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| The history of Rabbinic Judaism in Irta is much like in our own world. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud and the Zohar are identical to ours. (Basically everything about Hasidism stays the same except with Ăn Yidiș rather than Yiddish.) | | The history of Rabbinic Judaism in Irta is much like in our own world. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud and the major Kabbalah texts are identical to ours; the Shulchan Aruch prescribes the same laws. (Basically everything about Hasidism stays the same except with Judeo-Brythonic rather than Yiddish.) |
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| However, many accents of Irta Hebrew, except Tiberian Hebrew which is identical to our timeline's Tiberian Hebrew, preserve phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost by Post-Exilic Hebrew times. | | However, many accents of Irta Hebrew, except Tiberian Hebrew which is identical to our timeline's Tiberian Hebrew, preserve phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost by Post-Exilic Hebrew times. |
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| == Irta Modern Hebrew == | | == Irta Modern Hebrew == |
| Used as a Jewish vernacular in Irta America, Canada and Jewish communities in our Israel/Palestine
| | {{main|Verse:Irta/Modern Hebrew}} |
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| Should be mutually intelligible with our Modern Hebrew speakers, though it may sound a bit flowery. In Cualand it's called "French Hebrew" (or ''ivrit tsarfatit'' which may also refer to the traditional Tsarfati reading of Hebrew) and is sometimes made fun of.
| | == Irta Sephardi Hebrew == |
| | Also Irta Yevani and Togarmite Hebrew |
| | * Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h v z ħ t⁼ j k⁼ x l m n s ʕ~ŋ p⁼ f ts⁼ k⁼ r ʃ t⁼ θ] |
| | * Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva na) ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} ä ä o{{lowered}} o{{lowered}} u e̞ ä e̞ o̞] |
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| The standard variety today is Irta Yevani Hebrew (same as our Sephardi Hebrew but with all the begadkefat consonants) with an Ăn Yidiș-influenced accent and grammar. Formal Hebrew is less of an Ăn Yidiș relex, and recent spoken Hebrew's more of an English relex and is becoming closer to Cualand Hebrew or our Israeli Hebrew.
| | == Chinese Hebrew == |
| | Chinese Hebrew is the reading tradition used in [[Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin]]-speaking communities. It's a result of a restandardization to Tiberian niqqud; some Hebrew loans in Judeo-Mandarin keep relics of an older reading. |
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| * Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [(ʔ) p⁼ v k⁼ ɣ~ʁ t̪⁼~ð t̪⁼~ð h v z x~χ t̪ʰ j kʰ χ l m n s̪ (ʔ) pʰ f t̪s̪⁼ kʰ r~ɻ ʃ t̪ʰ s̪]
| | Chinese Hebrew is similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except |
| * Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva na) ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e(j) E a a o o u Ø~ə a E o]
| | * Tiberian /e(:) ɔ(:) o(:) u(:)/ are pronounced as Judeo-Mandarin ''ey o u ü'' |
| ** Some, especially Irish or Ăn Yidiș speakers, pronounce qamatz gadol like Connacht Irish ''á'' and patach like Connacht Irish stressed ''a''.
| | * Shva na3 is ''ă'' /ə/ in careful pronunciation |
| * /r/ is alveolar or retroflex and is often an approximant.
| | *undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Mandarin ''gh'' |
| * Undageshed tav is [s̪] as in Ăn Yidiș Hebrew.
| | */r/ is a retroflex approximant like Hiberno-English R |
| * Irta Modern Hebrew pronounces he mappiq (final /h/) and doesn't have the /-ah/ > /-ha/ metathesis like our Israeli Hebrew.
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| * Intonation is similar to our Scottish Gaelic
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| Grammatically, it is SVO like our Israeli Hebrew, but sometimes prefers Ăn Yidiș syntax, e.g.
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| * much more willing to use אין for negation in the present tense; (איני, אינך in non-3rd person, אין הוא, אין היא in 3rd person); in our IH these forms are formal/written (bc Gaelic negation comes before subject pronouns). ''(ze) lo ăni'' is a focus construction 'It's not me that...', and אין אני ''eyn ăni'' in non 3rd person are solemn.
