User:Aydın Baykara

Constructed Language AYBAY CONLANG (ABCL)

“AyBay ConLang”, (abbreviated as ABCL) is a constructed language (conlang), developed and issued by Dr. Aydin Baykara in 2022. It is an a priori language, which means that the complete vocabulary has been created entirely new, starting from zero. ABCL is a conlang containing partly the features of philosophical and logical languages. It is less agglutinative, but fairly inflective and derivative too.

Living world languages are difficult to learn also because of many irregularities, ambiguities and of grammatical rules of differing complexity. Most of the conlangs aim to be easy learning international auxiliary language (IAL) by avoiding them. Accordingly such a conlang –to be easy and simple- should fulfil the following conditions:

• Introducing logical rules in grammar, which should be however as little as possible.
• High degree of unambiguity. It means that each word has exactly one grammatical interpretation. Their grammatical relation to each other should be in exactly defined.
• The words shall be classified in predefined, clearly distinguishable classes.
• Phonologically it should be avoided to define a different word by aspiration, shortening, lengthening, and stressing or accenting a phoneme, consonant or vowel.
• For the ease of utterance and fluency the diphthong and double consonants in a syllable shall be avoided.
• The words shall be as short as possible for short expressions and for saving printing paper.

ABCL is built up in two levels. The basic one (Level 1) is for normal use (about B2 level of CEFR) and the second level (Level 2) is for the full utilization of all aspects for higher purposes like printed papers and literature.

ABCL tries to achieve these goals by:

• Clearly defined syntax (SVO), fixed order of affixes, simple and reduced number of tenses, moods, aspects if compared with living languages.
• ABCL defines for Level 1 basic (root) words with one interpretation only. Other words with closer variable meaning will be expressed by addition of suitable adverbial or other particles. For Level 2 such words, if frequently used, may be defined as root word too.
• Words are created according to a certain scheme systematically as detailed below (Title: Vocabulary) Thus a learner can easily identify with this scheme which role a word in the sentence play (adverb, noun etc.) without knowing its meaning before. Except verbs (even after conjugation) and conjunctives/prepositions all words ends up on a vowel. This way (one vowel follow the other) it will not possible to merge two particles in one if somebody speaks too fast (inevitably he must stop before second vowel).
• This scheme avoids diphthongs and clusters in a syllable too, with three exemptions only (the modal prefixes, plural and antonym suffixes _i and _x)
• ABCL relies up on the Turkish alphabet and orthography and follows the principle "one letter per sound."

Another goal of ABCL is to use as less letters as possible for an expression compared with native languages. As for example, because the conjunctives, prepositions and pronouns are the most used words in many languages, we have created such words as two and three letters words. This way ABCL needs about half of the characters of English language to express the same content. That means, we could save half of the pages of a book written in English and so on.

Here are some guidelines for easy understanding of the following text: (where “C” indicates consonants and “V” vowels) The sign “*” attached to a “V”(V*) or “C”(C*) indicates that the vowels vary from “a” to “ü” and the consonants from “b” to “z” respectively. The sign “#” is a placeholder for a varying vowel or consonant. The point “.” between syllables of ABCL words is used to indicate an affix. It is just a demo to make the role of the suffixes clearer in this article. It will not be applied in normal usage of the language.

ORTHOGRAPHY

ABCL exploits eight vowels available in different languages, but without lengthening and lowering them. Besides the common vowels “a, e, i, o, u”, also “ö and ü” (from German and Turkish for example) and “ı” (ɯ- close back unrounded vowel, which is not common in ABC’s but in Turkish), will be utilized.

It is not difficult in pronunciation at all, even though it seems so for outsiders. Although it doesn’t exist in English ABC, it can be heard very often in daily talks, for example in vocabularies ending with “_tion” like “station”, which would be written in ABCL as “sıteyşın”. The first “ı” may not be distinguished (as in clusters “st”) but the second one is articulated also in English, lengthened and stressed. Even though ABCL abstains from using it in case of nouns, where we have huge possibility of the word creation without utilization of ”ı” (and others as the consonants “j” and “h” for example), in some cases however (like verbs and particles) they are needed for the creation of the sufficient numbers of the words.

Close/similar sounds of the vowel “e” (like a-umlaut in German) have been also dismissed.

ABCL uses 20 consonants, however only 18 will be utilized generally. These 18 include also the consonants “ç” and “ş” (English digraphs ch and sh). The “w” has been omitted for sounding very close to “v” and “q” close to “k”. The “j”, itself sounding as in the French word “je”, has been included for marking the questions and numerals.

Besides it will be necessary for the second level of ABCL, if there is a shortage in the creation of CV and VC type ‘two letters’ particles (adjectives, prepositions, pronouns) in Level 2.

The last questionable consonant used here seldom (e.g. for ordinal numbers), is “ğ” which sound like “gh” in “though” in English. “x” sounds same as in English and is used for negations only (at the end of the word it modifies). See next sheet for the complete table of the spelling pronunciation with other examples.

ALPHABET and PRONUNCIATION

Letters		Examples in English		IPA
a		as in father		a
b		as in below		b
c		as in jungle, jar		ʤ
ç		as in CHair, CHallange		ʧ
d		as in dark		d
e		as in bed		e
f		as in food		f
g		as in dog, ago		g
ğ		as in thouGH		-
h		as in hallo, has		h
ı		as in opEN		ɯ
i		as in meet		i
j		as in measure		ʒ
k		as in cop		k
l		as in length		l, ʎ
m		as in measure		m
n		as in nice		n
o		as in pore		o
ö		as in sir		ø
p		as in piece		p
r		as in rice		r, ɹ
s		as in sick		s
ş		as in SHare, SHade		ʃ
t		as in tip		t
u		as in today		u
ü		as in jury, fUture		y
v		as in village, vertical		v
y		as in bay, yes		j
z		as in zero, zodiac		z
x		as in six		x

ABCL does not rely on the exact pronunciation of the letters. Words are constructed such a way that it is not sensitive to the diversions such as aspect and accenting. But it is essential to stress the vowels in V, VC, CV, VCV, CVC formations and the second vowel in CVCCV and longer formations.

VOCABULARY, LEXICON, WORD FORMATION/DERIVATION

Words are created according to the following scheme:

Nouns have the scheme CVCCV, verbs CVC, adverbs VCV, adjectives CV and VCV, conjunctives and prepositions VC. Pronouns have V and VCV respectively. In case a scheme is used for more than one category (as VCV), certain vowels or consonants are allocated to one class only so that a mix up can be avoided (e.g. for the adjectives VCV, the first vowels are “a and e”; for the adverbs “o, ö, u and ü”; for the pronouns “i”.). Number of letters for each category is chosen considering the possible combinations in creation of the required number of a lexical category. (e.g. although for nouns (with CVCCV), combinations over 500 000 may be required and can be created theoretically, for the verbs, three letters CVC may covers the required range).

