Linguifex

Carpathian verbs: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Carpathian verbs (view source)

Revision as of 17:04, 15 March 2023

8,266 bytes added ,  15 March 2023
m
→‎Aspectual and deictic affixes
 
(19 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 152: Line 152:
|''stèrhe''
|''stèrhe''
|''tùrie''
|''tùrie''
|''gidā́''
|''gidā́he''
|''zirhḗje''
|''zirhḗje''
|-
|-
Line 234: Line 234:
|''stèrhe''
|''stèrhe''
|''turḗ''
|''turḗ''
|''gidā́s''
|''gidā́se''
|''zirhḗje''
|''zirhḗ''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]]
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]]
Line 243: Line 243:
|''turēwā́''
|''turēwā́''
|''gidāsawā́''
|''gidāsawā́''
|''zirhējawā́''
|''zirhēwā́''
|-
|-
![[w:Second person plural|2nd du]]
![[w:Second person plural|2nd du]]
Line 250: Line 250:
|''turētā́''
|''turētā́''
|''gidāsatā́''
|''gidāsatā́''
|''zirhējatā́''
|''zirhētā́''
|-
|-
![[w:Third person plural|3rd du]]
![[w:Third person plural|3rd du]]
Line 257: Line 257:
|''turētìs''
|''turētìs''
|''gidāsatìs''
|''gidāsatìs''
|''zirhējatìs''
|''zirhētìs''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Plural|Plural]]
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Plural|Plural]]
Line 265: Line 265:
|''turēmè''
|''turēmè''
|''gidāsamè''
|''gidāsamè''
|''zirhējamè''
|''zirhēmè''
|-
|-
![[w:Second person plural|2nd pl]]
![[w:Second person plural|2nd pl]]
Line 272: Line 272:
|''turētè''
|''turētè''
|''gidāsatè''
|''gidāsatè''
|''zirhējatè''
|''zirhētè''
|-
|-
![[w:Third person plural|3rd pl]]
![[w:Third person plural|3rd pl]]
Line 281: Line 281:
|''zirhējañ''
|''zirhējañ''
|}
|}
The verb ''gidā́tei'' “to wait” has sigmatic aorist, while all other verbs from the example above have root aorist. The difference is the addition of the suffix ''-s'' with the lengthening of the previous vowel: ''kurtéi'' “to build”, ''degetéi'' “to burn” — ''kūr̃'''š'''anta'' “I built it”, ''dē'''š'''anta'' “I burnt it” (sigmatic aorist); but ''tirimtéi'' “to shiver” — ''tirìmun'' “I shivered” (root aorist).
The verb ''gidā́tei'' “to wait” has sigmatic aorist, while all other verbs from the example above have root aorist. The difference is the addition of the suffix ''-s'' with the lengthening of the previous vowel: ''kurtéi'' “to build”, ''degetéi'' “to burn” — ''kúr'''š'''anta'' “I built it”, ''dē'''š'''anta'' “I burnt it” (sigmatic aorist); but ''tirimtéi'' “to shiver” — ''tirìmun'' “I shivered” (root aorist).


