Carpathian ablaut: Difference between revisions

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 ==Lengthened grade==
+Late Proto-Indo-European had two long vowels (''*ē'' and ''*ō''), the sources of which were manifold. In the dialect of disintegrating Proto-Indo-European, which later became Carpathian, the length contrast led to a morphological alternation. The separate lengthened grade existed for both monophthongs and diphthongs, but later in Proto-Carpathian the full grade of diphthongs (''*ai'' and ''*au'') was reanalysed as the addition of ''*a'' to a full vowel (''*i'' and ''*u'' respectively), which led to the addition of ''*a'' to the original ''*e'' and ''*a'', which resulted in lengthening of those vowels. The loss of laryngeals further contributed to the establishment of the lengthened grade.
+The lengthened grade is present in the inflectional morphology, although no longer productive:
+*Consonant-stem declension in nouns: nominative ''pīl'''ē'''n'' — genitive ''pīl'''e'''ntis'' “chicken”.
+*Sigmatic aorist of verbs without a thematic vowel: ''n'''e'''stei'' “to carry” — ''n'''ē'''sun'' “I carried”, ''w'''e'''stei'' “to lead” — ''w'''ē'''sun'' “I led”.
+*Prefix and preposition doublets: ''par(a)-'' “towards” and ''parā(h)-'' “before, proto-”, ''pa'' “after” — ''pā-'' “later, secondary”, ''ba'' “for, because” — ''bā'' “indeed, as”.
+In derivational morphology, the lengthened grade is scattered and does not form regular patterns the same way, as the full and zero grades do. Some nominal derivation involves root vowel lengthening:
+*Substantives, ending in ''-is'' from verbs with full-grade root vowels, denoting product or result of an action: ''r'''e'''ktei'' “to say” — ''r'''ē'''kis'' “speech”, ''dw'''e'''stei'' “to breathe” — ''dw'''ē'''stis'' “living being”, ''t'''a'''rtei'' “to speak” — dial. ''t'''ā'''ris'' “language”.
+*Affective nouns from neutral counterparts: ''ž'''a'''riā'' “aurora, daybreak” — ''ž'''ō'''riā'' “dawn”; ''g'''a'''mis'' “confusion” — ''g'''ā'''mas'' “din”
+The legthened grade can be involved in qualitative ablaut in the same way as the full grade, such as to create causative verbs: ''r'''ē'''žetei'' “to cut” — ''r'''ō'''žītei'' “to strike”. The reverse is also possible, such as when forming stative verbs from verbs with long root vowel: ''st'''ā'''tei'' “to become” ― ''st'''a'''hētei'' “to stand”.
 ===ū- and ī-grades===
 Unlike in Proto-Indo-European, in Carpathian '''u''' and '''i''' were full vowels and took part in quantitative alternations alongside '''o''' and '''e'''. Resulting mostly from the loss of laryngeals "ū" and "ī" gave rise to a lengthened grade, which later spread by analogy and was employed in several morphological categories:
-*Forming new intransitive verbs from transitive verbs with full grade vowels: '''''ū'''ktei'' “to learn”, '''''au'''kītei'' “to teach” (full grade), ''uknautei'' “to get accustomed” (zero grade).
+*Forming new intransitive verbs from transitive verbs with full grade vowels: '''''ū'''ktei'' “to learn”, '''''au'''kītei'' “to teach” (full grade), '''''u'''nnautei'' “to get accustomed” (zero grade).
 *Deriving substantives from verbs with zero grade: ''ź'''ū'''ka'' “nickname” from ''ź'''u'''hētei'' “to call”, ''pil'''ī'''skas'' “patter” from ''pil'''i'''skātei'' “to clap, to patter”.
 *Forming iterative verbs from the non-iterative ones: ''kal'''āwī'''tei'' “to be praising” from ''kal'''au'''tei'' “to be famous”. This type is unproductive and may be a borrowing from the Slavic languages (''slaviti'' from ''sluti'' respectively).