Kwenya Greek: Difference between revisions

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'''Kwenya''' (''Κοινη'') is a Hellenic language spoken in the [[Khuamnisht]]-[[Anorite]] sprachbund in Lõis.
'''Kwenya''' (''kwenyá'', κοινή) is a Hellenic language spoken in Irta.


==Introduction==
==Introduction==


==Proto-Kwenya==
== Diachronics ==
Pretty much 2nd century BC Egyptian Greek
=== Proto-Kwenya ===
Essentially OTL's Koine Greek, η οι = /e{{raised}} ø/
 
=== Old Kwenya ===
η ω → iə uə


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
*μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ/ (γκ γχ = /ŋk ŋkʰ/)
*μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ:/ (γκ γχ = /ŋ: ŋkʰ/)
*π τ κ = /p t k/
*π τ κ = /p t k/
*β δ = /b d/
*β δ = /β{{lowered}} ð{{lowered}}/
*φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
*φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
*σ γ = /s h/
*σ γ = /s h/
*ζ = /z/
*ζ = /z/
*ϝ ρ λ = /w ɾ l/
*ϝ ρ/ς λ = /w ɾ l/


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει ευ ια ιο οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja u e i ju ja jo we ɨ/ {{angbr|''a ë i o wi ya u e i yu ya yo we ũ''}}
α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει ευ ια ιο οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja wa e i ju ja jo we ɨ/ {{angbr|a ë i o wi ya wa e i yu ya yo we u}}


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Stress is always initial.


====Intonation====
====Intonation====
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
nom/acc/gen/voc; postpositions; no gender agreement
Kwenya nouns have the following template:


Direct objects of a negated verb are in the genitive.
STEM-case.number-(possessive suffix)


{{col-begin}}
Kwenya lost gender.
{{col-break}}
====Cases====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
 