ABCL lexicon (ABCL- English) has been prepared in form of an Excel file, separated in groups of lexical categories: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction and preposition, pronoun, derived nouns (and additionally a table with the affixes for inflections, conjugations and declensions). The category “noun” consists of 15 noun classes, each of them placed in a separate Excel page. Further details have been explained under the related page title “NOUN”. Verbs are separated also in classes, similar to nouns, placed under one Excel page, which includes also the derived verbs separately. Similarly, to each other category, an Excel page has been allocated. A word can be searched using the “search” function of Excel in both direction. A direct visual search is also possible, if the correct class of the word can be judged before, while looking in the relevant page and under the corresponding subtitle.

Word formation/creation by the derivation between verb-noun-adjective-adverbs has been done with the help of the suffixes. Suffixes are selected for each logically defined group separately. They have been explained in the following with examples for each type of the syntactic category separately. ABCL has about 3800 root nouns (including 3000 most common nouns of English listed by Britannica Dictionary), 1600 root verbs, 600 adjectives, over 100 adverbs, 100 conjunctions/prepositions and 60 pronouns defined in English translation. With some defined derivations the vocabulary has reached almost seven thousand words, which is considered sufficient for the daily use of World languages.

As explained below for individual cases the word creation system of ABCL is able to create huge number of the root words additionally. Nevertheless with the help of the created rules for the word derivations, one will be able to find a word which he needs to express himself easily. Thus, we can estimate the vocabulary of ABCL at this stage already about 8000 to 10000 words.

NOUNS of ABCL

BASIC/ROOT NOUNS

“Basic/root nouns” consist principally of five letters (CVCCV). There are however nouns derived from verbs, adjectives and other nouns having six-seven letters. They all end on a vowel same as the basic nouns. Adding the sixth and seventh letter was necessary to avoid ambiguities with the root nouns and the double vowels. The root nouns are classified in 15 noun groups, each of them heading a special area of use, such as “body”, “human”, “animals”, plants, “mental”, psychology-spirit”, social”, “daily home”, “health”, “pastime”, ”nature and environment”, “science”, “construction-technic-transport”, “time” and “others”. Each of them has its own special initial consonant. Considering “S” is being the mostly utilized initial consonant in many languages, we preferred it for the “heading” BODY and HUMAN, which are mostly mentioned in daily speaking.

This partly philosophical approach of word creation are not favoured by some critics, saying words differing by an end vowel (or consonant) only, could be mixed up easily. This may seem at first sight true but many world languages have many similar words which is not considered as a problem for them. Even so, the grouping and classification of words as done in ABCL have the big advantage of connotation for memorizing or remembering a word.

Nouns are created by the use of an Excel matrix; an example for the main topic “BODY” is shown below. For this heading, CVCCV is selected as S#N##, whereas S and N being basic consonants for the heading “BODY”. The subtopics are constructed by varying first vocal in lateral line of the matrix from “A” to “Ü” (also 8 vocals=8 columns) (here, for example, for subtitle “Head”, first varying vowel being “E”, first syllable is SEN and for the following subtitle “Upper Body”, it is SİN ). Now for each subheading having a fixed CVC (e.g. SEN), the fourth letter (consonant) will be kept, the fifth letter (a vowel) will be varied from “A” to “Ü” (“SEN”C#), building a block with 8 columns. ((In the matrix below, for the sake of vowel harmony (applied for the “Level 1” only) some columns (e.g. “sanbe, sınbi, sünbo..) haven’t been utilized.)) Vertically, at the each column of the matrix the fourth letter (a consonant) will be varied from “B” to “Z” (“SEN”C*”a”… 20 in total). This way for each subtopic 8×20=160 nouns could be created theoretically. For one heading (e.g. “BODY” with the corresponding fixed consonants “SAN”##, “SEN”## etc. as here) we could have 8×160=1280 nouns. Varying “N” in this scheme from “B” to “Z”, we will have 20×1280=25 600 nouns beginning with “S”. And for 20 initial consonants, we could have created 20×25 600=512 000 nouns with this matrix scheme.

We aim to utilize for the Level 1 about 5000 nouns only, so we can effort dropping combination with difficult pronunciations (for example with the letters “J” or “I” and for the sake of vowel harmony etc. Fully utilization of the matrix might be required for the medical and technical terms only, if any. The matrix scheme would also allow using of the computer programs for word creation and translation. The matrix allows further sub-subheading such as of the “Head”, the first column (S-ENe) indicating sense organs like eye, nose, ear (denoted as Sene: primary) and further columns right of them, the subparts of first noun at the beginning (denoted as “seconders”). For example: eye (senge) (first column), then in the same row; eyelid (sengi), eyelash (sengo), iris (sengö). Being Excel table, the matrix allows right click explanation for each cell, where we can put the meaning of a word in any language.

                     ABCL nouns of group S#N##* (BODY) (selected partially as example)
                                           SEN: HEAD

Sen#e: Primary				Sen#i: Secondary	Sen#o: Secondary.....

SEN#e			SEN#i			SEN#o			SEN#ö			SEN#ü
senbe	head		senbi	...		senbo	...		senbö	...		senbü	...
sence	skull		senci	scalp		senco	...		sencö	chin		sencü	cheekbone
sençe	tooth		sençi	foretooth		senço	gum		sençö	canine tooth		sençü	grinder
sende	mouth		sendi	lip		sendo	palate		sendö	poach		sendü	tongue
senfe	nose		senfi	nostril		senfo	phlegm		senfö	nosal bone		senfü	sinus
senge	eye		sengi	eye lid		sengo	eye lash		sengö	iris		sengü	pupil
senhe	ear		senhi	earlobe	...	senho	...		senhö	middle ear		senhü	inner ear
...........
senne	...		senni	...		senno	...		sennö	...		sennü	...
...........
sense	eye brow		sensi	...		senso	...		sensö	...		sensü	...
senze	face		senzi	forehead		senzo	...		senzö	jaw		senzü	cheek

Prosodics are generally not required. However to avoid the misunderstanding due to close sounds of some vocals the (especially second) syllables must be accentuated.

DERIVED NOUNS

Nouns will be derived from nouns, verbs and adjectives by adding suffixes according to a fixed scheme. They will typically end also on a vowel as the root nouns.

