are conjugated in the following categories: | {{See|sub|Verbs}} | ||
Tocharian D verbs are conjugated in the following categories: | |||
*Mood: indicative, subjunctive, imperative. | *Mood: indicative, subjunctive, imperative. | ||
*Tense: present, past. | *Tense: present, past. | ||
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|''five''||'''fim'''||'''päñ'''||'''piś'''||pénte||páñca||quīnque||*fimf||fimf||cóic||*pętь||''*pénkʷe'' | |''five''||'''fim'''||'''päñ'''||'''piś'''||pénte||páñca||quīnque||*fimf||fimf||cóic||*pętь||''*pénkʷe'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''six''||''' | |''six''||'''śäh'''||'''ṣäk'''||'''ṣkas'''||héx||ṣáṣ||sex||*sehs||saihs||sé||*šestь||''*swéḱs'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''seven''||''' | |''seven''||'''śäp'''||'''ṣpät'''||'''ṣukt'''||heptá||saptá||septem||*sebun||sibun||secht||*sedmь||''*septḿ̥'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''eight''||''' ahto'''||'''okät'''||'''okt'''||oktṓ||aṣṭáu, aṣṭá||octō||*ahtōu||ahtau||ocht||*osmь||''*oḱtṓw'' | |''eight''||''' ahto'''||'''okät'''||'''okt'''||oktṓ||aṣṭáu, aṣṭá||octō||*ahtōu||ahtau||ocht||*osmь||''*oḱtṓw'' | ||
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|''brother''||'''pracer'''||'''pracar'''||'''procer'''||phrā́tēr||bhrātṛ||frāter||*brōþēr||brōþar||bráthair||*bràtrъ||''*bʰréh₂tēr'' | |''brother''||'''pracer'''||'''pracar'''||'''procer'''||phrā́tēr||bhrātṛ||frāter||*brōþēr||brōþar||bráthair||*bràtrъ||''*bʰréh₂tēr'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''sister''||''' | |''sister''||'''śyäscer'''||'''ṣar'''||'''ṣer'''||éor||svásṛ||soror||*swestēr||swistar||siur||*sestrà||''*swésōr'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''horse''||'''yähwa'''||'''yuk'''||'''yakwe'''||híppos||áśva-||equus||*ehwaz||aiƕs||ech||([[w:Balto-Slavic|Balto-Slavic]] ''*áśwāˀ'')||''*h₁éḱwos'' | |''horse''||'''yähwa'''||'''yuk'''||'''yakwe'''||híppos||áśva-||equus||*ehwaz||aiƕs||ech||([[w:Balto-Slavic|Balto-Slavic]] ''*áśwāˀ'')||''*h₁éḱwos'' | ||
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!'''''Toch. D'''''!! meaning !! Toch. B | !'''''Toch. D'''''!! meaning !! Toch. B | ||
|- | |- | ||
|scepa nom.(a-stem)||sheep(cognite of PGm *skēpą)||śaiyye, eye | |'''scepa''' nom.(a-stem)||sheep(cognite of PGm *skēpą)||śaiyye, eye | ||
|- | |- | ||
|yähwa nom.(a-stem)||horse(< PToch yäkwe)||haye, yakwe | |'''yähwa''' nom.(a-stem)||horse(< PToch yäkwe)||haye, yakwe | ||
|- | |- | ||
|kuse REL||that(relative pronoun)||kuce | |'''kuse''' REL||that(relative pronoun)||kuce | ||
|- | |- | ||
|wälla nom.(ō-stem)||wool||yok | |'''wälla''' nom.(ō-stem)||wool||yok | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ñä||no, not any||mā | |'''ñä'''||no, not any||mā | ||
|- | |- | ||
|hapia v.(weak)||have||? | |'''hapia''' v.(weak)||have||? | ||
|- | |- | ||
|šähwa v.(Strong class5)||see(*sehwaną)||läk-, pälk- | |'''šähwa''' v.(Strong class5)||see(*sehwaną)||läk-, pälk- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ayna nom.(a-stem)||one||še | |'''ayna''' nom.(a-stem)||one||še | ||
|- | |- | ||
|swera adj.||heavy(*swēraz)||kramartstse | |'''swera''' adj.||heavy(*swēraz)||kramartstse | ||
|- | |- | ||
|wakna nom.(a-stem)||wagon||kleńke, kokale | |'''wakna''' nom.(a-stem)||wagon||kleńke, kokale | ||
|- | |- | ||
|yäka v.(strong class5)||pull||yärtt- | |'''yäka''' v.(strong class5)||pull||yärtt- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|mitsälana adj.||big, large||orotstse | |'''mitsälana''' adj.||big, large||orotstse | ||
|- | |- | ||
|perpent nom.(root-stem)||load, burden||calle, perpette, talle | |'''perpent''' nom.(root-stem)||load, burden||calle, perpette, talle | ||
|- | |- | ||
|kwäma nom.(an-stem)||man, human||śaumo | |'''kwäma''' nom.(an-stem)||man, human||śaumo | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ramer adv.||quickly, suddenly||ramer, ñatke | |'''ramer''' adv.||quickly, suddenly||ramer, ñatke | ||
|- | |- | ||
|satsa v.(weak)||say||we- | |'''satsa''' v.(weak)||say||we- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|yak/mik/mina/mi||pron.1.sg.||ñaś | |'''yak/mik/mina/mi'''||pron.1.sg.||ñaś | ||
|- | |- | ||
|tsärta nom.(an-stem)||heart||arañce | |'''tsärta''' nom.(an-stem)||heart||arañce | ||
|- | |- | ||
|smirta v.(strong class3)||hurt, pain||mi- | |'''smirta''' v.(strong class3)||hurt, pain||mi- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|tŕipa v.(strong class1)||drive||āk-, kälts- | |'''tŕipa''' v.(strong class1)||drive||āk-, kälts- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|hluša v.(strong class2-u)||listen, hear||klyaus- | |'''hluša''' v.(strong class2-u)||listen, hear||klyaus- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|wi/wä/wänšära/wänš||pron.1.pl.||wes | |'''wi/wä/wänšära/wänš'''||pron.1.pl.||wes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|käššä nom.(i-stem)||teacher, master||käššī, upādhyāye | |'''käššä''' nom.(i-stem)||teacher, master||käššī, upādhyāye | ||
|- | |- | ||
|yä/yäna/yä/yämay||pron.3.sg.m.||su | |'''yä/yäna/yä/yämay'''||pron.3.sg.m.||su | ||
|- | |- | ||
|warma adj.||warm||emalle | |'''warma''' adj.||warm||emalle | ||
|- | |- | ||
|wetsä nom.(i-stem)||garment, clothes||wastsi, yesti | |'''wetsä''' nom.(i-stem)||garment, clothes||wastsi, yesti | ||
|- | |- | ||
|skapa v.(strong class6)||make, create||klutk-, yām-, ritt- | |'''skapa''' v.(strong class6)||make, create||klutk-, yām-, ritt- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|θa/θana/θa/θamay||pron.3.sg.n.||te, tu | |'''θa/θana/θa/θamay'''||pron.3.sg.n.||te, tu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|hoši v.(weak)||listen, hear||klyaus- | |'''hoši''' v.(weak)||listen, hear||klyaus- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|miša nom.(a-stem)||plain, field||mīše, keta, šito (?) | |'''miša''' nom.(a-stem)||plain, field||mīše, keta, šito (?) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|flyoha v.(strong class2-e)||flee, escape||mlutk- | |'''flyoha''' v.(strong class2-e)||flee, escape||mlutk- | ||
|- | |- |
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