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Carpathian adjectives: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with "Carpathian adjectives have nominal morphology, although they share some traits with inactive verbs, such as object conjugation. Unlike nouns, adjectives alternate between all four genders (masculine, feminine, common and neuter), agreed with the corresponding gender of the noun. Adjectives have three degrees of comparison: '''positive''' (no suffix: masculine ''dàbas'', neuter ''dàba'', feminine ''dàbā'', common ''dàbis'' “good”), comp...") |
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Carpathian adjectives have nominal morphology, although they share some traits with inactive verbs, such as object conjugation. Unlike nouns, adjectives alternate between all four genders (masculine, feminine, common and neuter), agreed with the corresponding gender of the noun. Adjectives have three degrees of [[w:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]]: '''positive''' (no suffix: masculine ''dàbas'', neuter ''dàba'', feminine ''dàbā'', common ''dàbis'' “good”), comparative (suffix ''-es-'': masculine ''dabesas'', neuter ''dabesa'', feminine ''dabesā'', common ''dabesis'' “better”) and superlative (suffix ''- | Carpathian adjectives have nominal morphology, although they share some traits with inactive verbs, such as object conjugation. Unlike nouns, adjectives alternate between all four genders (masculine, feminine, common and neuter), agreed with the corresponding gender of the noun. Adjectives have three degrees of [[w:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]]: '''positive''' (no suffix: masculine ''dàbas'', neuter ''dàba'', feminine ''dàbā'', common ''dàbis'' “good”), comparative (suffix ''-es-'': masculine ''dabesas'', neuter ''dabesa'', feminine ''dabesā'', common ''dabesis'' “better”) and superlative (suffix ''-imm-'': masculine ''dabimmas'', neuter ''dabimma'', feminine ''dabimmā'', common ''dabimmis'' “better”). Their number agrees with the number of the corresponding nouns. Adjectives have no vocative case instead using the nominative, when necessary. | ||
As in the case of noun paradigms, adjectives have their own classes, but there are only two: "a"-stem and "u"-stem. All other declensional classes either merged into the two, or did not exist. The masculine and neuter adjectives share all their oblique case endings, being different only in the nominative (for all numbers) and accusative (for dual and plural). | As in the case of noun paradigms, adjectives have their own classes, but there are only two: "a"-stem and "u"-stem. All other declensional classes either merged into the two, or did not exist. The masculine and neuter adjectives share all their oblique case endings, being different only in the nominative (for all numbers) and accusative (for dual and plural). | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==''u''-stem adjectives== | ==''u''-stem adjectives== | ||
An example of | An example of a "u"-stem adjective is ''tingùs'' “heavy”. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|''tingùs'' | |''tingùs'' | ||
|''tingù'' | |''tingù'' | ||
|'' | |''tingwī́'' | ||
|''tingwìs'' | |''tingwìs'' | ||
|''tìngū'' | |''tìngū'' | ||
| Line 143: | Line 143: | ||
!Accusative | !Accusative | ||
| colspan="2" |''tìngun'' | | colspan="2" |''tìngun'' | ||
|'' | |''tìngwīn'' | ||
|''tìngwin'' | |''tìngwin'' | ||
|''tìngū'' | |''tìngū'' | ||
| Line 149: | Line 149: | ||
|''tìnguns'' | |''tìnguns'' | ||
|''tìngū'' | |''tìngū'' | ||
|'' | |''tìngwīnis'' | ||
|''tìngwins'' | |''tìngwins'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| colspan="2" |''tingušù'' | | colspan="2" |''tingušù'' | ||
|''tingiā́su'' | |''tingiā́su'' | ||
|'' | |''tingwišù'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Person markers== | |||
Carpathian adjectives can act as [[w:Predicate (grammar)|predicates]] by taking person markers. The adjectival person markers are the same as object markers of verbs and similar to possessive suffixes of nouns, all having a common origin in early Proto-Carpathian personal clitics. The category of number (singular or plural) is also indicated. | |||
Below is the table of person markers: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | | |||
! rowspan=2 |[[w:Grammatical person|1st]] | |||
! rowspan=2 |[[w:Grammatical person|2nd]] | |||
! colspan=2 | [[w:Grammatical person|3rd]] | |||
|- | |||
! <small>proximate</small> | |||
! <small>obviate</small> | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | |||
| ''-mi'' | |||
| ''-ti'' | |||
| ''-(j)is'' | |||
| ''-tas'' | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Grammatical number|Dual]] | |||
| ''-nū'' | |||
| ''-wū'' | |||
| ''-(j)ī'' | |||
| ''-tai'' | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Grammatical number|Plural]] | |||
| ''-nas'' | |||
| ''-was'' | |||
| ''-īs'' | |||
| ''-tā'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Certain case endings change their vowel quality before a marker, for example: ''jaun'''ū''' wīrū'' “two young men” ''wīrū šī<sup>W</sup>/sī<sup>E</sup> jaun'''ō'''jī'' “these two men are young” ("W" is Western Carpathian and "E" is Eastern Carpathian). | |||
[[Category:Carpathian]] | [[Category:Carpathian]] | ||