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| * Irish/Ăn Yidiș calques in some common expressions
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| ** The following are used instead of בבקשה ''bevakasha'':
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| *** עם רצונך ''im rătzonxa'' (lit. 'with your will', a calque of ''lă dă-thel'') or אם זה רצונך ''im ze rătzonxa'' (''mă șe dă-thel e'') 'please'
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| *** זה חייך ''ze xayéxa'' (lit. 'it's your life', like ''șe dă-bhethă'') 'you're welcome'
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| *** זה/הנה לך ''ze/hinė lăxa'' (lit. 'this is to you', like ''șa did'') 'here you go'
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| ** רצון איתי ''ratzon iti'' 'I like' (''tel lum''), עדיף איתי ''adif iti'' 'I prefer' (''fyor lum'')
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| *** More formally ''ani rotze bă-'' = 'I like, I am pleased with', ''ăni xofetz bă-'' 'I want'
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| *** Conversely using the verb אהב ''ahav'' is a little formal (more so than English ''love'') and is the equivalent of German ''lieben''. It's more common to hear חבב ''chavav'' for family, friends and lovers.
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| ** ''haya racon iti'' 'I'd like'
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| ** אפשר איתי ''efšar iti'' 'I can' (''efșăr lum'')
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| ** You might hear ''yeš li [LANGUAGE]'' for 'I speak [LANGUAGE]':
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| *** A: ''Kabėl es tėrutzi, him yėš lăxa Ozolis?'' 'Excuse me, do you speak English?'
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| *** B: ''Yėš./Ėn.'' 'I do./I do not.'
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| * Question particles (''ha2im'' pronounced ''him'', ''ha-'' in more formal contexts) are usually retained. Questions don't have a different intonation from declarative sentences. Question marks are not usually used. Yes-no questions are usually answered by repeating the verb in the affirmative/negative. Present-tense copular questions (which have no verb), e.g. ''haim šomėr axixa ata?'' 'Are you your brother's keeper?' can be answered in the following ways (This is also true of sentences with a present tense verb):
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| ** ''šomėr axi'' '(Yes, I am) my brother's keeper.' or ''lo šomėr axi'' '(No, I am) not my brother's keeper.'
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| ** ''hin(e)ni'' 'Yes, I am.' or ''ėnéni/ėni'' 'I am not.'
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| ** ''hėn'' 'indeed' or ''lo'' 'no' (the least common)
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| * It also prefers some coincidentally Gaelic-sounding words, e.g. אַךְ ''ach'' 'but' and שָׂשׂ ''sas'' 'happy' (sounding like Judeo-Gaelic ''ach'' 'but' and ''sostă'' 'satisfied') instead of the synonyms אֲבָל ''aval'' and שָׂמֵחַ ''samėax''. כה ''ko'' is as common as כל כך ''kol káx'' for 'so (ADJ)'.
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| * Tenses are similar to our Modern Hebrew tenses but the ''haya oxėl'' construction is more common.
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| ** היה הוא אוכל = Past imperfective/progressive/conditional (corresponds to V'e ăg ith)
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| ** הוא אוכל = Present
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| ** הוא אכל = Past perfective
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| ** הוא יאכל = Future
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| * Loazit ''-cya'' '-tion' is borrowed directly from Latin ''-tiō'', via Ăn Yidiș/Tsarfati Hebrew ''-țyo''
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| * Prepositions can be weird, esp ''3al'' and ''3im'' (mapped to Irish ''ar'' and ''le'')
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| * It's also as focus-prominent as Ăn Yidiș and Irish. Irishy cleft constructions are common.
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| * ani "I" is sometimes pronounced /ɪni/; this is a regionalism and is rare nowadays
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| Names in non-Hebrew Jewish languages written in the Hebrew alphabet, such as [[Ăn Yidiș]], are usually spelled as in the original language.
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| * kaderekh = 'directly', matched to Irish ''díreach''
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| * Ireland = אירין ''Ėrin'' (stressed on the 2nd syllable like our ''Polin'')
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| * Irish person = איריני, איריניה, אירינים ''ėriní, ėriniyá, ėriním''
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| * Irish language = אירינית ''ėrinís''
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| * Hivantish = hivandí, hivandiyá, hivandím; hivandís
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| Some Hebrew poets in the 19th century wrote in an adapted form of the Irish ''dán díreach'' (or a version of ''cynghanedd''?); they assumed penultimate stress like some of our Modern Hebrew poets.
