Tarkandamonian: Difference between revisions

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|name          = Tarkandamonian
|name          = Tarkandamonian
|nativename    = Tarkandamon
|nativename    = Tarkandamon
|creator = Anyar
|creator = User:Anyar
|pronunciation = /tar'kandamɔn/
|pronunciation = tar'kandamɔn
|setting = Earth
|setting = Earth
|region        = Hindu Kush  
|region        = Hindu Kush  
Line 11: Line 11:
|speakers      = 436,232
|speakers      = 436,232
|date          = 1980 <!-- Inception Date: May 21, 2021 -->  
|date          = 1980 <!-- Inception Date: May 21, 2021 -->  
|familycolor  = panlaffic
|familycolor  = isolate
|fam1          = Language Isolate
|fam2 =
|nation        = Ōran Kan (“Beautiful Land”)
|nation        = Ōran Kan (“Beautiful Land”)
|script        = Latin, Sanskrit, Arabic
|script1      = Latn
|script2      = Deva
|script3      = Arab
}}
}}




<!-- Introduction -->
<!-- Introduction -->
= Introduction =
== Introduction ==
Tarkandamonian, from the word ''Tarkandamon'', meaning "Those who speak properly", is the official language spoken in Ōran Kan, a country situated between the border of the Pakistani-admininstered Gilgit-Baltistan region, and Indian-administered Kashmir. It is separated from Ladakh by a small strip of land approximately 25KM in length extending from Gilgit-Balikstan to Kashmir. It is estimated that roughly 100,000 speakers live outside of Ōran Kan, the vast majority having fled the country after a military coup led by Brigadier General Enor Gavilna overthrew President Gar Tindra in early July 1983. The majority of the expatriate community lives in various parts of the EU, with the largest number in Spain and Italy.
Tarkandamonian, from the word Tarkandamon, meaning "Those who speak properly", is the official language spoken in Ōran Kan, a country situated between the border of the Pakistani-admininstered Gilgit-Baltistan region, and Indian-administered Kashmir. It is separated from Ladakh by a small strip of land approximately 25KM in length extending from Gilgit-Balikstan to Kashmir. It is estimated that roughly 100,000 speakers live outside of Ōran Kan, the vast majority having fled the country after a military coup led by Brigadier General Enor Gavilna overthrew President Gar Tindra in early July 1983. The majority of the expatriate community lives in various parts of the EU, with the largest number in Spain and Italy.


Knowledge of the language's history is unknown prior to the 1870's, when British explorers arrived after the First Anglo-Sikh War and began documenting the language. Although phylologists and linguists have attempted to the link the language to neighbouring Indo-Aryan and Sino-Tibetan languages, as well as the language isolate Burushaski also located in the same geographical region, Tarkandamonian shows no genetic relationship to any of its neighbors. More exotic relationships have been proposed, the most prominent of these being the Austronesian theory proposed by Samuel Burdock from the University of Kentucky. Proponents of the theory point to the preponderance of circumfixation in verb forms, even though none of these circumfixes show any similarity in form or function as those of the Austronesian languages.
Knowledge of the language's history is unknown prior to the 1870's, when British explorers arrived after the First Anglo-Sikh War and began documenting the language. Although phylologists and linguists have attempted to link the language to neighbouring Indo-Aryan and Sino-Tibetan languages, as well as the language isolate Burushaski also located in the same geographical region, Tarkandamonian shows no genetic relationship to any of its neighbors. More exotic relationships have been proposed, the most prominent of these being the Austronesian theory proposed by Samuel Burdock from the University of Kentucky. Proponents of the theory point to the preponderance of circumfixation in verb forms, even though none of these circumfixes show any similarity in form or function as those of the Austronesian languages.