Some irregular "e"-stem verbs have zero-grade ablaut in their root, usually those belonging to PIE bhárati-verbs: ''b'''è'''rōsa'' “I’m picking it up” — ''b'''i'''rā́hansa'' “I picked it up”, but ''g'''i'''dā́hū'' “I’m waiting” — ''g'''i'''dā́sun'' “I waited”.
Some irregular "e"-stem verbs have zero-grade ablaut in their root, usually those belonging to PIE bhárati-verbs: ''b'''è'''rōsa'' “I’m picking it up” — ''b'''i'''rā́hansa'' “I picked it up”, but ''g'''i'''dā́hū'' “I’m waiting” — ''g'''i'''dā́sun'' “I waited”.
Line 302: Line 302:
![[w:First person singular|1st sg]]
![[w:First person singular|1st sg]]
|''skéitun''
|''skéitun''
|''stirhaũn''
|''stirhán''
|''turiáun''
|''turián''
|''gidiáun''
|''gidián''
|''zirhḗjaun''
|''zirhḗjan''
|-
|-
![[w:Second person singular|2nd sg]]
![[w:Second person singular|2nd sg]]
Line 529: Line 529:
|''zirhḗsianti''
|''zirhḗsianti''
|}
|}
The future tense in  Carpathian still retains its connection to the [[w:Desiderative mood|desiderative]] aspect, from which it originated. In fact, it is more accurate to translate Carpathian verbs in future tense with a phrase “wanting to do something”, for example: ''skeisiū'' “I’d like to read” or “I want to read”, which implies the speaker’s own volition or intent to do it. Otherwise, optative form is preferred: ''skitiēn'' “I am to read”.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+[[w:Optative mood|Optative]]
|+[[w:Optative mood|Optative]]
Line 674: Line 675:
===Inactive verbs===
===Inactive verbs===
The category of inactive verbs convey the meaning of emotion and prolonged state belong to this class. There are two classes: autocausative and impersonal verbs. The common examples of [[w:Autocausative verb|autocausative]] verbs are ''supāteisin'' “to sleep”, ''dōmāteisin'' “to suppose”, ''wōjāteisin'' “to believe” and ''tinkāteisin'' “to suit, to be appropriate”. These verbs mark the subject with the dative instead of the nominative. The [[w:Impersonal verb|impersonal]] verbs are almost all denominative and take no arguments, the examples being ''snigetei'' “to snow”, ''zarētei'' “to dawn”, ''lītei''. Their conjugation is different from the active verbs in that the autocausative verbs only take object markers and impersonal verbs do not take any personal markers. The tenses are exactly the same, except the inactive verbs lack the imperative and have a separate subjunctive form, derived from the indicative of the PIE perfective verbs. Here is the example of the conjugation of some inactive verbs (the autocausative example is in the first person singular):
The category of inactive verbs convey the meaning of emotion and prolonged state belong to this class. There are two classes: autocausative and impersonal verbs. The common examples of [[w:Autocausative verb|autocausative]] verbs are ''supāteisin'' “to sleep”, ''dōmāteisin'' “to suppose”, ''wōjāteisin'' “to believe” and ''tinkāteisin'' “to suit, to be appropriate”. These verbs mark the subject with the dative instead of the nominative. The [[w:Impersonal verb|impersonal]] verbs are almost all denominative and take no arguments, the examples being ''snigetei'' “to snow”, ''zarētei'' “to dawn”, ''lītei''. Their conjugation is different from the active verbs in that the autocausative verbs only take object markers and impersonal verbs do not take any personal markers. The tenses are exactly the same, except the inactive verbs lack the imperative and have a separate subjunctive form, derived from the indicative of the PIE perfective verbs. Here is the example of the conjugation of some inactive verbs (the autocausative example is in the first person singular):
!''supā́teisin'' “to sleep”
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
Line 734: Line 734:
|-
|-
|}
|}
===Object markers===
===Object markers===
One, two, three or, rarely, four grammatical persons can be indicated in a single Carpathian verb. The performer of an action is called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]], and affected persons are [[w:Object (grammar)|objects]] (indirect or direct). The category of number (singular or plural) is also indicated. The [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjunct]] is not indicated.
One, two, three or, rarely, four grammatical persons can be indicated in a single Carpathian verb. The performer of an action is called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]], and affected persons are [[w:Object (grammar)|objects]] (indirect or direct). The category of number (singular or plural) is also indicated. The [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjunct]] is not indicated.
Line 824: Line 825:
Carpathian also has a special class of motion verbs (e.g. ''bēgetei'' “run”, ''eitei'' “go”, ''nestei'' “carry”, ''westei'' “lead” etc), which are usually used with various prefixes to define the direction or duration of motion, thus creating two aspectual groups: one, expressing determinate action (motion towards or away from a place), and the other, expressing indeterminate action (motion back and forth or without a specified goal). These two groups form verb pairs, one perfective and one imperfective. for example the ''pernestei per hapān'' “to carry through a river (once)” — ''pernasītei'' “to be carrying through something (in general, more than once)”.
Carpathian also has a special class of motion verbs (e.g. ''bēgetei'' “run”, ''eitei'' “go”, ''nestei'' “carry”, ''westei'' “lead” etc), which are usually used with various prefixes to define the direction or duration of motion, thus creating two aspectual groups: one, expressing determinate action (motion towards or away from a place), and the other, expressing indeterminate action (motion back and forth or without a specified goal). These two groups form verb pairs, one perfective and one imperfective. for example the ''pernestei per hapān'' “to carry through a river (once)” — ''pernasītei'' “to be carrying through something (in general, more than once)”.