Deverbal Nouns

ABCL Suffix		ABCL Suffix		Example: ABCL noun		English Suffix	Some English Nouns (Examples)
(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(incl. Level 2)			(only nouns in italic translated into ABCL)
_şe		_şe		yin.şe, dek.şe		to (infinitive)	to run, to eat
_aya		_aya		kas.aya		_, _age, _ure	cut, bore, leakage, creature
_aya		_aya		çol.aya		_/t)ion	protrusion, indication, motion, division, organization, evaporation
_aya		_aya		her.aya		_ing	building, being, writing, dead, smell, piping
_aya		_aha		mes.aha		_ence	joy, fun, thought, excellence
_aya		_aha		hün.aha, tad.aha		_ment	employment, enjoyment, amazement, imprisonment, replacement
_aya		_ada		tüm.ada		_(t-,s-)ion	relaxation, attention, selection, evaporation, introduction
_ana		_ama		hün.ama		_er,_ent,_ory,_ak,_ier	employer, student, servant, baker, liar, governor, waitress, signatory, cashier, cleaner
_ana		_ana		vük.ana		_er	counter, cleaner, recorder, opener, obstacle, scale, viewer (for _scope: as microscope)
_aya		_aşa		dan.aşa		_	dress/clothes(ing)/wear/garment
_asa		_asa		hün.asa		_ee	employee, refugee, trainee
_aça		_aça		vös.aça		_(e)ry	refinery, bakery, laundry, laboratory, dormitory
_aça		_aca		dir.aca		_ing, _tion	bedding, station (bus stop), aim/target, passage
_aka		_aka		yin.aka		_ing (gerund)	running, beginning, rejoicing

According to the meaning they add to the derived nouns, English suffixes can be grouped in to e.g.: nomina acti, nomina actionis, nomina agentis (acting), nomina patientis (affected), noun loci (place); result/product of act for real and abstract objects, result as process etc. These groups are shown in the second column (Level 2) of the above table.

One can see in the table that there is not a different noun created from the same verbal root by different suffix groups "aya, aha, ada" and "aşa". Even it seems sometimes so as for "expectance via expectancy", the meaning remains almost the same. It means, we can use one suffix only instead of those three. (Seemingly different meanings by different suffixes arises by the root verb, not by the suffix, accordingly no need for such suffix diversity.)

So, in ABCL for the Level 1 we will lessen the suffixes of mentioned group to one suffix "aya" only. Suffixes "ama" and "ana" will be merged to "ana" indicating the subject of the act (independently person or thing) only. Passive subject suffix "asa" remains as it is. Third merged suffix is "aça" including also "aca" which denotes the place. Fourth is "aka", stand for "-ing" and some "-tion" suffixes naming the action itself by the name.

Thus ABCL has finally five derivational suffixes for deverbal nouns as shown in first column. The suffixes of the second column at the table above may be used however for the Level 2 if needed.(Shortened in the lists above and below; complete lists of this group can be seen at my URL: http://aydinbaykara.com)

With the help of those five suffixes and assumed two thousand suitable verbs, it would be possible to create 10 000 new nouns for Level 1 only.

Denominal Nouns

ABCL Suffix L1		ABCL Suffix L2		Examp.: ABCL noun L2	English Suffix	Some English Nouns (Examples)
_da(abstr.nouns)		_da		salya.da	_hood,_ness,_ity	motherhood, friendship, military, kingdom
_da		_ha		senge.ha		spectacles, woodshed, cucumber, Spielzeug(German)
_da		_ya		salya.ya	-y/-n/-en/-on,-ling,-ette	mummy, doggy, chicken, kitten, maiden, darling, diskette
_na(people-group)		_ma		pesçe.ma	-ian/-er/-man/-ist	politician, librarian, musician, porter, fireman, artist, dentist, racist, Buddhist, atheist
_na		_sa		Türkiye.sa	-ish/-ian/-an/-er/-se	Turkish, Algerian, Roman, Chinese (citizen of that country)
_na		_na		paskö.na	_ish,_ien,_an,(e)r	citizen, villager, republican, English, German (folk)
_ta(branch-area)		_ta		banya.ta	_logy,_nomy,_graphy	biology, psychology, astronomy, stenography, geography, photography
		-			country name	as in the original language, not in English
					-meter	thermometer (Suffix replaced by compound words such as "heat gauge")

For the similar consideration as the deverbal noun derivation above, ABCL will have the suffix "da" for the suffixes of the Level 2 (L2)"da, ha, ya"; the suffix "na" for "na, ma, sa, ra"(all human related) and "ta" for scientific nouns.

Even if rarely, it is possible that one Level 1 suffix covers two nouns with differing meaning (In the table above "motherhood" and "mummy" are both derived from "mother". With one Level 1 (L1) suffix "da" only, we would have an ambiguity. Therefore we need here to go back to Level 2, where we have two different suffixes ("da" and "ya").

If a noun very frequently used, we defined beside derived one also a root noun for it directly in ABCL as e.g. above pesçe.ma (=pesce). Derivation rules, once memorized, can be applied for new cases also but the word will be longer, other way we have to learn the new noun additionally to derived one, which we consider adequate for the Level 2 only.

Noun Derived from Adjective

ABCL Suffix		Examp.: ABCL noun	English Suffix	Some English Nouns (Examples)
_ka		heha.ka	-y	pinky
_ka;(x)_ka		ebi.ka, ebix.ka	-	beauty, ugliness
_ka		açü.ka, abax.ka	_dom,_hood	freedom, boredom, falsehood
_ka		ehi.ka, atü.ka	_th, _(en)ce	depth, strength, prominence, absence
(x)_ka		avax.ka	_ness	sadness, kindness, darkness, business
_ka		silbi.to.ka	_(al)ity,_ty,_y	sexuality, normality, formality, loyalty, jealousy, victory
(x)_ka		göd.amox.ka(*)	_cy	vacancy, fluency, frequency
(x)_ka		avax.ka	_ness	sadness, kindness, darkness, business
_vunye		şı.vunye, ki.vunye	_gon	polygon, pentagon

(*)Nouns will not be derived from deverbal adjectives but directly from verbs, so it will be “göd.ayax”

Noun Derived from Adverb

__sı/si

oye.si

-side

outside

Compound/Combined Noun Derivations

adjective.verb	edu.çeni	telephone
adjective.verb	edu.biyi	television
adjective.verb	edu. bayı	telescope
adjective.verb	edux.bayı	microscope
adjective.noun	eme vondi	lens/magnifier
verb.noun	ene.n. vondi	magnifying glass
adjective.noun	şo.bangı	something

VERBS of ABCL

BASIC/ROOT VERBS

Verbs consist basically of three letters as CVC. They are also classified in schemes similar to the nouns. Fifteen “main headings” (with the first denoting letter of the group following) are “PHYSICAL ACTS -K**”, “AKTIVE ACTIONS –Y, R and G**”, “PEOPLE – S and Ş**”, “SOCIAL RELATION –F and P**”, “MENTAL ACTIVITIES –B and M**”, “HOUSEHOLD, … DAILY LIFE -D**”, “PASTTIME, SPOR, HEALTH -T**”, “UTTARANCE, NONPERSON ACTS-Ç**”, “BUSINESS, PUBLIC -H**”, “TECHNIC / SCIENCE / NATURE-V**”. In PHYSICAL ACTS, “K**” is initial consonant for the heading, ** indicates varying 8 vowels (“a” to “ü”) in the second place and alternating 20 consonants in the third place. This way 4600 verbs can be created theoretically, but for the same reason as for the nouns, only half of them will be taken in to the consideration.