Typologically, Tarkandamonian is a fusional language, with SOV syntax and Nominative-Accusative alignment. Nouns do not inflect for gender, number, or case (with the exception being the construct state case marker). Core case relations are expressed by strict word order of the core noun arguments, with the nominative argument preceding the patient argument; however, when the direct object is omitted, obligatory agreement markers surface in the verb forms. Postpositions mark oblique nominal arguments. The language lacks both definite and indefinite markers, although indefiniteness can be explicitly expressed by the cardinal number ''nom'' ("one").  The language does not display pro-drop; subjects are always expressed by an explicit noun, or a pronoun.
Typologically, Tarkandamonian is a fusional language, with SOV syntax and Nominative-Accusative alignment. Nouns do not inflect for gender, number, or case (with the exception being the construct state case marker). Core case relations are expressed by strict word order of the core noun arguments, with the nominative argument preceding the patient argument; however, when the direct object is omitted, obligatory agreement markers surface in the verb forms. Postpositions mark oblique nominal arguments. The language lacks both definite and indefinite markers, although indefiniteness can be explicitly expressed by the cardinal number nomir("one").  


Pronouns display more inflectional complexity. Unlike nouns, they do mark for number.  There are portmanteau forms that encode agent and patient core arguments. While the language does not mark for gender, it differentiates third person core arguments with two distinct forms, a proximal and obviative form.
Pronouns display more inflectional complexity. There are portmanteau forms that encode agent and patient core arguments. While the language does not mark for gender, it differentiates third person core arguments with two distinct forms, a proximal and obviative form.  
<!-- Phonology -->
<!-- Phonology -->


= Phonology =
== Phonology ==
<!--    Consonants -->
<!--    Consonants -->
<!--   Vowels -->
===Consonants===
<!-- Grammar -->
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Tarkandamonian Consonantal Inventory'''
|-
!  || Bilabial  ||  Alveolar || Palatal || Velar || Glottal || Laryngeal
|-
! Nasal
|  m
|  n
|
|
|
|-
! Plosive
| p b
| t d
| k g
| ʔ
|
|-
! Affricates
| d͡ʒ
|
|
|-
! Fricative
|  v
|  s z
|
|
|h
|-
! Approximants
|
| j
|
|
|
|-
! Flap
|
| ɾ
|
|
|-
! Lateral
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|}
 
===Vowels===
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| &nbsp;
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
 
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>
 
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 20%; width: 2.33em; top: 10%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 27%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;">ɪ</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
 
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">o</div>
 
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;">ə</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
 
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 47%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
 
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>


= Grammar =
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
|}
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div>
=== Suprasegmental Features ===
 
== Orthography ==
Inscriptions dating from the end of the third millennium BCE were discovered in 1942 in the remote northwestern province Baida Nor.  These inscriptions, carved on a rock face near the villages of Belat and Trima, are indigenous to the area, resembling neither the different varieties of cuneiform in Mesopotamia nor the Indus Valley script dating from the same era.  The inscriptions remain largely undeciphered, but their highly iconic nature suggests that at least some of them were measure symbols of some kind, in particular the symbols of what appear to be baskets with lines drawn inside suggesting sheaves of wheat.
Greek coins, also found in Baida Nor, most likely originated in nearby Bactria, but evidence that the Greek alphabet was adopted by the inhabitants of the area remains lacking, although some ruins of a non-Greek civilization have been found in some archeological sites.
 
The earliest evidence of a continuous writing system dates to the 9th CE, shortly after the Islamic conquest of Iran.  The Arabic-derived script was adopted by speakers of the earliest attested form of Tarkandamonian, termed by scholars as Medieval Tarkandamon.  Although Islam was adopted by only a small number of the ruling elite, the system continued to be in use until its discovery by Western explorers in the 1870's.  After the British annexed Ōran Kan, the Latin alphabet was introduced and replaced the Arabic script.
 