|+ ''γλωσσα'' 'tongue, language'
====Possessive suffixes====
|-
γλώσσαμου, γλώσσασου, γλώσσατου, γλώσσαμων, γλώσσασων, γλώσσατων = my language, ...
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
|''γλωσσα''<br/>''hlusa''||''γλωσσαι''<br/>''hluse''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
|''γλωσσα!''<br/>''hlusa!''||''γλωσσαι!''<br/>''hluse!''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
|''γλωσσαν''<br/>''hlusan''||''γλωσσαρ''<br/>''hlusar''
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
|''γλωσσαρ''<br/>''hlusar'' ||''γλωσσων''<br/>''hlusun''
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
|''γλωσσανειρ''<br/>''hlusanir'' ||''γλωσσαρειρ''<br/>''hlusarir''
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
|''γλωσσανδο''<br/>''hlusando'' ||''γλωσσωνενδο''<br/>''hlusunëndo''
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
|''γλωσσαξε''<br/>''hlusaksë'' ||''γλωσσωνεξε''<br/>''hlusunëksë''
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
|''γλωσσαρειτ''<br/>''hlusarit'' ||''γλωσσωνειτ''<br/>''hlusunit''
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
|''γλωσσαβαι''<br/>''hlusabe'' ||''γλωσσωμβαι''<br/>''hlusumbe''
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
|''γλωσσαμπο''<br/>''hlusampo'' ||''γλωσσαπο''<br/>''hlusapo''
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
|''γλωσσαδω''<br/>''hlusadu'' ||''γλωσσωνδω''<br/>''hlusundu''
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|''γλωσσαπρε''<br/>''hlusaprë'' ||''γλωσσωμπρε''<br/>''hlusumprë''
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
|''γλωσσανειν''<br/>''hlusanin'' ||''γλωσσαρειν''<br/>''hlusarin''
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|''γλωσσαχω''<br/>''hlusakhu'' ||''γλωσσωγχω''<br/>''hlusankhu''
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
|''γλωσσαμε''<br/>''hlusamë'' ||''γλωσσωμμε''<br/>''hlusummë''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''οικορ'' 'house'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
|''οικορ''<br/>''wekor''||''οικοι''<br/>''wekwe''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
|''οικε!''<br/>''wekë!''||''οικοι!''<br/>''wekwe!''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
|''οικον''<br/>''wekon''||''οικουρ''<br/>''wekũr''
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
|''οικου''<br/>''wekũ'' ||''οικων''<br/>''wekun''
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
|''οικονειρ''<br/>''wekonir'' ||''οικουρειρ''<br/>''wekũrir''
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
|''οικουνδο''<br/>''wekũndo'' ||''οικωνενδο''<br/>''wekunëndo''
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
|''οικουξε''<br/>''wekũksë'' ||''οικωνεξε''<br/>''wekunëksë''
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
|''οικουρειτ''<br/>''wekũrit'' ||''οικωνειτ''<br/>''wekunit''
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
|''οικουβαι''<br/>''wekũbe'' ||''οικωμβαι''<br/>''wekumbe''
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
|''οικομπο''<br/>''wekompo'' ||''οικουπο''<br/>''wekũpo''
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
|''οικουδω''<br/>''wekũdu'' ||''οικωνδω''<br/>''wekundu''
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|''οικουπρε''<br/>''wekũprë'' ||''οικωμπρε''<br/>''wekumprë''
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
|''οικονειν''<br/>''wekonin'' ||''οικουρειν''<br/>''wekũrin''
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|''οικουχω''<br/>''wekũkhu'' ||''οικωγχω''<br/>''wekunkhu''
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
|''οικουμε''<br/>''wekũmë'' ||''οικωμμε''<br/>''wekummë''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''δωρον'' 'gift'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
|''δωρον''<br/>''duron'' ||''δωρα''<br/>''dura''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
|''δωρον!''<br/>''duron!''||''δωρα!''<br/>''dura!''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
|''δωρον''<br/>''duron''||''δωρα''<br/>''dura''
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
|''δωρου''<br/>''durũ'' ||''δωρων''<br/>''durun''
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
|''δωρονειρ''<br/>''duronir'' ||''δωραρειρ''<br/>''durarir''
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
|''δωρουνδο'' ||''δωρωνενδο''
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
|''δωρουξε'' ||''δωρωνεξε''
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
|''δωρουειτ'' ||''δωρωνειτ''
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
|''δωρουβαι'' ||''δωρωμβαι''
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
|''δωρομπο'' ||''δωραπο''
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
|''δωρουδω'' ||''δωρωνδω''
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|''δωρουπρε'' ||''δωρωμπρε''
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
|''δωρονειν'' ||''δωραρειν''
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|''δωρουχω'' ||''δωρωγχω''
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
|''δωρουμε'' ||''δωρωμμε''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''πολιρ'' 'city'
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (subject)|Nominative}}
|''πολιρ''||''πολερ''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house!|Vocative}}
|''πολι!''||''πολερ!''
|-
!|{{abbtip|house (direct object)|Accusative}}
|''πολιν''||''πολερ''
|-
!|{{abbtip|of a house|Genitive}}
|''πολιωρ'' ||''πολιων''
|-
!|{{abbtip|into a house|Illative}}
|''πολινειρ'' ||''πολερειρ''
|-
!|{{abbtip|in a house|Inessive}}
|''πολιωνδο'' ||''πολιωνενδο''
|-
!|{{abbtip|out of a house|Elative}}
|''πολιωξε'' ||''πολιωνεξε''
|-
!|{{abbtip|near/at a house|Adessive}}
|''πολιωρειτ'' ||''πολιωνειτ''
|-
!|{{abbtip|to/toward a house|Allative}}
|''πολιωβαι'' ||''πολιωμβαι''
|-
!|{{abbtip|from a house|Ablative}}
|''πολιμπο'' ||''πολεπο''
|-
!|{{abbtip|by means of a house|Instrumental}}
|''πολιωδω'' ||''πολιωνδω''
|-
!|{{abbtip|as a house|Essive}}
|''πολιωπρε'' ||''πολιωμπρε''
|-
!|{{abbtip|becoming a house|Translative}}
