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| {{list subpages}}
| | A Vietnamese- and Maltese inspired a priori language |
| '''Ciêng''' (''nă rhọb Chiểng'' from ''*nàh ròpàh cècéŋàh'') is a classical language.
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| Inspirations: Vietnamese, Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, Naeng
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| == Phonology ==
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| b d g ɢ kħ q = /p t k q {{qeth}} ʔ/;
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| aspirated stops p t c k kħ;
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| Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/
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| m n ng; mh nh ngh = /m n ŋ; v{{nas}} (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/
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| x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/
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| b ƀ đ d y g ǥ għ = /v b(impl) d(impl) ð j ɣ (Eevo L) ayin/
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| r l rh /r l (flap)/
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| hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants
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| i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; iê uô
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| Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones
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| tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang)
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| === Mutations ===
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| # Lenition: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> mh ng ngh b d y g għ h 0 l rh
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| # L-coloring: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ng ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
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| # Aspiration: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hng ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr
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| == Proto-language ==
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| 5 vowels: i e a o u; each mora had high and low tones
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| allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVh, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)
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| Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs
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| Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q{{adv}} q{{ret}} ʔ ʃ w l r j/
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| Tone reflexes (' denotes stress):
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| (these occur by moras with long vowels counting as 2 moras): 'á > á; 'à > à; 'á.á > ã; 'á.à > a; 'à.á > ả; 'à.à > ạ (This occurs before syncope)
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| umlaut like in OIr
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| == Morphology ==
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| === Nouns ===
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| Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used like construct state forms in possessive constructions.
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| The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from".
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| article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)
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| ==== Possessive prefixes ====
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| * sèmpèngàrán > sệpngă-N 'garment'
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| * hísèmpèngàrán > ispngăr-N 'my garment'
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| * ngusèmpèngàrán > ngùspngăr-N 'thy garment'
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| * àsèmpèngàrán > àspngăr-N (animate)
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| * ànsèmpèngàrán > àspngăr-N (inanimate)
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| * láhisèmpèngàrán > lispngăr-N 'our garment'
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| * númasèmpèngàrán > nospngăr-N 'your garment'
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| * àlsèmpèngàrán > àxpngăr-N '3pl's garment'
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| === Adjectives ===
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| Adjectives agree with nouns, def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew)
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| === Verbs ===
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| Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes
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| PCiêng lò.mátse, ráh.làmátse '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> lă:más, ra:xảmhăs
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| productive redup
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| ==== Inflection ====
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| Present tense forms of ''să·kumʰa'' '3sg remembers':
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! Primitive Ciêng !! Underlying form !! Ciêng surface form
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| |-
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| | 1SG || ''so.kúmpasat(í), .sòkúmpasat(í)'' || ''să·kommpṡẻ, ·sủgmbẻ'' || ''să·kumʰẻ, ·sủmmẻ''
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| |-
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| | 2SG || ''so·kúmpasaŋ(u), ·sòkúmpasaŋ(u)'' || ''să·kommpṡəŋ, ·sủgmbəŋ'' || ''să·kumʰụ, ·sủmmụ''
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| |-
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| | 3SG || ''so·kúmpasáse, ·sòkúmpasáse'' || ''să·kommpṡa, ·sủgmba'' || ''să·kumʰa, ·sủmma''
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| |-
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| | 1PL || ''so·kúmpasalehi, ·sòkúmpasalehi'' || ''să·kommpṡlə̣j, ·sủgmblə̣j'' || ''să·kumʰlị, ·sủmlị''
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| |-
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| | 2PL || ''so·kúmpasanuma, ·sòkúmpasanuma'' || ''să·kommpṡnăm, ·sủgmbnăm'' || ''să·kumʰnăm, ·sủmnăm''
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| |-
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| | 3PL || ''so·kúmpasaro, ·sòkúmpasaro'' || ''să·kommpṡər, ·sủgmbər'' || ''să·kumʰăr, ·sủmmăr''
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| |}
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| == Syntax ==
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| VOS
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| question particle să-L
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