Unlike prefixes, which do not change the way a verb is conjugated, suffixed verbs form a separate conjugation class, which is characterised by the retention of a thematic vowel. Here is a table of all aspectual suffixes in Carpathian:
Unlike prefixes, which do not change the way a verb is conjugated, suffixed verbs form a separate conjugation class, which is characterised by the retention of a thematic vowel. Below is a table of all aspectual suffixes in Carpathian:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Suffix
! Suffix
Line 856: Line 857:
| ''-ēj''
| ''-ēj''
| ''-ēje''
| ''-ēje''
| ''-ātei''
| ''-ētei''
| ''hauj'''ē'''tei'' “to be aware”<br/>''leg'''ē'''tei'' “to lie (be situated)”<br/>''bil'''ē'''tei'' “to be white”
| ''hauj'''ē'''tei'' “to be aware”<br/>''leg'''ē'''tei'' “to lie (be situated)”<br/>''bil'''ē'''tei'' “to be white”<br/>''dih'''ē'''tei'' “to think”
| [[w:Stative verb|Stative]] verbs, often continuous.
| [[w:Stative verb|Stative]] verbs, often continuous.
| Sigmatic aorist. [[w:Deadjectival verb|Deadjectival]] inactive verbs have zero-grade throughout their conjugation.
| Sigmatic aorist. [[w:Deadjectival verb|Deadjectival]] inactive verbs have zero-grade throughout their conjugation.
Line 878: Line 879:
| ''-auje''
| ''-auje''
| ''-autei''
| ''-autei''
| ''ōg'''au'''tei'' “to gather berries”<br/>''mīlautei'' “to endear”
| ''ōg'''au'''tei'' “to gather berries”<br/>''mīl'''au'''tei'' “to endear”
| [[w:Denominal verb|Denominative]] progressive verbs.
| [[w:Denominal verb|Denominative]] progressive verbs.
| The diphthong "-au-" becomes "-awā-" in the aorist.
| The diphthong "-au-" becomes "-awā-" in the aorist.
|-
|-
| ''-ī''
| ''-ī''
| ''-ei''
| ''-ī''
| ''-ītei''
| ''-ītei''
| ''pars'''ī'''tei'' “to ask”<br/>''kailītei'' “to cure”<br/>''pirgītei'' “to fry”
| ''pars'''ī'''tei'' “to ask”<br/>''kail'''ī'''tei'' “to cure”<br/>''parg'''ī'''tei'' “to fry”
| [[w:Causative|Causative]].
| [[w:Causative|Causative]].
| The diphthong "-ei-" becomes "-īj-" before vowels.
| The vowel "-ī-" becomes "-ei", when final.
|-
|-
| ''-jē''
| ''-jē''
| ''-iei''
| ''-iei''
| ''-ētei''
| ''-ētei''
| ''pars'''ī'''tei'' “to ask”<br/>''kailītei'' “to cure”<br/>''pirgītei'' “to fry”
| ''milk'''ē'''tei'' “to be silent”<br/>''mud'''ē'''tei'' “to be weak”<br/>''girb'''ē'''tei'' “to have a need for something”
| [[w:Causative|Causative]].
| Inactive imperfective denominal verbs.
| The diphthong "-ei-" becomes "-īj-" before vowels.
| The vowel "-e-" becomes "-ei-", when final.
|-
|-
|}
|}
Other affixes, that are no longer productive, are the present nasal infix: ''legetei'' “to lie down” — ''li'''n'''gū'' “I lie down”; the "nau"-suffix: ''slūnautei'' “to be famous”, ''kurnautei'' “to prepare”.
