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== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
<!--    Consonants -->
<!--    Consonants -->
<!--   Vowels -->
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Tarkandamonian Consonantal Inventory'''
|-
!  || Bilabial  ||  Alveolar || Palatal || Velar || Glottal || Laryngeal
|-
! Nasal
|  m
|  n
| 
|
|
|
|-
! Plosive
| p b
| t d
| 
| k g
| ʔ
|
|-
! Affricates
| 
| 
| d͡ʒ
| 
|
|
|-
! Fricative
|  v
|  s z
|
| 
|
|h
|-
! Approximants
| 
|
| j
|
|
|
|-
! Flap
|
| ɾ
| 
|
|
| 
|-
! Lateral
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}
 
===Vowels===
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| &nbsp;
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
 
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>
 
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 20%; width: 2.33em; top: 10%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 27%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;">ɪ</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
 
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">o</div>
 
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;">ə</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
 
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 47%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
 
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>
 
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
|}
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div>
=== Suprasegmental Features ===
 
== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==
Tarkandamonian was written in an Arabic-derived script via Muslim-ruled Sindh prior to its discovery by Western explorers in the 1870's by the ruling elite, but an Indic-derived script was in use among the merchant class.  After the British annexed Ōran Kan, the Latin alphabet was introduced and replaced the pre-existing scripts.
Inscriptions dating from the end of the third millennium BCE were discovered in 1942 in the remote northwestern province Baida Nor.  These inscriptions, carved on a rock face near the villages of Belat and Trima, are indigenous to the area, resembling neither the different varieties of cuneiform in Mesopotamia nor the Indus Valley script dating from the same era.  The inscriptions remain largely undeciphered, but their highly iconic nature suggests that at least some of them were measure symbols of some kind, in particular the symbols of what appear to be baskets with lines drawn inside suggesting sheaves of wheat.
Greek coins, also found in Baida Nor, most likely originated in nearby Bactria, but evidence that the Greek alphabet was adopted by the inhabitants of the area remains lacking, although some ruins of a non-Greek civilization have been found in some archeological sites.
 
The earliest evidence of a continuous writing system dates to the 9th CE, shortly after the Islamic conquest of Iran.  The Arabic-derived script was adopted by speakers of the earliest attested form of Tarkandamonian, termed by scholars as Medieval Tarkandamon.  Although Islam was adopted by only a small number of the ruling elite, the system continued to be in use until its discovery by Western explorers in the 1870's.  After the British annexed Ōran Kan, the Latin alphabet was introduced and replaced the Arabic script.


The Language Regulation Act of 1973 established the Academy of Proper Speech, responsible for standardizing the national language. The Academy enacted a series of orthographic reforms in 1976 to reflect the pronunciation of the Geruna dialect, which formed the basis of the standard language. After the July 1983 Revolution, the leaders of the military coup, all from Bāzor Province, declared the Bāzor dialect as the basis of a new official standard language. The Academy instituted another series of language and orthographic reforms, however these reforms were incomplete as of 2017. The modern standard language, a hybrid of the two dialects, was a result of these incomplete reforms. The orthography, as it was originally meant to reflect the pronunciation of Geruna dialect, still remains faithful to that dialect's phonology. However, the orthography did not accurately reflect the pronunciation of words from the Bāzor dialect. Numerous spelling irregularities have arisen, particularly noticeable where Bāzor cognate words supplanted Geruna terms. For example, the Geruna word for "immediately" <orin> was replaced by the Bāzor cognate /toɾm/, but the modern spelling retains the Geruna spelling.
The Language Regulation Act of 1973 established the Academy of Proper Speech, responsible for standardizing the national language. The Academy enacted a series of orthographic reforms in 1976 to reflect the pronunciation of the Geruna dialect, which formed the basis of the standard language. After the July 1983 Revolution, the leaders of the military coup, all from Bāzor Province, declared the Bāzor dialect as the basis of a new official standard language. The Academy instituted another series of language and orthographic reforms, however these reforms were incomplete as of 2017. The modern standard language, a hybrid of the two dialects, was a result of these incomplete reforms. The orthography, as it was originally meant to reflect the pronunciation of Geruna dialect, still remains faithful to that dialect's phonology. However, the orthography did not accurately reflect the pronunciation of words from the Bāzor dialect. Numerous spelling irregularities have arisen, particularly noticeable where Bāzor cognate words supplanted Geruna terms. For example, the Geruna word for "immediately" <orin> was replaced by the Bāzor cognate /toɾm/, but the modern spelling retains the Geruna spelling.  Even more striking differences include the word for “blitzkrieg”, /glɛvka/ in the modern pronunciation but retaining the original Geruna spelling <mozkadi>.


In this article, the IPA representation will be provided alongside the Tarkandamonian word or phrase if the pronunciation deviates from the older Geruna-based spelling.
Due to this divergence from the original Geruna spelling and the pronunciation of the standard dialect, foreign media transcribe Tarkandamonian in various formats; no standard as of yet has arisen.  In this article, the IPA representation will be provided alongside the Tarkandamonian word or phrase if the pronunciation deviates from the older Geruna-based spelling.


== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
<!--    Nouns -->
<!--    Nouns -->
=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
<!--
Noun types:
Poereim /'pojim/ "Open" nouns - roots ending in a vowel
Gandrom "Closed" nouns
Strong-N Nouns: roots with final -n in all conjugations
Weak-N Nouns: roots where -n surfaces in some conjugations
-->
==== Gender ====
Modern Tarkandamonian does not distinguish gender, although a masculine-feminine distinction existed up until the 15th century.  Masculine nouns were marked with the suffix -e-, whilst feminine nouns were marked with the suffix -i.  Traces of the old gender system in  Modern Tarkandamonian survive as irregularities in the number system, particularly in words indicating body parts and a few high-frequency or culturally significant words, where the original ''-I'' feminine marker surfaces (c.f. ''karan -> karandokon'' /'kangon/ “hammers”, vs. ''baralt -> baraldokin'' /'baʒgin/ “ears”).
==== Number ====
==== Case ====
==== Case ====
Tarkandamonian has only two formal cases, a direct case and a construct case.  The direct case represents both the subject and the object, differentiated by word order.  The construct case marks the dependent noun argument in possessive phrases.
Tarkandamonian has only two formal cases, a direct case and a construct case.  The direct case represents both the subject and the object, differentiated by word order.  The construct case marks the dependent noun argument in possessive phrases, and serve as the dependents of prepositions.


{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
! Case
! Case
! Suffix
! Singular
! Plural
! Example
! Example
! Meaning
! Meaning
|-
|-
! Direct  
! Direct  
| -∅  
| -∅
|  
| -dokon
*bori
|
*zugum /'d͡ʒɛm/
*bori - bori<u>dokon</u> /'boʒgon/
*ravarn /ɾa'van/
*zugum /'d͡ʒɛm/ - zegum<u>dokon</u> /'d͡ʒɛnkon/
*ravarn /ɾa'van/ - ravarn<u>dokon</u> /ɾa'vankon/
|  
|  
*temple
*temple - temples
*thief
*thief - thieves
*mountain
*mountain - mountains
|-
|-
! Construct
! Construct
| -na<br/>-a
| -na<br/>-a
| -don
|  
|  
*bori-na /boɾn/
*bori<u>na</u> /boɾn/ - bori<u>don</u> /'boʒon/
*zuge-na /d͡ʒɛn/
*zuge<u>na</u> /d͡ʒɛn/ - zuge<u>don</u> /'d͡ʒɛndon/
*ravarn-a /ɾa'vana/
*ravarn<u>a</u> /ɾa'vana/ - ravarn<u>don</u> /ɾa'vandon/
|
|
* of/belonging to the temple
* of/belonging to the temple - of/belonging to the temples
* of/belonging to the thief
* of/belonging to the thief - of/belonging to the thieves
* of/belonging to the mountain
* of/belonging to the mountain - of/belonging to the mountains
|-
|-
|}
|}
 
<br/>
Case relations are otherwise expressed by prepositions, many of which which exist separately as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_noun relational nouns], followed by the noun in the construct case:
Case relations are otherwise expressed by prepositions, many of which which exist separately as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_noun relational nouns], followed by the noun in the construct case:
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
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<nowiki>**</nowiki> Ungrammatical
<nowiki>**</nowiki> Ungrammatical
==== Number ====


=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
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==== Positive Forms ====
==== Positive Forms ====
===== Independent =====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+  
|+  
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| style="text-align:center"|ja <br/> jat
| style="text-align:center"|ja <br/> jat
| style="text-align:center"|he /aɪ/  
| style="text-align:center"|he /aɪ/  
| style="text-align:center"|ria /ɾi/
| style="text-align:center"|ria /ja/
|-style="text-align:center"|
|-style="text-align:center"|
|-
|-
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Possessive Pronouns
===== Possessive Pronouns =====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+  
|+  
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| style="text-align:center"|jali <br/> jatli
| style="text-align:center"|jali <br/> jatli
| style="text-align:center"|heli /aɪl/  
| style="text-align:center"|heli /aɪl/  
| style="text-align:center"|rial
| style="text-align:center"|rial /jal/
|-style="text-align:center"|
|-style="text-align:center"|
|-
|-
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Aja vimindaza
|phrase = Aja vimindaza
| IPA =  
| IPA = /ad͡ʒa vmɪn'dazƏ/
| morphemes = aja vi-'''m'''-ind-'''az'''-a
| morphemes = aja vi-'''m'''-ind-'''az'''-a
| gloss = 2S.NOM 1S.ACC-teach-DECL-teach-DECL
| gloss = 2S.NOM 1S.ACC-teach-DECL-teach-DECL
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Aja varinmaz  
|phrase = Aja varinmaz  
| IPA =  
| IPA = /ad͡ʒa vaɾ'maz/
| morphemes = Aja v-ar-in-'''maz'''
| morphemes = Aja v-ar-in-'''maz'''
| gloss = 2S.NOM 1S.OBJ-PRF-teach-GNOM
| gloss = 2S.NOM 1S.OBJ-PRF-teach-GNOM
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| gloss = PN to=1S=3S.PROX PST-speak.about
| gloss = PN to=1S=3S.PROX PST-speak.about
| translation = Sener spoke to me about it.
| translation = Sener spoke to me about it.
}}
{{Gloss
|phrase = Pavan garidjna vali, tilumzindkarín!
| IPA = /'pon ga'ɾɪd͡ʒɘn 'vali tlum'zɪnkaɾɪn/
| morphemes = pon garidj-na vali ti-lum-'''zu'''-ind-'''karin'''-a
| gloss = DAT head-CONSTR 1S.POSS 2S.ACC-bring.ruin-DECL.PRS-bring.ruin-DECL.PRS-bring.ruin-DISTR/PL
| translation = By my head, I will reign ruin upon you!
}}
}}


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