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| == Yevani Hebrew ==
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| Same as our timeline's Sephardi Hebrew but with all the begadkefat consonants
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| == Tsarfati Hebrew ==
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| Modern Tsarfati Hebrew (עברית צרפתית ''ivrís zarfosís''; "Tsarf-osis" is a common pun in Cualand for using a Tsarfati accent or Irta Modern Hebrew grammar) has been influenced by [[Ăn Yidiș]] (Judeo-Gaelic), but it's a result of a restandardization to Tiberian niqqud; some Hebrew loans in Ăn Yidiș keep relics of an [[#Old Tsarfati Hebrew|older, non-Tiberian based reading]].
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| Tsarfati Hebrew is similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except
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| * Tiberian /e(:) ɔ(:) o(:) u(:)/ are pronounced as Ăn Yidiș ''ey o u ü'' (/ej o u y/ in Standard Ăn Yidiș) | |
| * Shva na3 is ''ă'' /ə/ in careful pronunciation (dropped whenever possible in Hebrew loans in Ăn Yidiș, however) | |
| *undageshed gimel is pronounced like Ăn Yidiș ''gh'' | |
| */r/ is an alveolar flap/trill or a retroflex approximant like Hiberno-English R | |
| * dageshed bet, dageshed gimel, and dalet (whether dageshed or not) are pronounced as unaspirated /p t k/ | | * dageshed bet, dageshed gimel, and dalet (whether dageshed or not) are pronounced as unaspirated /p t k/ |
| * dageshed tav, daleth, teth are dental [t̪ʰ t̪ t̪] | | * dageshed tav, daleth, teth are dental [t̪ʰ t̪ t̪] |
| * sin/undageshed tav can be dental [s̪] or alveolar [s] | | * sin/undageshed tav is dental [s̪] |
| * both zayin and tsade are /ts⁼/; samekh is /tsʰ/ | | * both zayin and tsade are /ts⁼/; samekh is /tsʰ/ |
| * kuf and tet are unaspirated /k/ and /t/ | | * kuf and tet are unaspirated /k⁼/ and /t⁼/ |
| * /p t k/ are aspirated | | * Dageshed kaf, pe, tav are aspirated |
| * The most conservative Tsarfati readings keep geminate nun, lamedh and resh distinct from their non-geminated counterparts, pronouncing these as reflexes of Old Irish broad /N/, slender /L/ and broad /R/.
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| == Sinosphere reading traditions ==
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| === Chinese Hebrew ===
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| Due to convergent evolution, Irtan Chinese/SEA Hebrew is identical to Tsarfati Hebrew pronounced in the Standard Ăn Yidiș accent, except
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| * samekh = sin = /s/
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| * Resh is always Mandarin ''r''
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| * Qamatz is the same as Mandarin ''o'' or ''wo''
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| * /h/, /ħ/ and /x/ are merged
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| * Epenthetic [ə~ɛ] is common and is always used for coda consonants except /ʔ ʕ/
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| * Shva na is [a]
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| Genesis 1:1 ''ba·rei·XI·se bo·RUO ê·lu·HI·me EI·se ha·xiuo·MA·yi·me va·EI·se huo·O·rê·ze''
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| A Tiberian niqqud-based Chinese Hebrew reading tradition is detailed in the 18th century treatise 塔納赫之正讀法 (''Tǎnàhè zhī Zhèngdúfǎ'' 'The Correct Reading Method for the Tanakh'; might need to change the transcription of ''Tanakh'' to the contemporary Mandarin phonology), which may have been translated from Judeo-Mandarin.
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| == Old Tsarfati Hebrew ==
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| Old Tsarfati Hebrew was used during [[Ăn Yidiș/Proto-Ăn Yidiș|Proto-Ăn Yidiș]] times and is the source of early Hebrew loans in Ăn Yidiș (before the pronunciation was re-standardized according to Tiberian niqqud, resulting in what is today called Tsarfati Hebrew). It is noticeably less conservative than Tiberian Hebrew, for example merging the emphatic series and the voiced series and merging patach with qamatz gadol, even though it keeps some older distinctions lost in Tiberian Hebrew such as samekh vs sin.
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| It has the following sound changes from PSem:
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| *emphatics and alveolar /r/ are kept
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| *ś/s þ š > Basque z, Basque s, š (written as shin left dot, shin middle dot, shin right dot)
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| *z ð > voiced Basque z, voiced Basque s (the latter becomes Tamil zh or retroflex L in some readings)
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| * Ayn and ghayn are still merged, as well as ħ and x.
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| * Qamatz is always /a/ as in Sephardi the and Palestinian traditions.
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| == Hyper-Israeli ==
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| This reading tradition is used by a sect of Karaite Jews.