For the Level 1, ABCL has about one thousand six hundreds of them, which seems to be adequate. The main heading could be subdivided in subheading such as KA* for a certain type of “physical acting” and KE* for another where appropriate (not in this example).

As example, some verbs in the category “K-physical acting” are shown below:

kaf

set up

kef

set down

kıf

kif

fasten

kah

dig

keh

fill

kıh

kih

excavate

kak

walk

kek

preserve

kık

kik

fit

kal

open

kel

close

kıl

kil

shut down

kam

pull

kem

push

kım

kim

twist

kan

take

ken

give

kın

take away

kin

bring

kap

throw/fling

kep

dart

kıp

kip

kick

kar

hit

ker

crush/bump

kır

bust

kir

catch

kas

cut

kes

separate

kıs

kis

divide

Verbs will be flexed for the first level beside tenses also for ergative, causative, imperative, passive, subjunctive and negative. Suffixes for further tenses and moods have been defined also for Level 2 such as inferential, optative, subjunctive conditional etc. additionally. Those moods of the second level can be replaced in the first level by the prepositions as in English.

Verbs are transitive, intransitive and also both even though identical in writing (and speaking as in English). A transitive verb in one language may be intransitive in another language. Because English includes many such verbs, for the translation from English to ABCL, ABCL needed two different verbs for each type of the meaning in order to overcome the ambiguity.

Thus, the ergative mood has been introduced with the suffix “_t” after the intransitive verb to make it “transitive”. Accordingly, a verb defined in ABCL lexicon is intrinsically intransitive, if it is not clearly transitive by its own inherent sense. Therefore the lexicon does not contain transitive verbs which can be flexed with the suffix “_t” from the intransitive verb except those used very frequently. With other words, if one search the lexicon for the ABCL translation of an English verb, the counterpart verb will be the one with the intransitive meaning.

This is however not a big issue, because a verb in a clause accompanied by an object will be understood as transitive in any way.

DERIVED VERBS

Verbs will be derived from nouns and adjectives by adding suffixes according to a fixed scheme. They will typically end also on a consonant as the root verbs.

For the derivation of verbs from the nouns the suffixes “_k” (for transitive) and “_l” (for intransitive) will be added (thus we will have a four and five (for negation with _x) letter verb. For the adjectives also the suffix “_l” is chosen (these type of verbs are always intransitive). The number of letters may be increased up to seven letters.

Derived Verbs from Nouns (Denominal Verbs)

- (first noun of the rows translated only)

ABCL Suffix		ABCL verb	English Suffix	English verb (examples)
(noun)_k		çanko.k, dengo.k	_, _en, _ize	fire, salt, frighten(vt), vocalize(vt), terrorize, idolise
(noun)_k		pesçi.k	_ate	liberate, hyphenate, concentrate, oscillate
(noun)_l		vesne.l/posbo.l	_en, get …	sun/sunbathe, get angry, lighten, get old, prink up
(noun)_l		vönni.l	_ize/ise	vaporize, get icy, materialize(vi),
(noun)_lx		tanrı.lx	get …	get no fever

Derived Verbs from Adjectives

ABCL Suffix		ABCL verb	English verb (examples)
_l, _lx		efi.l- efil.x	be new-become old
_l, _lx		ene.l- enel.x	greaten/biggen-become small/diminish
_l, _lx		emi.l- emi.lx	shine-become dull/tarnish/dim
_l, _lx		egi.l- egix.l	be fresh/freshen-be stale (wither)
_l, _lx		ebi.l- ebix.l	become beautiful-be ugly

The negation suffix “x” is normally placed at the end of the word which it negates. If “x” follows or followed by a consonant, a short sounded “ı or i” introduced in between (in accordance with the vowel harmony) in speaking, but not in writing.

Verbal Forms in ABCL

Many verbs in English are ambitransitive (transitive and intransitive, depending on the context) such as burn, sink, read, break etc. where the separation is provided either by their context (receiving an object) or by the special prepositions/particles. ABCL tries to minimize and to simplify this duality. The verbs defined in lexicon are either inherently intransitive (among others linking verbs like appear, be, become, feel, get, grow, keep, look, seem, sound, smell, stay, turn etc.) i.e. they cannot take object or inherently transitive, i.e. they take object. Equivalent of any ambitransitive English verb is defined in ABCL always as transitive too (e.g. the verb “sink=yus” is in ABCL transitive only even though in English it may have the meanings such as: the boat sank (intransitive) and the storm has sunk the bot (transitive)). Intransitive includes also reflexive and reciprocal. Because there are too many transitive verbs which can be transformed by reflexion in to (semi-)intransitive verbs, ABCL introduced the suffix “_t” for this purpose. Similar approach has been chosen also for the reciprocal verbs with the suffix “_k”. With this approach the problem of the ambitransitive verbs would be overcome in ABCL. Other way around to make out of an intransitive verb a transitive one (ergative) ABCL defined the suffix “_t”. English uses also different word or auxiliary to make out of an inherently intransitive verb a transitive verb (like “die-kill”, “sleep- get/make… sleep”) or opposite. Contrary to ABCL, it creates from transitive verb intransitive reflexive verbs by using reflexive pronouns (protect-protect oneself). Other suffixes for further verbal forms are listed in the table under the title: Modal Verbs, Inflexions and Modus in ABCL further below.

ADJECTIVES

BASIC/ROOT ADJECTIVES

Basic adjectives consist of two/three letters as CV/x and VCV/x, yielding about 500, but doubling by using of “x” at the ends giving an adverse meaning such as “ebi” for beautiful and “ebix” for ugly. Adjectives have also been separated in classes. Two letter adjectives “CV*” with the titles: “interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite (quantifier), indefinite numerical, main colours, placing and possessive" where C indicates the group and “a” to “ü” varying vowels denoting the adjectives.

Three letters are separated in to two main groups as “DESCRIPTIVE-QUALIFYING (DQ)” and “DESCRIPTIVE–PEOPLE (DP)” (personality and behaviour mainly). Each of them has been subdivided internally according to the scheme V#V (eC*e; eC*i; … eC*ü for the first main group and aC*a; aC*e; aC*i; … aC*ü, eC*a for the remaining). Each subtitle indicates a special type of the adjectives such as “aC*e-being”, “aC*i-behaviour” or “eC*ü-nature/science. Physical features, appearance, human attribute, opinion-view etc., each consonant representing one heading with vowels varying.

Examples for Root Adjectives:

Indefinite (Quantifier): şV*		English			DQ: eC*e			Physical Descr. of Things		DP: aC*i			Person-Behaviour
şa		more			ebe-x			sweet-bitter		abi-x			polite/kind/gentle-impolite/rude
şe		most			ece		-			aci-x			fair-biased
şi-şix		several/many/much -few/little			eçe			sour		açi-x			just-devious
şo-şox		some_ - any_			ede-x			hot-cold		adi-x			sedate-excited
şö		each			efe-x			warm- cool		afi			superficial
şu-şux		every_ -no_			ege-x			wide-narrow		agi			keen/eager

Possessive Determiners: az, oz, uz, ez, öz, üz- my, your, its, our, your, their

Possesive determiners are adjective in their role in syntax but because genitive suffix "_z" is placed after the word it modifies the rule that adjective ends upon vowel (CV) changed here to VC exceptionally.