The Language Regulation Act of 1973 established the Academy of Proper Speech, responsible for standardizing the national language. The Academy enacted a series of orthographic reforms in 1976 to reflect the pronunciation of the Geruna dialect, which formed the basis of the standard language. After the July 1983 Revolution, the leaders of the military coup, all from Bāzor Province, declared the Bāzor dialect as the basis of a new official standard language. The Academy instituted another series of language and orthographic reforms, however these reforms were incomplete as of 2017. The modern standard language, a hybrid of the two dialects, was a result of these incomplete reforms. The orthography, as it was originally meant to reflect the pronunciation of Geruna dialect, still remains faithful to that dialect's phonology. However, the orthography did not accurately reflect the pronunciation of words from the Bāzor dialect. Numerous spelling irregularities have arisen, particularly noticeable where Bāzor cognate words supplanted Geruna terms. For example, the Geruna word for "immediately" <orin> was replaced by the Bāzor cognate /toɾm/, but the modern spelling retains the Geruna spelling.  Even more striking differences include the word for “blitzkrieg”, /glɛvka/ in the modern pronunciation but retaining the original Geruna spelling <mozkadi>.
 
Due to this divergence from the original Geruna spelling and the pronunciation of the standard dialect, foreign media transcribe Tarkandamonian in various formats; no standard as of yet has arisen.  In this article, the IPA representation will be provided alongside the Tarkandamonian word or phrase if the pronunciation deviates from the older Geruna-based spelling.
 
== Morphology ==
<!--    Nouns -->
<!--    Nouns -->
== Nouns ==
=== Nouns ===
<!--
Noun types:
Poereim /'pojim/ "Open" nouns - roots ending in a vowel
Gandrom "Closed" nouns
 
Strong-N Nouns: roots with final -n in all conjugations
Weak-N Nouns: roots where -n surfaces in some conjugations
 
-->
 
 
==== Gender ====
Modern Tarkandamonian does not distinguish gender, although a masculine-feminine distinction existed up until the 15th century.  Masculine nouns were marked with the suffix -e-, whilst feminine nouns were marked with the suffix -i.  Traces of the old gender system in  Modern Tarkandamonian survive as irregularities in the number system, particularly in words indicating body parts and a few high-frequency or culturally significant words, where the original ''-I'' feminine marker surfaces (c.f. ''karan -> karandokon'' /'kangon/ “hammers”, vs. ''baralt -> baraldokin'' /'baʒgin/ “ears”).
 
==== Number ====


<!--    Pronouns -->
==== Case ====
== Pronouns ==
Tarkandamonian has only two formal cases, a direct case and a construct caseThe direct case represents both the subject and the object, differentiated by word orderThe construct case marks the dependent noun argument in possessive phrases, and serve as the dependents of prepositions.
Tarkadamonian pronouns, in addition to indicating case relations, obligatorily encode tense, aspect, and mood (TAM)Pronouns also mark negationPortmanteau forms are used in transitive clauses when the patient argument is omitted.  TAM and polarity marking apparently arose from cliticization of pronominal forms to a copula, which itself encoded negation.