|''πολινειν'' ||''πολερειν''
|-
!|{{abbtip|without a house|Abessive}}
|''πολιωχω'' ||''πολιωγχω''
|-
!|{{abbtip|(together) with a house|Comitative}}
|''πολιωμε'' ||''πολιωμμε''
|}
{{col-end}}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives have an attributive form and predicative form. They also have past tense and imperative forms like verbs. also -wir, -ia, -wi < ύς-εία-ύ‎  
Adjectives have an attributive form and predicative forms that agree by number, animacy and gender. They also have past tense and imperative forms like verbs. also -wir, -ia, -wi < ύς-εία-ύ‎  
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''καλορ'' 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); present tense
|+ καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); present tense
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''καλορ''<br/>''kalor''||''καλοι''<br/>''kalwe''
|καλος<br/>kalor
|rowspan=2|καλοι<br/>kale
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''καλη''<br/>''kalya''||''καλαι''<br/>''kale''
|καλη<br/>kalya
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''καλον''<br/>''kalon''||''καλα''<br/>''kala''
|καλον<br/>kalon||καλα<br/>kala
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''καλ(ο)-''<br/>''kal(o)-''
|colspan="2"|καλ(ο)-<br/>kal(o)-
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''καλορ'' 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); past tense
|+ καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); past tense
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''καλορων''<br/>''kalorun''||''καλοντερ''<br/>''kalontër''
|καλοςων<br/>kalorun
|rowspan=2|καλοντες<br/>kalontër
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''καληρα''<br/>''kalyara''||''καλαιραι''<br/>''kalere''
|καληρα<br/>kalyara
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''καλονον''<br/>''kalonon''||''καλαντα''<br/>''kalanta''
|καλονον<br/>kalonon||καλαντα<br/>kalanta
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''καλομοντ''<br/>''kalomont''
|colspan="2"|καλομοντ<br/>kalomont
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''καλορ'' 'good' (1st decl.); imperative
|+ καλος 'good' (1st decl.); imperative
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|active
!|active
|''καλοστι!''<br/>''kalosti!''||''καλοστε!''<br/>''kalostë!''
|καλοστι!<br/>kalosti!||καλοστε!<br/>kalostë!
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''ευγενηρ'' 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.)
|+ ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.)
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''ευγενηρ''<br/>''yuhënyar''||''ευγενειρ''<br/>''yuhënir''
|ευγενης<br/>yuhënyar
|rowspan=2|ευγενεις<br/>yuhënir
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''ευγενηρ''<br/>''yuhënyar''||''ευγενειρ''<br/>''yuhënir''
|ευγενης<br/>yuhënyar
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''ευγενερ''<br/>''yuhënër''||''ευγενη''<br/>''yuhënya''
|ευγενες<br/>yuhënër||ευγενη<br/>yuhënya
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''ευγεν(ο)-''<br/>''yuhën(o)-''
|colspan="2"|ευγεν(ο)-<br/>yuhën(o)-
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''ευγενηρ'' 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.); past tense
|+ ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.); past tense
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''ευγενηρων''<br/>''yuhënyarun''||''ευγενειντερ''<br/>''yuhënintër''
|ευγενηςων<br/>yuhënyarun
|rowspan=2|ευγενειντες<br/>yuhënintër
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''ευγενηρα''<br/>''yuhënyara''||''ευγενειραι''<br/>''yuhënire''
|ευγενηςα<br/>yuhënyara
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''ευγενερον''<br/>''yuhënëron''||''ευγενηντα''<br/>''yuhënyanta''
|ευγενεςον<br/>yuhënëron||ευγενηντα<br/>yuhënyanta
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''ευγενομοντ''<br/>''yuhënomont''
|colspan="2"|ευγενομοντ<br/>yuhënomont
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''ευγενηρ'' 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.); imperative
|+ ευγενης 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.); imperative
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|active
!|active
|''ευγενοστι!''<br/>''yuhënosti!''||''ευγενοστε!''<br/>''yuhënostë!''
|ευγενοστι!<br/>yuhënosti!||ευγενοστε!<br/>yuhënostë!
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
Line 347: Line 153:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''φαγων'' 'eat' - present active
|+ φαγων 'eat' - present active
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''φαγων''<br/>''phahun''||''φαγοντερ''<br/>''phahontër''
|φαγων<br/>phahun
|rowspan=2|φαγοντες<br/>phahontër
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''φαγουρα''<br/>''phahũra''||''φαγουραι''<br/>''phahũre''
|φαγουςα<br/>phahũra
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''φαγον''<br/>''phahon''||''φαγοντα''<br/>''phahonta''
|φαγον<br/>phahon||φαγοντα<br/>phahonta
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''φαγοντ''<br/>''phahont''
|colspan="2"|φαγοντ<br/>phahont
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''φαγων'' 'eat' - past active
|+ φαγων 'eat' - past active
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''φαγαρ''<br/>''phahar''||''φαγαντερ''<br/>''phahantër''
|φαγας<br/>phahar
|rowspan=2|φαγαντες<br/>phahantër
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''φαγαρα''<br/>''phahara''||''φαγαραι''<br/>''phahare''
|φαγαςα<br/>phahara
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''φαγαν''<br/>''phahan''||''φαγαντα''<br/>''phahanta''
|φαγαν<br/>phahan||φαγαντα<br/>phahanta
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''φαγαρ''<br/>''phahar''
|colspan="2"|φαγας<br/>phahar
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''φαγων'' 'eat' - imperative active
|+ φαγων 'eat' - imperative active
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|active
!|active
|''φαγε!''<br/>''phahë!''||''φαγετε!''<br/>''phahëtë!''
|φαγε!<br/>phahë!||φαγετε!<br/>phahëtë!
|}
|}