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| Like our Israeli Hebrew, but:
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| * Hyper-Israeli reflects Hyper-TibH ''o'' (and qamatz qatan) as /ʌ̹/, Hyper-TibH ''ů'' as /u̠/, and Hyper-TibH ''u'' as /u̟/. (These vowels resemble Seoul Korean ''eo'', ''o'', and ''u'' respectively.)
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| * PSem *H is reflected as a uvular fricative (merging with lenited kaf) and PSem *x is voiceless sje.
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| * Non-prevocalic V + ayin sequences are reflected as nasal vowels or nasal vowel offglides: ארבע /aʁbɑ̃/ '4'.
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| * Proto-Semitic ð became ''ž'', as in זימר ''žimer'' 'he overpowered', as opposed to זימר ''zimer'' 'he sang'.
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| ==Comparison== | | ==Comparison== |
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| {{col-break}} | | {{col-break}} |
| <poem> | | <poem> |
| Proto-Tsarfati | | Proto-Chinese Hebrew |
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| [dăˈru̠ːʀ jiqˈʀɔː lɐˈveːn ʕiːm baːθ] | | [dăˈru̠ːʀ jiqˈʀɔː lɐˈveːn ʕiːm baːθ] |
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| {{col-break}} | | {{col-break}} |
| <poem> | | <poem> |
| Tsarfati (Standard Ăn Yidiș accent)
| | Chinese Hebrew |
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| [t⁼əˈrur jigˈro ləˈvejn ʔim bas] | | [t⁼əˈrur jigˈro ləˈvejn ʔim bas] |
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| {{col-end}} | | {{col-end}} |
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| === Yedid Nefesh === | | == Irtan Hebrew poetry == |
| Yedid Nefesh ("Friend of the Soul") is a 16th-century Shabbat piyyut originally from the Sephardi (in the Irta timeline, Yevani) tradition. In our timeline Ashkenazi Jews sing a slightly different version; I use the Ashkenazi version here to illustrate the difference between various Hebrew reading traditions of Ăn Yidiș-speaking Jews in Irta.
| | === Hebrew dán díreach === |
| | Some Modern Hebrew experimental poets wrote their Hebrew poetry in meters inspired by the Irish ''dán díreach''. |
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| {{col-begin}}
| | Assumes penult stress like Hebraeo-Ăn Yidiș |
| {{col-break}}
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| <poem>
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| Hebrew (Tiberian)
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| יְדִיד נֶפֶשׁ אַב הָרַחְמָן
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| מְשׁוֹךְ עַבְדְּךָ אֶל רְצוֹנֶךָ
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| יָרוּץ עַבְדְּךָ כְּמוֹ אַיָּל
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| יִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה אֶל מוּל הֲדָרֶךָ
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| יֶעֱרַב לוֹ יְדִידוּתֶךָ
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| מִנֹּפֶת צוּף וְכָל טָעַם<!--
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| הָדוּר נָאֶה זִיו הָעוֹלָם
| | Stanzas are quatrains with a fixed number of syllables per line (usually 7-10) |
| נַפְשִׁי חוֹלַת אַהֲבָתֶךָ
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| אָנָּא אֵל נָא רְפָא נָא לָהּ
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| בְּהַרְאוֹת לָהּ נֹעַם זִיוֶךָ
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| אָז תִּתְחַזֵּק וְתִתְרַפֵּא
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| וְהָיְתָה לָהּ שִׂמְחַת עוֹלָם
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| וָתִיק יֶהֱמוּ נָא רַחֲמֶיךָ
| | Alliteration works on a stressed-syllable basis; various meters with patterns of line-final rhyme, alliteration, internal rhyme and non-line-final rhymes between lines |
| וְחוּסָה נָּא עַל בֶּן אֲהוּבֶךָ
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| כִּי זֶה כַּמֶּה נִכְסוֹף נִכְסַפְתִּי
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| לִרְאוֹת בְּתִפְאֶרֶת עֻזֶּךָ
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| אֵלֶּה חָמְדָה לִבִּי
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| חוּסָה נָּא וְאַל תִּתְעַלָּם
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| הִגָּלֶה נָא וּפְרוֹשׂ חֲבִיבִי עָלַי
| | For rhyming, vowels must agree from the stressed syllable onwards, and consonant groups must match (however, in segolates, the vowel of the unstressed final syllable is ignored; so ''péle'' 'wonder' and ''qémaħ'' 'flour' rhyme) |
| אֶת סֻכַּת שְׁלוֹמֶךָ
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| תָּאִיר אֶרֶץ מִכְּבוֹדֶךָ
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| נָגִילָה וְנִשְׂמְחָה בָךְ
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| מַהֵר אֱהוֹב כִּי בָא מוֹעֵד
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| וְחָנֵּנוּ כִּימֵי עוֹלָם-->
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| </poem>
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| {{col-break}}
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| <poem>
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| Standard Ăn Yidiș accent
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| [jəd̥ɪd̥ ne̞fe̞ʃ av ho̞ɾäχmo̞n]
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| [məʃʊχ ävdəχo̞ e̞lɭ ɻətsˑʰʊne̞χo̞]