=== Positive Forms ===
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Case
! Singular
! Plural
! Example
! Meaning
|-
! Direct
| -∅
| -dokon
|
*bori - bori<u>dokon</u> /'boʒgon/
*zugum /'d͡ʒɛm/ - zegum<u>dokon</u> /'d͡ʒɛnkon/
*ravarn /ɾa'van/ - ravarn<u>dokon</u> /ɾa'vankon/
|
*temple - temples
*thief - thieves
*mountain - mountains
|-
! Construct
| -na<br/>-a
| -don
|
*bori<u>na</u> /boɾn/ - bori<u>don</u> /'boʒon/
*zuge<u>na</u> /d͡ʒɛn/ - zuge<u>don</u> /'d͡ʒɛndon/
*ravarn<u>a</u> /ɾa'vana/ - ravarn<u>don</u> /ɾa'vandon/
|
* of/belonging to the temple - of/belonging to the temples
* of/belonging to the thief - of/belonging to the thieves
* of/belonging to the mountain - of/belonging to the mountains
|-
|}
<br/>
Case relations are otherwise expressed by prepositions, many of which which exist separately as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_noun relational nouns], followed by the noun in the construct case:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!
! Preposition
! Example
! Meaning
|-
! Dative
|
*pavan /pon/
*zi
|
*pavan borina /pon boɾn/
*pavan zugena /pon d͡ʒɛn/
*pavan ravarna /pon ɾa'vana/
<br/>
*ziva /zva/
*zaja /zad͡ʒ/
*zahen /za:n/
*ziri /ziɾ/
*zina /zin/
*zinja /zid͡ʒ/
*zijat /ʒat/
*zihe /zi/
*ziria /ziɾi/
|
* to the temple
* to the thief
* to the mountain
|-
! Benefactive
| yere /jɛ/
|
*yere borina /jɛ boɾn/
*yere zugena /jɛ d͡ʒɛn/
*yere ravarna /jɛ ɾa'vana/
|
* for the temple
* for the thief
* for the mountain
|-
! Comitative
| on /'vani/
|
*on bori /'vani boɾ/
*on zuge /'vani d͡ʒɪm/
*on ravarn /'vani ɾa'van/
|
* with the temple
* with the thief
* with the mountain
|-
! Allative
| gela /gla/
|
*gela bori /'gla boɾ/
*gela zuge /'gla d͡ʒɪm/
*gela ravarn /'gla ɾa'van/
|
* towards the temple
* towards the thief
* towards the mountain
|-
! Ablative
| derin
|
* derin bori /'dɛɾɪn boɾ/
* derin zuge /'dɛɾɪn d͡ʒɪm/
* derin ravarn /'dɛɾɪn ɾa'van/
|
* from the temple
* from the thief
* from the mountain
|-
! Locative
| nai /naɪg/
|
* nai bori /naɪg boɾ/
* nai zuge /naɪg d͡ʒɪm/
*'nai ravarn /naɪg ɾa'van/
|
* in the temple
* **in the thief
* in the mountain
|-
|}
 
<nowiki>**</nowiki> Ungrammatical
 
=== Pronouns ===
Tarkandamonian pronouns mark for person and number.  The pronouns are divided into two classes based on polarity, one class for positive statements, and the other for indicating negation.  The so-called negative personal pronouns are unusual in that unlike the positive class, the negative class can optionally mark for direct objects, provided that an overt direct object does not surface.  Additionally, they obligatorily encode tense, aspect, and mood (TAM).  TAM and polarity marking in the negative class arose from cliticization of pronominal forms to a copula, which itself encoded negation.
 
==== Positive Forms ====
 
===== Independent =====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+  
|+  
!
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" |Singular
! colspan="4" |Singular
! rowspan="7" style="background-color:black;"|
! rowspan="7" style="background-color:black;"|
! colspan="4" |Plural
! colspan="4" |Plural
|-
|-
!
! 1
! 1
! 2
! 2
Line 62: Line 340:
! 3 Obv
! 3 Obv
|-
|-
! Declarative Present
| style="text-align:center"|va
| style="text-align:center"|va
| style="text-align:center"|ata
| style="text-align:center"|aja /ad͡ʒ/
| style="text-align:center"|ahen
| style="text-align:center"|ahen /a:n/
| style="text-align:center"|iria
| style="text-align:center"|iri /ɛ'ɾi/
| style="text-align:center"|na  
| style="text-align:center"|na  
| style="text-align:center"|ta
| style="text-align:center"|ja <br/> jat
| style="text-align:center"|he  
| style="text-align:center"|he /aɪ/
| style="text-align:center"|ria
| style="text-align:center"|ria /ja/
|-style="text-align:center"|
|-
|-
! Imperfective
|}
| style="text-align:center"|vak
 