Other affixes, that are no longer productive, are the present nasal infix: ''legetei'' “to lie down” — ''li'''n'''gū'' “I lie down”; the "nau"-suffix: ''slūnautei'' “to be famous”, ''kurnautei'' “to prepare”.
Carpathian prefixes:
{| class="wikitable"
! Prefix
! Examples
! Approximate<br>meaning
! Notes
|-
| ''ar-''
| ''arkaltei'' “to break apart”
| “dis-”, “un-”.
|
|-
| ''at-''
| ''addōtei'' “to give back”
| “from”, “back”.
| Has a form ''ati-'' before consonants, assimilates to the next plosive.
|-
| ''ap-''
| ''apeitei'' “to walk around”
| “around”.
| Western Carpathian has ''ep-'' instead. Has a form ''api-'' before consonants.
|-
| ''da-''
| ''dajeitei'' “to go to”
| “towards”, “till”.
|
|-
| ''au-''
| ''aweitei'' “to walk between”
| “between”, “at”.
| Has a form ''aw-'' before vowels.
|-
| ''in-''
| ''ineitei'' “to enter”
| “in”, “into”.
|
|-
| ''is-''
| ''ineitei'' “to enter”
| “out of”.
| Western Carpathian has ''iš-'' instead.
|-
| ''ni-''
| ''nijeitei'' “to descend”
| “down”, “below”.
|
|-
| ''nō-''
| ''nōjeitei'' “to walk upwards”
| “up”, “over”.
|
|-
| ''pō-''
| ''pōmintei'' “to recall”, ''pōjeitei'' “to come later”
| “later”.
| Some Western dialects have ''pā-'' instead.
|-
| ''pa-''
| ''pamintei'' “to remember”, ''panestei'' “to carry away”
| “at”, “away”. Forms iterative, frequentative and semelfactive verbs.
| Has a form ''paj-'' before vowels
|-
| ''per-''
| ''perdōtei'' “to pass over”, ''pereitei'' “to cross”
| “over”, “re-”, “through”.
| Has a form ''pere-'' before a consonant cluster.
|-
| ''par-''
| ''pareitei'' “to walk along”
| “along”, “completely”.
| Has a form ''para-'' before a consonant cluster.
|-
| ''perei-''
| ''perijeitei'' “to approach”
| “by”, “next to”.
| Has a form ''perij-'' before vowels.
|-
| ''pirt-''
| ''pirtistātei'' “to contrast”
| “against”.
| Has a form ''pirti-'' before consonants.
|-
| ''ō-''
| ''ōjeitei'' “to almost reach”, ''ōsiausteisin'' “to be like a joke”
| “Afterwards”, “up to”. Forms collective abstract nouns.
| Has the form ''ōj-'' before vowels.
|-
| ''sam-''
| ''sameitei'' “to walk together”
| “together”.
| Has a form ''sama-'' before a consonant cluster.
|-
| ''su-''
| ''sumētei'' “to dare”
| “good”.
|
|-
| ''sun-''
| ''suntartei'' “to talk with someone”
| “with”, “alongside”.
|
|-
| ''uz-''
| ''uzimtei'' “to obtain”
| “at”, “onto”, “in return for”.
| Western Carpathian has ''už-'' instead. Becomes ''us-'' before voiceless consonants.
|-
| ''zō-''
| ''zōjeitei'' “to walk from behind”
| “behind”, “after”.
| Western Carpathian has ''žō-'' instead. Becomes ''zōj-'' before vowels
|-
|}