DERIVED ADJECTIVES

Adjectives will be derived by adding suffixes to the verbs and nouns. As the root adjectives, also derived ones end with a vowel, typical for adjectives. Thus they will have six to eight letters.

Deverbal Adjectives

They will be derived by the suffixes “_ado/_adox” (in place of the English suffixes "_ful, _less, _ant/-ent, _ive, _ile, _ic, _ate, _y/ly,_ic, _ous, etc.), "_ako" (for capability "_able/_ible"), “_amo” (for past participle _ed) and “_ana” (for present participle _ing).

Examples for Deverbal Adjectives:

_ado-adox		_ful-less		(_azo)ado		_ant/-ent		_ako		_able, _ible		_amo		p.p _ed/irregular
bip.ado-x		hope.ful-less		tüm.ado		relaxant		kir.ako		breakable		dul.amo		boiled
yaz.ado-x		use.ful-less		sik.ado		pleasant		moy.ako		admirable		mad.amo		known
rol.ado-x		harm.ful-less		feh.ado		dominant		höç.akox		incredible		bür.amo		worried

Denominal Adjectives

Denominal adjectives will be derived by the suffixes “_do/_dox” (in place of the English affixes "_ful, _less, _ive, _ulent, _ile, _holic, _ic, _ate, _y/ly,_ic, _ous, un_, im_...etc.) and "_ko" (for capability "_able/_ible")

Examples

_do		_ful, _ous		_dox		-less, in-, ir-		_ko		_able,_ible
pasba.do		peaceful		pasba.dox		hope.less		pösvi.ko		fashionable
sinte.do		handful		camya.dox		timeless		pisbe.ko		taxable
pössi.do-x		merciful-cruel		hanya.dox		homeless		menyö.ko		sociable

With these 8 suffixes (ado, adox, ako, amo, ano, do, dox, ko) it is possible to get unnumbered new adjectives from verbs and nouns additionally to 520 root adjectives.

NUMBERS in ABCL

Also for the numbers, the suffix “_x” meaning zero, a differing system has been created.

1 to 10: bi, çi, fi, ki, li, ni, pi, si, yi, bix

				1-9		10-90		11-19		100-900		1 Th-9 Th		10 Th-90 Th		100 Th-900 Th		1 Mln-9 Mln
				#i		#ix		bi#i		#iç		#if		#ik		#il		#in
1				bi		bix		bibi		biç		bif		bik		bil		bin
2				çi		çix		biçi		çiç		çif		çik		çil		çin
3				fi		....		....		.....		fif		.....		.....		...
4				ki		....		....		.....		.....		kik		.....		...
5				li		....		....		.....		.....		.....		lil		...
6				ni		....		....		.....		.....		.....		.....		nin
7				pi		....		....		.....		.....		pik		pil		...		pip
8				si		....		....		.....		.....		.....		.....														sis
9				yi		yix		biyi		yiç		yif		yik		yil		yin		yip										yis										yiy

An example: The number 6 572 120 is written in ABCL: nin.lil.pik.çif.biç.çix (includes 18 letters). The same digit written in English extends to 52 letters.

The system continues in such “ten” times pattern as:

bip, bis(billion), biy, bim, bir(trillion), bit, biv, biş(quadrillion). Over that, the system follows one thousand pattern such as "bix big, biç big, bif big, bil big, bin big" etc.

At the first sight it seems to be some ambiguity with some verbs, e.g. “bin” means as verb “shame” but as number “million” or “bibi” means “caused” but as number “eleven”. However in the syntax a mix up is not possible due to the fact that the verbs are placed secondly after the subject where the numbers stay as adjectives before the noun they modify. (e.g.: a bibi bibi hünsü çux camba=I (have) caused eleven accidents last year.) and they always get a suffix when used in a sentence.

ADVERBS

BASIC ADVERBS

Basic adverbs consist of three letters in scheme of V*-ç/- ş/-l/-n/-y-V*, covering mostly used adverbs in many languages. As in English, in many other languages also adverbs have often the same spelling with the adjectives and conjunctives. For the sake of ambiguity they also will have separate three letters wordings in ABCL, if used as adverb. Also here there are separate headings for subdivision, indicated by choose of the vowels, for example first two letters “oçV*, öçV*, uçV*, üçV*, oşV*, öşV*, uşV*, üşV*” for adverbs indicate “time” and “quantity” where the third vowel varies from “a” to “ü” (* means always “varying letters” in this article). This way 56 words can be created if needed (without the use of the vowel “ı”). The middle consonant “y” denotes the “adverbs of manner” which are subdivided into four such as direction (oyV*), descriptive (öyV*) etc.

Examples:

Time		Quantity			Manners	(direction)		Manners	(descriptive)
oçV*		oşV*			oyV*			öyV*
oça	yet	oşa	more,_er		oya	ahead/forward		öya	otherwise
oçe	still	oşe	most		oye-x	in(side)-out(side)		öye	aright
uçV*		öşV*
uça	immediately	öşa	often
uço	now	öşi	some

DERIVED ADVERBS

Also here there are deviations in the number of basic letters while deriving adverbs from verbs, nouns and adjectives. Examples for some derivations: (The English words in italic are translated in to ABCL only

Derived from Root Verbs

Examples:

ABCL suffix		ABCL adverb		English suffix		English adverbs
_içe		fag.içe				help(ing)fully
_içe		eh.içe		_ing(ly)		laughingly, knowingly

Derived from Root Adjectives

Examples:

ABCL suffix		ABCL adverb		English suffix		English adverbs
_çi		fag.ado.çi		(ful(ly), _(a)bly		helpfully, notably, passably, incredibly, fortunately
_çi		ebi.çi (ebix.çi), atö.çi		_ly		nicely (ugly), tensely, clearly, actively, quickly

Derived from Root Nouns

Examples:

ABCL suffix		ABCL adverb		English suffix		English adverbs
_çö		pisba.çö, monba.çö		_ally,_(ful)ly		econimi.c.ally, joy.ful.ly
_ça		süb.ça, hünbe.ça, ehe.ça		a_		a.miss, away, along, ahead, apart, alone

The number of derived adverbs from the verbs and adjectives only would yield about two thousands.

CONJUNCTIVES-PREPOSITIONS

Conjunctives-prepositions consist of two letters like some adjective groups but as VC. Logical groupings have been built systematically, such as conjunction particals (and, or, then, so… ), particals for subordinate clauses (so that, even if, unless etc.) and prepositions. For example, the end consonant “s” points out to the locational prepositions, like in, at, on, out, under, above, behind etc. with the vowel varying from “a” to “ü”. C* and V* indicate varying consonants and vowels respectively.

