Qino: Difference between revisions

==Introduction==

Qino is a Lowland East Cushitic language. It is largely based on Somali, Oromo, and Afar, with inspiration taken from various other languages.

*Word-initial vowel are pronounced with a glottal stop.

====Consonant clusters====

The general order for consonants in a cluster is as below (note that clusters can only occur word-internally and no more than two consonants can cluster at a time):

***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́k'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namak''

***Independent form: ''ak''

***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ás'' - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammadas''

***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́s'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namas''

Manner deictics indicate how an action is performed or in what state something is. They are also used to refer to abstract things (discourse deixis).

:e.g. ''care si'' "an angry way; angrily"; ''shari si'' "like a dog; the way of a dog" (notice that ''shara'' "dog" is in the genitive)

::''Usú <b>shari si</b>.'' "He is '''like a dog'''." (lit.: "He is '''the way of a dog'''.")

*''maxa (< ma + waxa'' "thing"): what - e.g. ''<b>Máxa</b> tarkà?'' "'''What''' do you see?"

**Nominative is ''maxí''

**Like all genitives, must take a head nominal or ''-m'' - e.g. ''Kuni <b>míyyim</b>?'' "'''Whose''' is this?"

*''mánama; mádada'': who (plural) - e.g. ''<b>Madadú</b> imaataani?'' "'''Who (''pl.'')''' are coming?"

*''maka (m.); mata (f.)'': which, what, who (can be used for animate or inanimate) - e.g. ''<b>Máta</b> tuni?'' "'''What/who''' is this?" (or: "'''What/who''' are these?")

**Nominative: ''makú/matú''; Genitive: ''maki/mati''

Cardinal numbers come before nouns in the unmarked form. If there is no unmarked form, the plural is used if it ends in ''-eeya'', ''-ooya'', or ''-oowa''. Otherwise, the singulative is used.

:e.g. ''lammá nama'' "two people" (NOT ''*lammá namoota''); ''shan cadeeya'' "five toothbrushes" (NOT ''*shan cadeeti''); ''afar afka'' "four mouths/languages" (NOT ''*afar afaani'')

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Qino cardinal numbers

|-

|-

! 0

|-

! 1

|-

! 2

|-

! 3

|-

! 4

|-

! 5

|-

! 6

|-

! 7

|-

! 8

|-

! 9

|-

! 10

|-

! 11

|-

! 20

|-

! 30

|-

! 40

|-

! 50

|-

! 60

|-

! 70

|-

! 80

|-

! 90

|-

! 100

|-

! 1000

|-

|}

====Attributive verbs====

====Attributive nominal====

====Class 2: Suffix-derived verbs====

=====Class 2a: ''-am-'' passive=====

::''kulussi'' "to make fat" → ''kulussati'' "to make oneself fat; to become fat; to make (something) fat for one's benefit"

=====Class 2d: ''-oow-'' inchoative=====

=====Compound tenses/aspects=====

======Progressive======

*Formed with infinitive + ''le'' "to have" (fused)

======Prospective======

*Formed with infinitive + ''qabi'' "to do"

:e.g. ''an caami qabá'' "I will/am going to eat"; ''at baxi qabdé'' "you were going to eat"

======Others======

*Perfect converb + ''sugi'' can be used to form anterior tenses - e.g. ''an caamee sugá'' "I have eaten", ''an caamee sugé'' "I had eaten", ''an caamee sugi qabá'' "I will have eaten"

=====Converbs=====

===Dependent clauses===

<!-- etc. etc. -->

==Example texts==

'''Latin script (more common):''' Kulli namu furanii sharafak shi xuquuqakne ol giddhii dhalataana. Maana shi lhamiira sheenameeni, obbolinnasne olal rubdoonan jirah.

'''Gloss:''' All people.<small>NOM</small> free.<small>CVB</small> dignity.<small>ABL</small> and rights.<small>ABL</small>-and each-other equal.<small>CVB</small> born.<small>3P</small>. Reason and conscience give.<small>PASS.PST.3P</small>, brotherhood.<small>INS</small>-and each-other.<small>COM</small> live.<small>SBJV.3P</small> exist.<small>3S</small>

'''English:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

<!--All people being free and in dignity and in rights resembling each other are born. Reason and conscience they were given, and that with brotherhood they with each other live exists.-->

<tr>

<th>'''No.'''</th>

<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th>

</tr>

<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td>ana</td></tr>

<tr><th>2</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]]</th><td>ata (''m.''); ati (''f.'')</td></tr>

<tr><th>3</th><th>[[wiktionary:he|he]]</th><td>usa</td></tr>

<tr><th>5</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]]</th><td>ataani</td></tr>

<tr><th>6</th><th>[[wiktionary:they|they]]</th><td>isaani</td></tr>

<tr><th>7</th><th>[[wiktionary:this|this]]</th><td>kana (''m.''); tana (''f.'')</td></tr>

<tr><th>8</th><th>[[wiktionary:that|that]]</th><td>koona (''m.''); toona (''f.'')</td></tr>

<tr><th>12</th><th>[[wiktionary:what|what]]</th><td>maxa</td></tr>

<tr><th>15</th><th>[[wiktionary:how|how]]</th><td>masi</td></tr>

<tr><th>16</th><th>[[wiktionary:not|not]]</th><td>ma</td></tr>

<tr><th>17</th><th>[[wiktionary:all|all]]</th><td>kulli</td></tr>

<tr><th>19</th><th>[[wiktionary:some|some]]</th><td>mara</td></tr>

<tr><th>22</th><th>[[wiktionary:one|one]]</th><td>mitta (''m.''); mitti (''f.'')</td></tr>

