Tocharian D/Nouns: Difference between revisions

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Nouns in Tocharian D infect for number(singular/plural) and case
== number ==
== case ==
Nouns inflect for twelve cases, and the six “primary” cases are of PIE date: Nominative, Vocative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Instrumental. The other six “secondary” case suffixes are agglutinative, added to the accusative: Perlative, Comitative, Allative, Ablative, Locative, and Causative.
=== primary case ===
*'''Nominative''' marks Subject/Agent.
*'''Vocative''' is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed.
*'''Genitive'''
*'''Dative'''
*'''Accusative'''
*'''Instrumental'''
=== secondary case ===
*'''Locative''' and '''perlative''' are used when an action is accomplished by way of someone’s agency.
*'''Comitative''' is often used with the word ‘with’, in terms of accompaniment.
*'''Allative''' is used when expressing motion towards something.
*'''Ablative''' is used when expressing motion away from something. It implies a separation.
*'''Causative''' is often used with the word ''mic''(with), but in terms of referencing the tool in which something is accomplished. Causative and instrumental are used in same meaning.
==== Gruppenflexion ====
The “secondary” case suffix attached only to the last element of a noun phrase.
== declension ==
Conjugation in nouns have largely taken over the system of Proto-Indo-European languages. They are classified into four types according to their stem: /a/type, /n/type, /i/type, and /u/type. There are a small number of other three types, root nouns (ending with a consonant), kinship nouns (ending with /er/), and /s/type nouns.
Conjugation in nouns have largely taken over the system of Proto-Indo-European languages. They are classified into four types according to their stem: /a/type, /n/type, /i/type, and /u/type. There are a small number of other three types, root nouns (ending with a consonant), kinship nouns (ending with /er/), and /s/type nouns.


== /a/type ==
=== /a/type ===
{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Plural]]
! [[w:Plural|Plural]]
|-
|-
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
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|}
|}


== /n/type ==
=== /n/type ===
{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Plural]]
! [[w:Plural|Plural]]
|-
|-
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
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|}
|}


== /i/type ==
=== /i/type ===
{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Plural]]
! [[w:Plural|Plural]]
|-
|-
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
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|}
|}


== /u/type ==
=== /u/type ===
{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Plural]]
! [[w:Plural|Plural]]
|-
|-
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
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|}
|}


== kinship nouns (/er/ type) ==
=== kinship nouns (/er/ type) ===
{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Plural]]
! [[w:Plural|Plural]]
|-
|-
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
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|}
|}


== /s/ type ==
=== /s/ type ===
{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Plural]]
! [[w:Plural|Plural]]
|-
|-
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
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|}
|}


== root nouns ==
=== root nouns ===
{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
! [[w:Plural]]
! [[w:Plural|Plural]]
|-
|-
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]]

Latest revision as of 00:58, 19 November 2022

Nouns in Tocharian D infect for number(singular/plural) and case

number

case

Nouns inflect for twelve cases, and the six “primary” cases are of PIE date: Nominative, Vocative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Instrumental. The other six “secondary” case suffixes are agglutinative, added to the accusative: Perlative, Comitative, Allative, Ablative, Locative, and Causative.

primary case

  • Nominative marks Subject/Agent.
  • Vocative is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed.
  • Genitive
  • Dative
  • Accusative
  • Instrumental

secondary case

  • Locative and perlative are used when an action is accomplished by way of someone’s agency.
  • Comitative is often used with the word ‘with’, in terms of accompaniment.
  • Allative is used when expressing motion towards something.
  • Ablative is used when expressing motion away from something. It implies a separation.
  • Causative is often used with the word mic(with), but in terms of referencing the tool in which something is accomplished. Causative and instrumental are used in same meaning.

Gruppenflexion

The “secondary” case suffix attached only to the last element of a noun phrase.

declension

Conjugation in nouns have largely taken over the system of Proto-Indo-European languages. They are classified into four types according to their stem: /a/type, /n/type, /i/type, and /u/type. There are a small number of other three types, root nouns (ending with a consonant), kinship nouns (ending with /er/), and /s/type nouns.

/a/type

Case yähwa "horse"
Singular Plural
Nominative yähwa yähwi
Vocative yahw —
Accusative yähwa yähwan
Genitive yähway yähwan
Dative yähway yähwama
Instrumental yähwa yähwami

/n/type

Case kwäma "man"
Singular Plural
Nominative kwäma kwämañ
Vocative kwäm —
Accusative kwämanu kwämanun
Genitive kwämañ kwämana
Dative kwämañ kwämama
Instrumental kwämañe kwämami

/i/type

Case kašä "guest"
Singular Plural
Nominative kašä kaši
Vocative kaš —
Accusative kašä kašän
Genitive kaši kašäya
Dative kaši kašäma
Instrumental kaši kašämi

/u/type

Case sänu "son"
Singular Plural
Nominative sänu sänäy
Vocative sän —
Accusative sänu sänun
Genitive säno sänäwa
Dative säno sänäma
Instrumental säno sänämi

kinship nouns (/er/ type)

Case macer "mother"
Singular Plural
Nominative macer matŕ
Vocative macer —
Accusative macäru matru
Genitive matär matra
Dative matŕ maträma
Instrumental matŕe maträmi

/s/ type

Case lampia "lamb"
Singular Plural
Nominative lampia lampisa
Vocative lampi —
Accusative lampia lampisan
Genitive lampiasi lampisa
Dative lampiasi lampisäma
Instrumental lampiasi lampisämi

root nouns

Case faθ "foot"
Singular Plural
Nominative faθ fac
Vocative fat —
Accusative fatu fatun
Genitive fac fata
Dative fac fatäma
Instrumental fac fatämi
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