CONJUNCTIONS

(Examples)

Coordinating				Subordinating			Correlative			Interrogative
Conjunct.				Subclause			Conjunct.			Conjunct.
_y, k, p, r: C*				_f, l, m:C*
V*n				V*f						V*t
i	and			af	even if		ün…en (ün)	either...or		at	what
or	or			ef	as if		ünx..enx (ünx)	neither...nor		et	how
ey	but			if	if		ay (adj.)	as.(adjective).as		it	why
oy	still/yet			of	in case that(of)		ay.ehe	as long as		ot,ot.in,ot.iç	where,to-,from-

PREPOSITIONS

(Examples)

Preposition				Locational Prepos.
_ş, ç, v				_s, z, y
_V*ş				_V*s
aş	at			as	between
eş	yes/OK			es	among
iş	for			is	near
oş	no			os	beside

PRONOUNS

Pronouns consist of one and three letters (V, VCV). The personal pronouns are “a, o, u, e, ö, ü”. All other pronouns have VCV where first vowel is always “i” with which they would be recognizable and differ from adjectives and adverbs.

Personal	Pronoun(pp)			Possessive	Pronouns
				iz.V*(pp)	(pp).own
a	I			iza	mine
o	you			izo	yours
u	she, he, it			izu	her, his, its
e	we			ize	ours
ö	you			izö	yours
ü	they			izü	theirs
(i)	(own)

Demonstr.			Pronouns		Relative	Pronouns	Nonperson	Pronouns
is.V*			ip.V*		it.V*		iş.V*
isa	this		ipa	this (one)	ita	what	işa	more
iso	that		ipo	that (one)	ito	how	işe	most
isu	that		ipu	other	ite	why	işi-x	many-few
ise	these		ipe	here	ito,iton,itoç	where,to-,from-	işo-x	some-any
isö	those		ipö	that (place name)	itö	when	işö	each
isü	those		ipü	there	itu	who	işu	ones
					itü	which	işü	all
					ite (adj.)	how (many, old, etc.)	işı	either
					ita.pis	how much

Relat. Pronouns as Subordinate Conjunction. em...... which/that/who

PLURAL, NEGATION AND QUESTIONS

Plural will be indicated by the suffix “_i”. To create a fluid link from the preceding end vowel of the noun in the suffix-vowel “i” in speech, a very small /y/ can be added in-between without stopping the airflow between words.

Negation of the act is done by adding suffix “_x” at the end of the conjugated verb. With “_x” as suffix, ABCL constructs also antonym for adjectives, adverbs and conjunctives/prepositions where appropriate. “X” is also used for the number “zero”. If the suffix “_x” follows a consonant a “short-soundless “ı” (like “ion-loud” in “station”) or the preceding vowel will be repeated shortly before “x” for vowel harmony.

Questions will be indicated by the letter “J”, in case of the pronouns as prefix and in case of the nouns as partical before subject noun, spoken with a “short-soundless “ı” sound (like “ion-loud” in “station” (explained before)). It can also be built vocal harmony with the first syllables of the following noun which will be however omitted in writing.

Example: J.a yüsa? (Shall I swim?); J (Jɯ or Je) şenbe b.yüs.e? (Can fish swim?)

TENSES, ASPECTS and IRREALIS

TENSES and ASPECTS

Verbs are conjugated for five tempus “future, simple present, present continuous, simple past (Past 1=P1) and imperfect/durational past/history” (Past 2=P2) , with the corresponding vocals “a, e, i, o/ö, u/ü” placed after verbs as suffix. (u/ü and o/ö can be interchanged for the vocal harmony) If a verb phrase has more than four letters, it will end up on a consonant not vowel, in order to prevent a mix up with root nouns.

Tenses		Suffix		Examples ABCL		English
Future		_a		yal.a		will go
Simple present		_e		yal.e.x		doesn’t go
Present continuous		_i		koy.i.n.x /koy.n.i.x		is not painted
Simple past (P1)		_o/ö		dul.o.t		(I) boiled
Durational past(P2)		_u/ü		koy.u.n		had been painted (in a week)

Past 1 includes all verbs indicating a completed/finished action, independently how many time it had occurred in the past and happened recently or long time ago.

Past 2 includes all verbs inheriting a continuity. It doesn’t make a difference whether the effect of the act is still relevant at the presence or it happened before any relative time point. It matters only that it has a duration in the past. Also here it is not relevant whether it happened recently or long time ago.

Since the primary goal of ABCL is the simplicity, I tried to simplify various aspects used in many languages as far as possible without omitting any useful/necessary aspect utilized in spoken languages at different ways. Normally none of the aspects itself express the speaker’s intention alone. To overcome this he needs additionally different auxiliary particles, especially temporal adverbs. As a matter of fact, a language missing one “useful” aspect of another language, is still able to express the same content by utilizing these auxiliaries. With other words, it is possible for people to express themself also by other means, without the help of a big range of the aspects.

ABCL has none of the complicated aspects requiring the usage of auxiliaries, root modification of the verbs and suffixes such as in Germanic languages (progressive, perfect, past perfect, progressive perfect, past perfect progressive, future perfect progressive, conditional perfect progressive) nor in other languages (habitual, recent/far past, simultaneous, gnomic/generic etc.) All those aspects such as the frequency of occurrence and timely relation (recently, long time ago) will be expressed by the temporal adverbs and numbers where and if required.

I considered e.g. the present perfect tense not necessary because whether or not a past event extends its affect in the presence, has no or very limited relevance for expressing the intent of the speaker. If it would be really necessary he can describe it by the auxiliary means. In fact, the differentiating of simple past and present perfect, as a relic of past, disappear slowly as seen in spoken German language.

The duration of an act in the past could not be easily described by adverbs and other means or by the inherit sense of the verb itself. Therefore and because it could be important in many situations, I introduced Past 2 in order to cover such aspects. Historical events are naturally events of hearsay, which could not have been witnessed by the speaker. So transferred events will be also covered in ABCL with the Past 2 with or without duration of the event. Again, the adverbial auxiliaries can help also here in cases of uncertainty.

Future progressive, perfect and perfect progressive aspects could not easily be replaced by auxiliaries also. There I introduced for these cases as modal the verb “to be” which is named “bab” in ABCL. Its future tense “bab.a” serves for future followed by the aspect which is indicating the presence or past of the conjugated main event.

Below, some examples for the cases explained above for the tenses and aspects used in English and their equivalent in ABCL:

Aspects of the English present tense and their counterpart in ABCL:

Present simple		"I eat"		A dek.e
Present progressive		"I am eating"		A dek.i
Present perfect		"I have eaten"		A dek.ö
Present perfect progressive		"I have been eating"		A dek.ü
I have been eating last year often outside.		(This year I eat at home)		A dek.ü mü camba öşa oye.