<tr><th>23</th><th>[[wiktionary:two|two]]</th><td>lamma</td></tr>

<tr><th>25</th><th>[[wiktionary:four|four]]</th><td>afara</td></tr>

<tr><th>26</th><th>[[wiktionary:five|five]]</th><td>shana</td></tr>

<tr><th>28</th><th>[[wiktionary:long|long]]</th><td>dheere (''3''; adheeri)</td></tr>

<tr><th>31</th><th>[[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]]</th><td>cusle (''3''; cusloowi)</td></tr>

<tr><th>33</th><th>[[wiktionary:short|short]]</th><td>gaabe (''3''; agaabi)</td></tr>

<tr><th>39</th><th>[[wiktionary:child|child]]</th><td>ilma (''m.''; pl: ilmaani)</td></tr>

<tr><th>42</th><th>[[wiktionary:mother|mother]]</th><td>ayya (''f.''; pl: ayyaani ''f.''); ina (''f.''; pl: inaani ''f.'')</td></tr>

<tr><th>43</th><th>[[wiktionary:father|father]]</th><td>awwa (''m.''; pl: awwaani ''f.''); abba (''m.''; pl: abbaani ''f.'')</td></tr>

<tr><th>51</th><th>[[wiktionary:tree|tree]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>52</th><th>[[wiktionary:forest|forest]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>53</th><th>[[wiktionary:stick|stick]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>58</th><th>[[wiktionary:bark|bark]]</th><td> </td></tr>

<tr><th>59</th><th>[[wiktionary:flower|flower]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>61</th><th>[[wiktionary:rope|rope]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>64</th><th>[[wiktionary:blood|blood]]</th><td>dhiiga (''f.'')</td></tr>

<tr><th>66</th><th>[[wiktionary:fat|fat]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>67</th><th>[[wiktionary:egg|egg]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>68</th><th>[[wiktionary:horn|horn]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>69</th><th>[[wiktionary:tail|tail]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>72</th><th>[[wiktionary:head|head]]</th><td>mataxa (''m.'')</td></tr>

<tr><th>73</th><th>[[wiktionary:ear|ear]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>74</th><th>[[wiktionary:eye|eye]]</th><td>ila (''f.''; coll: indha ''m.'')</td></tr>

<tr><th>75</th><th>[[wiktionary:nose|nose]]</th><td>sana (''m.'')</td></tr>

<tr><th>77</th><th>[[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]]</th><td>ilka (''m.''; pl: ilkaani)</td></tr>

<tr><th>79</th><th>[[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>80</th><th>[[wiktionary:foot|foot]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>81</th><th>[[wiktionary:leg|leg]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>83</th><th>[[wiktionary:hand|hand]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>84</th><th>[[wiktionary:wing|wing]]</th><td> </td></tr>

<tr><th>88</th><th>[[wiktionary:back|back]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>89</th><th>[[wiktionary:breast|breast]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>94</th><th>[[wiktionary:bite|bite]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>95</th><th>[[wiktionary:suck|suck]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>97</th><th>[[wiktionary:vomit|vomit]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>99</th><th>[[wiktionary:breathe|breathe]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>102</th><th>[[wiktionary:hear|hear]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>103</th><th>[[wiktionary:know|know]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>105</th><th>[[wiktionary:smell|smell]]</th><td> </td></tr>

<tr><th>106</th><th>[[wiktionary:fear|fear]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>109</th><th>[[wiktionary:die|die]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>110</th><th>[[wiktionary:kill|kill]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>111</th><th>[[wiktionary:fight|fight]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>114</th><th>[[wiktionary:cut|cut]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>115</th><th>[[wiktionary:split|split]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>116</th><th>[[wiktionary:stab|stab]]</th><td> </td></tr>

<tr><th>117</th><th>[[wiktionary:scratch|scratch]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>119</th><th>[[wiktionary:swim|swim]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>120</th><th>[[wiktionary:fly|fly]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>121</th><th>[[wiktionary:walk|walk]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>123</th><th>[[wiktionary:lie|lie]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>124</th><th>[[wiktionary:sit|sit]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>126</th><th>[[wiktionary:turn|turn]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>130</th><th>[[wiktionary:squeeze|squeeze]]</th><td> </td></tr>

<tr><th>131</th><th>[[wiktionary:rub|rub]]</th><td> </td></tr>

<tr><th>134</th><th>[[wiktionary:pull|pull]]</th><td> </td></tr>

<tr><th>135</th><th>[[wiktionary:push|push]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>136</th><th>[[wiktionary:throw|throw]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>137</th><th>[[wiktionary:tie|tie]]</th><td> </td></tr>

<tr><th>139</th><th>[[wiktionary:count|count]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>141</th><th>[[wiktionary:sing|sing]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>144</th><th>[[wiktionary:flow|flow]]</th><td> </td></tr>

<tr><th>145</th><th>[[wiktionary:freeze|freeze]]</th><td> </td></tr>

<tr><th>153</th><th>[[wiktionary:lake|lake]]</th><td> </td></tr>

<tr><th>161</th><th>[[wiktionary:fog|fog]]</th><td> </td></tr>

<tr><th>187</th><th>[[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]]</th><td> </td></tr>

<tr><th>190</th><th>[[wiktionary:round|round]]</th><td> </td></tr>

<tr><th>191</th><th>[[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]]</th><td> </td></tr>

<tr><th>192</th><th>[[wiktionary:dull|dull]]</th><td></td></tr>

<tr><th>193</th><th>[[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]]</th><td></td></tr>

</table>

==Other resources==