{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''φαγων'' 'eat' - present passive
|+ φαγων 'eat' - present passive
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''φαγομενορ''<br/>''phahomënor''||''φαγομενοι''<br/>''phahomënwe''
|φαγομενος<br/>phahomënor
|rowspan=2|φαγομενοι<br/>phahomëne
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''φαγομενη''<br/>''phahomënya''||''φαγομεναι''<br/>''phahomëne''
|φαγομενη<br/>phahomënya
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''φαγομενον''<br/>''phahomënon''||''φαγομενα''<br/>''phahomëna''
|φαγομενον<br/>phahomënon||φαγομενα<br/>phahomëna
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''φαγομεν''<br/>''phahomën''
|colspan="2"|φαγομεν<br/>phahomën
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''φαγων'' 'eat' - past passive
|+ φαγων 'eat' - past passive
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|male
!|male
|''φαγομενορων''<br/>''phahamënorun''||''φαγαμενοντερ''<br/>''phahamënontër''
|φαγομενοςων<br/>phahamënorun
|rowspan=2|φαγαμενοντες<br/>phahamënontër
|-
|-
!|female
!|female
|''φαγομενηρα''<br/>''phahamënyara''||''φαγαμεναιραι''<br/>''phahamënere''
|φαγομενηςα<br/>phahamënyara
|-
|-
!|inanimate
!|inanimate
|''φαγαμενονον''<br/>''phahamënonon''||''φαγαμεναντα''<br/>''phahamënanta''
|φαγαμενονον<br/>phahamënonon||φαγαμεναντα<br/>phahamënanta
|-
|-
!|attributive
!|attributive
|colspan="2"|''φαγομενομοντ''<br/>''phahomënomont''
|colspan="2"|φαγομενομοντ<br/>phahomënomont
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''φαγων'' 'eat' - imperative passive
|+ φαγων 'eat' - imperative passive
|-
|-
!| !! Singular !! Plural
!| !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!|active
!|active
|''φαγομενοστι!''<br/>''phahomënosti!''||''φαγομενοστε!''<br/>''phahomënostë!''
|φαγομεστι!<br/>phahomësti!||φαγομεστε!<br/>phahomëstë!
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
Line 447: Line 257:
All numbers are indeclinable:
All numbers are indeclinable:


1-10: ''ën'', ''dwi'', ''trya'', ''tëttar'', ''pënta'', ''ëksa'', ''ëpta'', ''ohta'', ''ënnya'', ''dëka''
1-10: ën, dwi, trya, tëttar, pënta, ëksa, ëpta, ohta, ënnya, dëka


11-20: ''ëndyutrũ, dwidyutru, ..., ikori'' (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ...'' "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian ''üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...'')
11-20: ëndyutrũ, dwidyutru, ..., ikori (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...)


100: ''ëkaton''
100: ëkaton


1000: ''khilya''
1000: khilya


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Kwenya is completely head-final like Korean, Tamil and Turkish.
Kwenya syntax is similar to Finnish.


===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===

Latest revision as of 14:21, 11 March 2023

Kwenya (kwenyá, κοινή) is a Hellenic language spoken in Irta.

Introduction

Diachronics

Proto-Kwenya

Essentially OTL's Koine Greek, η οι = /e̝ ø/

Old Kwenya

η ω → iə uə

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

  • μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ:/ (γκ γχ = /ŋ: ŋkʰ/)
  • π τ κ = /p t k/
  • β δ = /β̞ ð̞/
  • φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
  • σ γ = /s h/
  • ζ = /z/
  • ϝ ρ/ς λ = /w ɾ l/

Vowels

α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει ευ ια ιο οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja wa e i ju ja jo we ɨ/ ⟨a ë i o wi ya wa e i yu ya yo we u⟩

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Kwenya nouns have the following template: 

STEM-case.number-(possessive suffix)

Kwenya lost gender.

Cases

Possessive suffixes

γλώσσαμου, γλώσσασου, γλώσσατου, γλώσσαμων, γλώσσασων, γλώσσατων = my language, ...

Adjectives

Adjectives have an attributive form and predicative forms that agree by number, animacy and gender. They also have past tense and imperative forms like verbs. also -wir, -ia, -wi < ύς-εία-ύ‎

καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); present tense
Singular Plural
male καλος
kalor 		καλοι
kale
female καλη
kalya
inanimate καλον
kalon		 καλα
kala
attributive καλ(ο)-
kal(o)-


καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); past tense
Singular Plural
male καλοςων
kalorun 		καλοντες
kalontër
female καληρα
kalyara
inanimate καλονον
kalonon		 καλαντα
kalanta
attributive καλομοντ
kalomont


καλος 'good' (1st decl.); imperative
Singular Plural
active καλοστι!
kalosti!		 καλοστε!
kalostë!

ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.)
Singular Plural
male ευγενης
yuhënyar 		ευγενεις
yuhënir
female ευγενης
yuhënyar
inanimate ευγενες
yuhënër		 ευγενη
yuhënya
attributive ευγεν(ο)-
yuhën(o)-


ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.); past tense
Singular Plural
male ευγενηςων
yuhënyarun 		ευγενειντες
yuhënintër
female ευγενηςα
yuhënyara
inanimate ευγενεςον
yuhënëron		 ευγενηντα
yuhënyanta
attributive ευγενομοντ
yuhënomont


ευγενης 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.); imperative
Singular Plural
active ευγενοστι!
yuhënosti!		 ευγενοστε!
yuhënostë!


Verbs

Two voices: active, passive

Principal parts: present stem, past stem

φαγων 'eat' - present active
Singular Plural
male φαγων
phahun 		φαγοντες
phahontër
female φαγουςα
phahũra
inanimate φαγον
phahon		 φαγοντα
phahonta
attributive φαγοντ
phahont


φαγων 'eat' - past active
Singular Plural
male φαγας
phahar 		φαγαντες
phahantër
female φαγαςα
phahara
inanimate φαγαν
phahan		 φαγαντα
phahanta
attributive φαγας
phahar


φαγων 'eat' - imperative active
Singular Plural
active φαγε!
phahë!		 φαγετε!
phahëtë!


φαγων 'eat' - present passive
Singular Plural
male φαγομενος
phahomënor 		φαγομενοι
phahomëne
female φαγομενη
phahomënya
inanimate φαγομενον
phahomënon		 φαγομενα
phahomëna
attributive φαγομεν
phahomën


φαγων 'eat' - past passive
Singular Plural
male φαγομενοςων
phahamënorun 		φαγαμενοντες
phahamënontër
female φαγομενηςα
phahamënyara
inanimate φαγαμενονον
phahamënonon		 φαγαμεναντα
phahamënanta
attributive φαγομενομοντ
phahomënomont


φαγων 'eat' - imperative passive
Singular Plural
active φαγομεστι!
phahomësti!		 φαγομεστε!
phahomëstë!


Numbers

All numbers are indeclinable:

1-10: ën, dwi, trya, tëttar, pënta, ëksa, ëpta, ohta, ënnya, dëka

11-20: ëndyutrũ, dwidyutru, ..., ikori (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...)

100: ëkaton

1000: khilya

Syntax

Constituent order

Kwenya syntax is similar to Finnish.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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