==Periphrastic formations==
==Periphrastic formations==
The original Proto-Indo-European subjunctive had fell out of use already by the Proto-Carpathian period, instead being replaced by the preterit form of ''būtei'' and the supine or the infinitive of the main verb, for example: ''būnta skeistei'' “I would be reading that”; ''būsta skeistun'' “(that) you read that” The subjunctive forms of the verb ''būtei'' (subject endings only) are as follows:
The original Proto-Indo-European [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]] had fell out of use already by the Proto-Carpathian period, instead being replaced by the preterit form of ''būtei'' and the supine or the infinitive of the main verb, for example: ''būnta skeistei'' “I would be reading that”; ''būsta skeistun'' “(that) you read that” The subjunctive forms of the verb ''būtei'' (subject endings only) are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[w:Subjunctive mood|Subjunctive]]
|+[[w:Subjunctive mood|Subjunctive]]
Line 936: Line 1,051:
|}
|}
In some dialects of both Western and Eastern Carpathian the auxiliary verb merged with the main verb into a new synthetic form, for example: ''skeistumbū́'' “he/she would read”. Despite being widespread, this form is not in the standard written language itself.
In some dialects of both Western and Eastern Carpathian the auxiliary verb merged with the main verb into a new synthetic form, for example: ''skeistumbū́'' “he/she would read”. Despite being widespread, this form is not in the standard written language itself.
In addition to synthetic future-desiderative, there are also several '''analytic future''' constructions with a modal verb and an infinitive or supine, which, unlike the former synthetic form, express necessity or obligation, for example: ''eimi skeistei'' “I’m going to read”, ''immi dētun'' “I must have it done”. In order to denote simple futurity of an action, present tense may be used: ''tā pa skeisteta kunīgān'' “later he/she will read a book”.
Carpathian verbs express [[w:Irrealis mood#Potential|potentiality]] of an action by means of the verb ''leistei'' “to let” and the infinitive of the main verb, for example: ''leide eitei'' “he/she will probably go”, ''lais eitei'' “he/she might have gone”. If used with supine instead, the latter phrase gains a permissive meaning: ''laidinti eitun'' “they are allowed to go”.
==Participles==
Carpathian retains a rich system of participles. Unlike the neighbouring Slavic languages, Carpathian has no distinct categories of adjectival and adverbial participles, but in the way the two categories behave morphologically. Adjectival participles decline as adjectives, while adverbial participles are not declined. Participles are an important part of speech. All of them have their own function, but not all are used equally often. Unlike verbs, participles can both active and passive.
One of the main functions of active participles is to describe a characteristic of a noun related to some ongoing, past or future action in which the said noun is the agent: ''paustīs perelektunīs'' “migrating birds”, ''wadījas nepatairānas'' “inexperienced driver”. Only imperfective, perfective and future participles can fulfill this function. Another function of active participles is to describe an action performed by the sentence subject before the main action: ''Akunan '''atihwerwā''', meriā dangānas pagiledēsā''. – “'''Having opened''' the window, the girl looked at the clouds”.
Just as adjectives, participles decline for gender, case and number of the noun they modify, except for the dative absolute construction. Participles can be conjugated for person in the same way as inactive verbs by taking pronominal suffixes. The table below represents all possible participle forms of the verb ''skeistei'' “to read”, the pronominal forms having the third person singular suffix ''-is''.
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=3 |
! colspan=4| Simple
! colspan=4| Pronominal
|-
! <small>masculine</small>
! <small>neuter</small>
! <small>feminine</small>
! <small>common</small>
! <small>masculine</small>
! <small>neuter</small>
! <small>feminine</small>
! <small>common</small>
|-
! colspan=8| Active
|-
! rowspan=3| Imperfective
! <small>sg</small>
| skitañs || skitañ || skiteñtī || skiteñtis || skitañsis || skitànis || skiteñtihis || skiteñtisis
|-
! <small>du</small>
| skitañte || colspan=3| skitañtī || skitañtejī || colspan=3| skitañtīhī
|-
! <small>pl</small>
| skitañtis || skitán || colspan=2| skiteñtīs || skitañtisis || skitáinis || colspan=2| skiteñtīhis
|-
! rowspan=3| Aorist
! <small>sg</small>
| skaitàwas || skaitàwan || skaitàwī || skaitàwis || skaitàwasis || skaitàwanis || skaitàwihis || skaitàwisis
|-
! <small>du</small>
| skaĩtawe || colspan=3| skaĩtawī || skaĩtawejis || colspan=3| skaĩtawīhis
|-
! <small>pl</small>
| skaĩtawis || skaitawā̃ || colspan=2| skaĩtawīs || skaĩtawisis || skaitawànis || colspan=2| skaĩtawīsis
|-
! rowspan=3| Perfect
! <small>sg</small>
| skitùs || skituñ || skitwī́ || skitwìs || skitùsis || skitùnis || skitwìhis || skitwìsis
|-
! <small>du</small>
| colspan=4| skitàwī || colspan=4| skitàwīhis
|-
! <small>pl</small>
| colspan=2| skitū́s || colspan=2| skitwī́s || colspan=2| skitū́sis || colspan=2| skitwī́sis
|-
! rowspan=3| Desiderative
! <small>sg</small>
| skitasiañs || skitasiañ || skitasiañtī || skitasiñtis || skitasiañsis || skitasiànis || skitasiañtihis || skitasiñtisis
|-
! <small>du</small>
| skitasiañte || colspan=3| skitasiñtī || skitasiañtejī || colspan=3| skitasiñtīhī
|-
! <small>pl</small>
| skitasiañtis || skitasián || colspan=2| skitasiñtīs || skitasiañtisis || skitasiáinis || colspan=2| skitasiñtīhis
|-
! rowspan=3| Resultative
! <small>sg</small>
| skillùs || skilluñ || skillī́ || skillìs || skillùsis || skillùnis || skillìhis || skillìsis
|-
! <small>du</small>
| colspan=4| skitèlī || colspan=4| skitèlīhis
|-
! <small>pl</small>
| colspan=2| skillū́s || colspan=2| skillī́s || colspan=2| skillū́sis || colspan=2| skillī́sis
|-
|}
Passive participles mainly denote actions that have impact upon nouns they describe: ''skaunas kuramas'' “a house that is being built”, ''haiskas histas'' – “a question that has been asked”.
In a similar way to adjectives, some participles have three degrees of comparison: ''laubīmas'' “liked” — ''laubīmesas'' “more liked” — ''laubīmimmas'' “most liked”.


[[Category:Carpathian]]
[[Category:Carpathian]]
Raistas
2,334

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/297498...298243"