Aspects of the English past tense (and in brackets, how it is expressed in ABCL reverse translation with the help of auxiliaries):

Past simple		"I ate" (once) (often)		A dek.ö (üçu) (öşa)
I used to eat		(I ate habitually)		A dek.ö (oli)
Past progressive		"I was eating" (for a while) (sweets)		A dek.ü ülü (densö)
Past perfect		"I had eaten" (already) (as you have arrived)		A dek.ö öçi…
Past perfect progressive		"I had been eating"		A dek.ü
I had been eating always outdoor,		(after 2018 I have cooked at home)		A dek.ü öçi oye, ….

Aspects of the future tense:

Simple future: "I will eat"		A dek.a
Future progressive: "I will be eating" tomorrow at time of your arrival.		A bab.a dek.i üçe …
Future perfect: "I will have eaten" tomorrow at time of your arrival.		A bab.a dek.ö üçe …
Future perfect progressive: "I will have been eating"		A bab.a dek.ü üçe...

Subjunctives of future:

For future, would and should are used to combine future or hypothetical-counterfactual reference with aspectual meaning:

Simple conditional: "I would eat" (if...)		A dek.a.ç
Future conditional progressive: "I would be eating"		A bab.a dek.i.ç
Future conditional perfect: "I would have eaten"		A bab.a dek.ö.ç
Future conditional perfect progressive: "I would have been eating"		A bab.a dek.ü.ç (üçe…)

IRREALIS in ABCL

ABCL considers two main irrealis:

1. Event is hypothetical, but possible, expressing: dependency, emotion, hopes, expectation, wish, desire, possibility, probability, likelihood, uncertainty, doubt, dubiousness, judgment, opinion, obligation, inferential (hearsay), not confirmed, necessity, imploring, asking, guessing, requiring, encouraging or action that has not yet occurred (present subjunctive)

2. Event (counterfactual) cannot occur anymore because the prior dependency, necessity and condition set in the past, had not been fulfilled. Also an event cannot be realized in future because the required condition for its realization could not be met.

Irrealis are expressed in various world languages by modal verbs in past tense (as would, should, might), by modification of verb stem, by adjectives, by conjunctives (if, that), by suitable verbs in subordinate clauses, by special particles and by suffixes to the verbs or by combinations of that.

Item 1 events will be expressed in real tenses of ABCL without the usage of any suffix, subjunctive modal and modification of the verb stem but with suitable adverbs, conjunction (mainly “am”=”that”in English), verbs in subordinate clauses and special particles. Irrealis/subjunctivity will be ensured by the suitable choice of these words.

Examples for Item 1:

If I could (have) slept )	if a bdar.o …
If-clauses (conditional present):
I would eat, if I were hungry :	if a dak.e (if a eka) a dek.e
We would stay at home if it snowed	e yüm.e hanya if venre ven.e
That-clauses:
I suggested that Paul should eat an apple	a fuy.o am Paul (c)dek.e şerbe
He recommends that you be careful	u füy.e am o buh.e
It is important that she stay (with you) by your side	ebo am u yüm.e (oş o) oz vunze
Desirative-Wish-clauses:
I wish I had a car then I wouldn't get on the bus	ah (a mih.e) a man.e hunbe ona a yol.ex
I wish I knew Japanese	ah a mad.e Nippon.sa
Necessity/must-modal-clauses:
I should be able to sleep (I ought to be able to sleep)	a büb.ö bdar.ı
Hearsay-inferential
"He must have gone" or "he is said to have gone " (allegedly):	(a büy.e/mid.e/gay.e) (am) u yal.o una
Martina says that she be in love with you (can be true or not):	Martina çay.e am u bas.e o

Examples for Item 2 clauses:

Item 2 clauses are all irreal subjunctive events mostly with conditional (if-clauses) and other dependent sub clauses. Unreality in this sense is possible in past only. Also hypothetical future events which cannot be realized because dependent conditions of other events in the past are not fulfilled, are included here.

There are also irrealis clauses with “hidden/not outspoken” dependencies. This item includes further unreal desires and wishes (I wish/ if only) and necessity/must cases (should) as well.

Item 2 events in ABCL will have “the contrafactual suffix –ç” added to the conjugated verb, indicating that all clauses with this verb suffix are irrealis past subconjuntive.

If-clauses:
If I had felt well (were I well/if I were well) I would have sung		if a bat.o (bab.o abü) a tak.o.ç
Would you have helped me if I had asked you ?		jo fah.o.ç a if a çat.o o?
If I had been hungry, I would have eaten		if a dak.o (bab.o zex) a dek.e.ç
Without your help (hidden condition) I could not have finished it		oşx oz fah.ı a brem.ö.ç.x
If you would be my son...		if o bab.o.ç az salsa …
That-clauses:
My mother had suggested that I should have eaten an apple		az salya fuy.o am a (c)dek.e.ç şerbe
I drunk so much, that my head would have almost exploded.		a deb.ö oşö am az senbe çik.ö.ç uyu
Necessity/must-modal-clauses:
I should have been able to sleep (I ought to be able to sleep)		a büb.ö.ç bdar.ı
You should have attended the meeting yesterday		o çfup.o.ç püspe üçi
Wish-clauses (incl. desiderative mood):
Only if I could have slept		ah if a bdar.o.ç …
I wish I had a car so that I hadn't got on the bus.		ah (a mih.e) a man.o.ç hunbe öyü am a yol.ox
I should have learned German		ah a dep.ö.ç Deutsch.sa
Future-clauses:
I would have got fresh air outdoor if it had not rained this morning.		a raf.a.ç egi venşe oye.sin if venne ven.öx sa cemkü

ABCL considers the subjunctive in subordinate clauses as not essential for the expression of intent of the speaker and omit it accordingly. For example: Instead of the subjunctives "I suggest that you be careful", we can say "I suggest that you are careful" without losing the sense intended. “Suggest” implies that the case is “irrealis” even though from the grammatical point of view it is “real”.

Also in case of inferential (indirect reported), not witnessed, doubted and not confirmed irrealis, such as “He said he was a physician” (German: Er sagte, er sei Arzt), the speaker can express his intention by telling it directly, i.e. he can say “He said he was a physician, but I cannot confirm it”. An adverbial auxiliary such as “allegedly or supposedly” would express the same circumstance. Also past subjunctive “He said he had no time” (German: Er sagte, er hätte keine Zeit) can be expressed the same way.

Irrealis clauses with the past subjunctive can be replaced also with suitable adverbs such as “He has apparently been there” (er sei da gewesen ) and for the future as “He will assumably be there” (German: er werde da sein)

Turkish has a separate tense for inferentials: “O git.ti” translates “o git.miş”. If it were necessary, English constructions "he must have gone" or "he is said to have gone" would partly translate this Turkish inferential sentence. Even though it is very convenient to build the subjunctive by simply adding the suffix “–miş” to the verb root “git”, it must be learned by some effort. Instead of it I preferred also in such cases using direct real clauses with suitable phrases to cover the intent of the speaker. Here we would say: “I was told that he has gone” or better “He has allegedly gone.” Even though I defined the suffix “_m” for this case for Level 2. (a bdur.o.m cemtü = I was able to fall asleep at midnight apparently (or as I was told next morning)=uyuyabil.miş.im

Past subjunctive is also used to form the conditional tense (as Konjunktiv II in German with modal “würde”). “I would not help him if I were you” can be transferred as “I do not help him if I am you” Here even though both phrases are real, with the meaning of the “conditional if…” it is implied that it is not real because in reality “I cannot be you”.