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| [jo̞ɻy̠tsˑʰ ävdəχo̞ kʰəmu (ʔ)äjo̞l]
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| [jɪʃtʰäχäve̞ ʔe̞l my̠l häd̥o̞ɻe̞χo̞]
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| [je̞ʔe̞ɻäv lʊ jəd̥ɪd̥y̠se̞χo̞]
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| [mɪnʊfe̞s tsʰy̠f vəχo̞l t⁼o̞(ʔ)äm]
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| </poem>
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| {{col-break}}
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| <poem>
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| Ballmer Ăn Yidiș accent
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| [jɛ̈ðɪð neɪfeɪʃ av huraχmun]
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| [mɛ̈ʃoʊχ ävdɛ̈χu eɪəɫ rɛ̈tsʰoʊneɪχu]
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| [juritsʰ ävdɛ̈χu kʰɛ̈moʊ äjuɫ]
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| [jɪʃtʰäχäveɪ eɪəɫ mɪɫ häðureɪχu]
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| [je̞jɛräv ɫoʊ jəðɪðɪseɪχu]
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| [mɪnoʊfe̞ɪs tsʰɪf vɛ̈χuɫ t⁼uʔäm]
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| </poem>
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| {{col-break}}
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| <poem>
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| </poem>
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| {{col-break}}
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| <poem>
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| English
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| Friend of the soul, merciful father!
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| Draw me, Your servant, towards Your will/good favor.
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| Your servant runs like a deer
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| And falls prostrate before Your splendor.
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| More pleasant to him is Your companionship
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| Than honey, nectar, or any taste.<!--
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| O glorious and beautiful one, light of the world!
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| My soul is sick for Your love.
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| I pray You, God, please, heal my soul
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| By showing her the pleasantness of Your light,
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| Then she will strengthen and be restored,
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| and she will have eternal joy.
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| O faithful one, [we all] yearn greatly for Your mercy,
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| Please show compassion to Your beloved one.
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| For so much have I been longing for You,
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| To look upon Your glorious power.
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| That is what my heart desires;
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| Please have mercy and do not neglect me.
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| Please reveal Yourself and spread out over me
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| Your canopy of peace.
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| Illumine the earth with Your glory,
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| And let us rejoice and be glad because of You.
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| Make haste, and give us love, for the time has come,
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| And be gracious to us as in the days of old.-->
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| </poem>
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| {{col-end}}
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| == Irtan Hebrew poetry ==
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| === A Celtic-inspired meter ===
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| Rhyming consonant groups: | | Rhyming consonant groups: |
| # Qoph, teth and tsade | | # Qoph, teth and tsade |
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| # Dageshed kaf, pe, and tav | | # Dageshed kaf, pe, and tav |
| # Undageshed kaf, pe, and tav | | # Undageshed kaf, pe, and tav |
| # Undageshed beth, gimel, and daleth, and single lamedh, mem, nun, resh | | # Undageshed beth, gimel, daleth; Undageshed lamedh, mem, nun, resh |
| # Dageshed l, m, n, r | | # Dageshed l, m, n |
| # Shin, sin, samekh, zayin | | # Shin, sin, samekh, zayin |
| # Aleph, he, heth, ayin | | # Aleph, he, heth, ayin, yud, vav (null final belongs to this group) |
| # yud, vav (group together with gutturals?)
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| | :''ʔáni u-Phángur hallǻbhån,'' |
| | :''kol ʔíš bimălákhto ʕǻbhådh.'' (pausal form of ʕåbhadh 'he worked') |
| | : "I and the white Pangur, |
| | : Each [of us] has worked in his craft" |
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| | :''Pángur ėno bi măkanė;'' |
| | :''Hu bă-ša3šu3åv yith3anėgh.'' |
| | : "Pangur does not envy me; |
| | : He delights in his playing." |