| style="text-align:center"|atak
 
| style="text-align:center"|ānak
===== Possessive Pronouns =====
| style="text-align:center"|indri
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
| style="text-align:center"|nak
|+
| style="text-align:center"|tak
! rowspan="3" |
| style="text-align:center"|ak
! colspan="4" |Singular
| style="text-align:center"|āti
! rowspan="7" style="background-color:black;"|
! colspan="4" |Plural
|-
|-
! Perfective
! 1
| style="text-align:center"|van
! 2
| style="text-align:center"|atan
! 3 Prox
| style="text-align:center"|ānan
! 3 Obv
| style="text-align:center"|indran
! 1
| style="text-align:center"|nan
! 2
| style="text-align:center"|tan
! 3 Prox
| style="text-align:center"|an
! 3 Obv
| style="text-align:center"|ātian
|-
! Future
| style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"|
|-
|-
! Future Imperfective
| style="text-align:center"|vali
| style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"|ajali /ad͡ʒil/
| style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"|ahenli /anli/
| style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"|irili /ɛ'ɾli/
| style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"|nali
| style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"|jali <br/> jatli
| style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"|heli /aɪl/
| style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"|rial /jal/
| style="text-align:center"|
|-style="text-align:center"|
|-
|-
|}
|}


=== Negative Forms ===
==== Negative Forms ====
 
===== Intransitive =====


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
Line 135: Line 405:
! Declarative Present
! Declarative Present
| style="text-align:center"|vala
| style="text-align:center"|vala
| style="text-align:center"|atala
| style="text-align:center"|ajla
| style="text-align:center"|lan
| style="text-align:center"|lan
| style="text-align:center"|lassi  
| style="text-align:center"|lassi  
Line 145: Line 415:
! Perfective
! Perfective
| style="text-align:center"|valak
| style="text-align:center"|valak
| style="text-align:center"|atlak
| style="text-align:center"|ajlak
| style="text-align:center"|lanak
| style="text-align:center"|lanak
| style="text-align:center"|landri  
| style="text-align:center"|landri  
Line 155: Line 425:
! Imperfective
! Imperfective
| style="text-align:center"|valan
| style="text-align:center"|valan
| style="text-align:center"|atunla
| style="text-align:center"|ajunla
| style="text-align:center"|lana
| style="text-align:center"|lana
| style="text-align:center"|lasse
| style="text-align:center"|lasse
Line 165: Line 435:
! Future
! Future
| style="text-align:center"|valak
| style="text-align:center"|valak
| style="text-align:center"|atalla
| style="text-align:center"|ajalla
| style="text-align:center"|lakan
| style="text-align:center"|lakan
| style="text-align:center"|lassar
| style="text-align:center"|lassar
Line 175: Line 445:
! Future Imperfective
! Future Imperfective
| style="text-align:center"|vala
| style="text-align:center"|vala
| style="text-align:center"|ataltal
| style="text-align:center"|ajaljal
| style="text-align:center"|lana
| style="text-align:center"|lana
| style="text-align:center"|lassati
| style="text-align:center"|lassati
Line 185: Line 455:
|}
|}


===== Transitive =====
<!--    Adjectives -->
<!--    Adjectives -->
<!--    Verbs -->
<!--    Verbs -->
Line 192: Line 463:
<!-- Syntax -->
<!-- Syntax -->


== Verbs ==
=== Verbs ===
 
First person singular object paradigm with ''-maz'', "to teach", to lead".
 
Conjugation paradigms are arranged according to object agreement type, e.g. first person singular object, etc.  In the glosses below, the verb root appears in dark bold to show the complex placement and interposition of the verbal affixes, which combine to encode person, aspect, and tense:
 
==== First Person Singular Object ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+
!
! rowspan="2" | Object Pronominal Affixes
! colspan="3" | Verbal Affixes
! rowspan="2" | Sample Texts with Gloss
|-
!
! Preverbal Affix
! Verbal Infix
! Postverbal Affix
|-
! Declarative Present
| style="text-align:center"|v-<br/>vi-
| style="text-align:center"| -
| style="text-align:center"|-ind-
| style="text-align:center"|-a
|
{{Gloss
|phrase = Aja vimindaza
| IPA = /ad͡ʒa vmɪn'dazƏ/
| morphemes = aja vi-'''m'''-ind-'''az'''-a
| gloss = 2S.NOM 1S.ACC-teach-DECL-teach-DECL
| translation = You teach me, you are teaching me
}}
|-
! Perfective
| style="text-align:center"| v-
| style="text-align:center"| -arin-
| style="text-align:center"| -
| style="text-align:center"| -
|
{{Gloss
|phrase = Aja varinmaz
| IPA = /ad͡ʒa vaɾ'maz/
| morphemes = Aja v-ar-in-'''maz'''
| gloss = 2S.NOM 1S.OBJ-PRF-teach-GNOM
| translation = You taught me
}}
|-
! Imperfective
| style="text-align:center"|v-
| style="text-align:center"| -ank-
| style="text-align:center"| -ind-
| style="text-align:center"| -
|
|-
! Future
| style="text-align:center"|v-
| style="text-align:center"| -az-
| style="text-align:center"| -
| style="text-align:center"| -
|
|-
! Future Imperfective
| style="text-align:center"| v-
| style="text-align:center"| -ant-
| style="text-align:center"| -ind-
| style="text-align:center"| -a
|
|-
|}
 