In French present and past subjunctives used mostly with verbs or adverbs. It is preceded by the conjunction que (that). In case of jussive: Il faut qu’il comprenne cela ("It is necessary that he understand that"), the “necessity” implies “the order” so that there is no need for the further subjunctive moods of the verbs. This idea has been also implemented in ABCL as already stated.

Italian has also similar subjunctive setting, for example with credo che, è possibile che. I believe (that) she is the best (opinion). Arabic : Indicative yaktubu "he writes / is writing / will write" → Subjunctive yaktuba "he may / should write" could be transfer in to “It is possible (that) he writes” and “it is required (that) he writes”.

Some examples of the means for transferring the English subjunctives in to other languages and ABCL by modifications:

Optative : "May I be loved!" transferred to “I wish that I will be loved”

Jussive : "Everyone should be loved", “I ask that everyone is to be loved”

Potential mood : “She probably/possibly loves me"

Dubitative mood : "I think she loves me."

Hypothetical : "I might love you [if...]"; "May I love you" as “I don’t expect that I love you”

Admirative : "Wow! She loves me!", "Apparently she loves me."

Hortative : "Let us love!" Eventive : "I would probably love you [if...]" as “I probably love you, if …..”

DECLINATION, FLEXION, MODALS/MOODS/MODUS

There are no gender, number and casus declination/flexion at all. Where necessary, gender may be identified by a corresponding noun/adjective. The casus will not be needed, also not all locative prepositions since the unambiguous verb itself normally implies the cases and the object is defined clearly by its position in the sentence. Only in case of complexity the preposition may be needed.

ABCL has five modals:

b- can

d- may

c- shall

ç- must

g- like

They are placed as prefix to the verbs. Because this way a cluster emerges, in speaking only the first vowel of the verb repeats as gap filling and vowel harmony in between or soundless “ı” as convenient. The modals will not be conjugated and declined at all.

There are countless “verbal modus” in living World languages. Which often used in one language does not exist such as in another at all. If necessary, modus is expressed using particals and prepositions. For the first level we abandoned most of them, leaving a few where we think it easy to learn and nice to have them for good expression.

Possession is one which “must be”, is formed by suffix “_z” and placed after nouns and pronouns. Plural “_i” is used as suffix also after nouns.

ABCL has in Level 1 nine verb features indicated by partical marker and suffixes:

Verb Features	ABCL Marker/sufix	English example	ABCL example
Conditional (factual-predictive):	if…	when I feel well, I sing	if…
-- (marker conjunction "when, if")		if I feel well, I shall sing
Imperative/jussive	(pp).verb.ı/i	(2. PS) go and “let us” go	(o).yal.eş/e.yal.eş
Passive	_n	modal verb+ “Verb_ed”/(painted)	koy/koy.#.n
Ergative	_t	The kettle boiled/I boiled the kettle	dul/dul.#.t
Reflexive	_m	I wash myself	das.#.m
Reciprocal	_k	modal (love-make love) or verb (beat-fight)	bas.#.k
Causative	_p	get + “Verb _ed”/ (get painted)	koy/koy.#.p
Subjunctive
---Present	--	He suggested I should eat	U fuy.o a c.dek.e
---Past/conditional (counterfactual)	_ç	if I were well I would have sung	tek/tek.#.ç
Negation	_x	not /(painted)	koy.#n.x

-#: (varying vowel for tenses)

“Real” conditional mood marker is the conjunctional partical “if” (same as English). Imperative/jussive will be performed by adding the related personal pronouns to the verb (o.Verb, u.Verb (let him.Verb), e.Verb (let us.Verb)…) and “_eş” as suffix. For second person singular the prefix “o” may be dropped thus imperative being “Verb.eş”

Passive suffix is “_n”. Passive form will be in case of ergatives (from intransitive to transitive conveyed verb) Verb.t.n (for the example in the table above, passive will be “dul.t.n”)

ABCL uses for counterfactual subjunctives the suffix “_ç” for the past and the verb “bab=to be” as modal for the future cases. (see under “aspects” above) Other types of subjunctives will be marked by suitable particles.

Negation suffix “_x” will be placed as a rule at the end of the conjugated verb. In some cases it could come to sequencing of two suffixes in a row such as “koy.k.e.n.x” (the house is not get painted). In such cases also between “_x” and the suffix before a soundless “ı” or the last vowel can be put for vowel harmony.

Level 2 moods (in Level 1 expressed by auxiliary particals)

Inferential mood/Hearsay	_v		bas.#y			she is “said to” love me /she "would" love me
Optative	_y		sen.i.y			(I wish you) be well

Inflexional Suffixes for Nouns: Genetive and Plural

Genitive

_z

şintü.z şindü / o.z şintü

(of, _’s) kitten of the cat / your cat

Plural

_i

hanka.i

_s - (houses)

GREETING and WISHES

Infinitive/imperative form of the verbs "sen” (to be well) and "sin” (to see/meet again) have been defined as “short” greeting nouns, "sen" meaning "hallo" (“full” “sen.eş”: I wish you be well) to be used when people meet/phone and "sin" meaning "good by” (“full” “sin.eş”: I wish to see you again-to keep in touch) when separate.

No further greeting and courtesy words are defined. User can himself introduce such words as “good day, good luck” if he wishes by directly translating them from English or their native languages.

The addressing forms such as “mr., mrs., sir, madam, etc.” have no place in ABCL.

For Level 2 however, in accordance with simplicity requirement of ABCL, further phrases are defined as follows:

sen.eş	hallo	Literally: be well !
sin.eş	see you (good by)	keep in touch
dip o	thank you
enöx	welcome (unrequired)	unnecessary
yit.eş	please
o to?	how are you?
(a) abu	I’m fine
şe.min*	best wishes	(I wish you) the best
a bek	I’m sorry
abu.cam**	Happy New Year
anu.cam	merry/holy “Holy Day”
edi.ben(ne)	good luck
edi.ten	good health

.* Being "min" is root verb for "wish" and "şe" is adjective "most", the full wish phrase would be: “A min.e o şe edi bangı.” meaning “I wish you the best things”. For greeting they will be merged to one word "şemin": This will be used as overall wishes for almost all situations like good luck, success, health, journey etc. (although I defined for good luck and health separate phrases for Level 2)

.** Although New Year means "cambe", only first syllable "cam" indicating the class "time" is taken and suffixed to "abu=happy" building one word for the sake of shortness and simplicity. The same apples also to the following phrases.