==== Second Person Singular Object ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+
!
! rowspan="2" | Object Pronominal Affixes
! colspan="3" | Verbal Affixes
! rowspan="2" | Sample Texts with Gloss
|-
!
! Preverbal Affix
! Verbal Infix
! Postverbal Affix
|-
! Declarative Present
| style="text-align:center"|ti-
| style="text-align:center"|-lum-
| style="text-align:center"|-ind-
| style="text-align:center"|-a
|
{{Gloss
|phrase = Va tilumzindaza
| IPA =
| morphemes =
| gloss =
| translation =
}}
|-
! Perfective
| style="text-align:center"| ti-
| style="text-align:center"| -lus-
| style="text-align:center"|
| style="text-align:center"| -ta
|
{{Gloss
|phrase = Va tilusmikazta
| IPA =
| morphemes = va ti-lus-'''m'''-i-k-'''az'''-ta
| gloss = 1S.NOM 2S.ACC1-2S.PRS1-R1.teach-EPENTH-2S.ACC2-R2.teach-2S.GNOM
| translation = I taught you
}}
|-
! Imperfective
| style="text-align:center"| ti-
| style="text-align:center"| -lunk-
| style="text-align:center"| -ind-
| style="text-align:center"| -
|
|-
! Future
| style="text-align:center"|t-
| style="text-align:center"| -az-
| style="text-align:center"| -
| style="text-align:center"| -
|
|-
! Future Imperfective
| style="text-align:center"| t-
| style="text-align:center"| -ant-
| style="text-align:center"| -ind-
| style="text-align:center"| -a
|
|-
|}
 
==== Third Person Singular Object ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+
!
! rowspan="2" | Object Pronominal Affixes
! colspan="3" | Verbal Affixes
! rowspan="2" | Sample Texts with Gloss
|-
!
! Preverbal Affix
! Verbal Infix
! Postverbal Affix
|-
! Declarative Present
| style="text-align:center"|hi-
| style="text-align:center"|-non-<br/>-nom-
| style="text-align:center"|-ind-
| style="text-align:center"|-ará
|
{{Gloss
|phrase = Aja hinommindazará
| IPA =
| morphemes = aja hi-nom-'''m'''-ind-'''az'''-ará
| gloss = 2S.NOM 3S.PROX.ACC-DECL-teach-DECL-teach-DECL
| translation = You teach him, you are teaching him
}}
|-
! Perfective
| style="text-align:center"| h-
| style="text-align:center"| -arin-
| style="text-align:center"| -
| style="text-align:center"| -
|
{{Gloss
|phrase = Aja harinmaz
| IPA =
| morphemes = Aja h-ar-in-'''maz'''
| gloss = 2S.NOM 3S.OBV.OBJ-PRF-teach-GNOM
| translation = You taught him
}}
|-
! Imperfective
| style="text-align:center"|h-
| style="text-align:center"| -ank-
| style="text-align:center"| -ind-
| style="text-align:center"| -
|
|-
! Future
| style="text-align:center"|h-
| style="text-align:center"| -az-
| style="text-align:center"| -
| style="text-align:center"| -
|
|-
! Future Imperfective
| style="text-align:center"| h-
| style="text-align:center"| -ant-
| style="text-align:center"| -ind-
| style="text-align:center"| -a
|
|-
|}
 
 
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+
|+
Line 220: Line 691:
|-
|-
! Declarative Present
! Declarative Present
| style="text-align:center"|v-<br/>vi-<br/>van(d)-
| style="text-align:center"|v-<br/>vi-<br/>van(d)- <!-- 1s -->
| style="text-align:center"|t-<br/>ti-<br/>tan(d)-
| style="text-align:center"|t-<br/>ti-<br/>tan(d)- <!-- 2s -->
| style="text-align:center"|h-<br/>hi-<br/>hen(d)-
| style="text-align:center"|h-<br/>hi-<br/>hen(d)- <!-- 3s PROX -->
| style="text-align:center"|ir-<br/>ri-<br/>rin(d)
| style="text-align:center"|k(V)--s(V)- <!-- 3s DIST-->
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center"| n-<br/>nan(d)-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center"| n-<br/>nan(d)-
| style="text-align:center"| -
| style="text-align:center"| -
| style="text-align:center"|-ind-
| style="text-align:center"|-ind-
| style="text-align:center"|-a
| style="text-align:center"|-a
| vi<u>m</u>ind<u>az</u>a  
| Va hi'''m'''ind'''az'''a  
* root: ''maz'' "to learn"
* Root: ''maz'' "to learn"
* translation: <br/> "I learn, <br/> I am learning"
* Translation: <br/> "I learn it, <br/> I am learning it"
<br/> Va ki'''m'''ind'''as'''sa
*Translation: I am learning that other thing
*Note: ''z'' of root ''maz'' assimilates to ''s'' (second part of the 3S.OBV object circumfix)
|-
|-
! Perfective
! Perfective
Line 275: Line 749:
|}
|}


= Syntax =
=== Adverbs ===
Adverbs do not form a distinct word class.  The majority are identical in form with adjectives, differentiated only by syntax.  A smaller set of adverbs are uninflectable particles, primarily time adverbials.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! Adverb
! Meaning
! POS Source
! Example
|-
| mon /'tɛmon/
| very, really; <br/>hard, with exertion
| Particle
|
{{Gloss
|phrase = Va mon arinkadrén.
| IPA = va 'tɛmon ɛ'rɪnkadrɛn
| morphemes = va mon arin-kadrén
| gloss = 1S very PRFV-jump
| translation = I jumped very high.
}}
|-
| sejál
| clumsily
| Adjective
|
{{Gloss
|phrase = Aja temon sejál tindarka.
| IPA = ad͡z mon sɛ'd͡ʒal tɛn'daɾka
| morphemes = aja temon sejál t-ind-ark-a.
| gloss = you very clumsy speak-DECL-speak-DECL
| translation = You speak (Tarkandamonian) very badly.
}}
|-
| pir /pɛɾ/
| now
| Particle
|
{{Gloss
|phrase = Va pir Spara minda.
| IPA = va pɛɾ 'spaɾa 'mɪndɛ
| morphemes = va pir spara m-ind-a-a
| gloss = 1S.NOM now place.name go-DECL-go-DECL
| translation = I am going to Spara now.
}}
|-
| orin /'toɾm/
| immediately
| Particle
|
{{Gloss
|phrase = Janste bila orin hinommindará!
| IPA = d͡ʒɛns bɪl toɾm ɛnnomɪn'dɾa
| morphemes = ja-nst bila orin hi-nom-'''m'''-ind-'''a'''-ará.
| gloss = 2S.CAUS here immediately 3S.PROX-DECL-go-DECL-go-DECL
| translation = Send him here immediately!
}}
|}
 
=== Derivation ===
 
Tarkandamonian has a large inventory of derivation affixes.  Furthermore, multiple affixes may be combined to generate complex words that diverge significantly from the meanings of their roots.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! Affix
! Function/Meaning
! Example
|-
| -ta
| Derives nouns, usually persons, from adjectives and particles ||
*tuva-ta << ''tuva'' "yes":
#there is
#filled with
#healthy
*go-ta
#stranger
#foreigner
#hostile
|-
| -la- || (Pseudo-verb) no, not, is not, does not
| [placeholder]
|-
|[placeholder]
| asik ||
*leader
*to lead
*to conquer (w. Allative)
|-
|[placeholder]
| domai || mountain
|-
|[placeholder]
| sivga, sijga || mountain stream, river
|-
|[placeholder]
| suin || brilliant; glorious; civilization
|-
| -tan
| agentive deverbal ||
*kopen
#to wander
#to go into exile
#to immigrate
#to flee
#shameful
*kopen-tan
# fugitive
# coward
# expatriate
|-
|-ka
| m-
| reversative ||
*hoz:
#to attack
#to chase
#to hunt
*hozka: war
*hozkadi: long war
*hozkinert: victory
*mozai:
#absence of war
#armistice
#cease-fire
*mozanai:
#anti-war
#protesters
*mozkinertan:
#defeat
#failure
#disappointment
|}
<br/>
A complication arises wherein a derivation may exist in one dialect and not the other, and because the language reforms were incomplete, the reader may need to resort to context to use the correct word.  For example, the word ''mozkadi'' (blitzkrieg, lit. "not a long war") originates from the Geruna dialect, but as the Bāzor dialect has superseded the former, Bāzor speakers must read in the word ''glevka'' << ''gleb'' + ''va'' + ''ka'', which literally means "sky-swoop-downwards and seizure".
 
== Syntax ==
Tarkandamonian exhibits strict SOV order, and modifiers to heads also display strict ordering: adverbs precede the adjectives and verbs they modify, the positive polarity particle ''vor'' always appears as the initial element of a clause, while its counterpart, the negative polarity pseudo-verb ''-la-'', follows the subject in intransitive clauses, and between the subject and object clausal arguments.  Any oblique arguments, including the indirect object, always occurs after the direct object in transitive verbs, and after the pseudo-verb ''-la-'', if expressed in intransitive clauses.  The interrogative particle ''tunima'' obligatorily appears immediately before the verb; it is the only particle that may appear between the verb and any of its adverbial modifiers.
 
<!--    Possession -->
<!--    Possession -->
<!-- Example texts -->
<!-- Example texts -->
<!--    Babel Text
<!--    Babel Text -->
 
== Texts ==
{{Gloss
|phrase = Sener zi va ahen arintar.
| IPA = /'sɛnɛɾ zva:n 'aɾɪntaɾ/
| morphemes = sener zi=va=ahen arin-tar
| gloss = PN to=1S=3S.PROX PST-speak.about
| translation = Sener spoke to me about it.
}}
 
{{Gloss
|phrase = Pavan garidjna vali, tilumzindkarín!
| IPA = /'pon ga'ɾɪd͡ʒɘn 'vali tlum'zɪnkaɾɪn/
| morphemes = pon garidj-na vali ti-lum-'''zu'''-ind-'''karin'''-a
| gloss = DAT head-CONSTR 1S.POSS 2S.ACC-bring.ruin-DECL.PRS-bring.ruin-DECL.PRS-bring.ruin-DISTR/PL
| translation = By my head, I will reign ruin upon you!
}}
 
== Vocabulary ==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! Tarkandamonian
! Meaning
|-
| tuva ||
*tuva: yes
*tuvata:
#there is
#filled with
#healthy
|-
| -la- || (Pseudo-verb) no, not, is not, does not
|-
| gota ||
*stranger
*foreigner
*hostile
|-
| asik ||
*leader
*to lead
*to conquer (w. Allative)
|-
| domai || mountain
|-
| sivga, sijga || mountain stream, river
|-
| suin || brilliant; glorious; civilization
|-
| kopen ||
*kopen
#to wander
#to go into exile
#to immigrate
#to flee
#shameful
*kopentan
# fugitive
# coward
# expatriate
|- 
| hoz ||
*hoz:
#to attack
#to chase
#to hunt
*hozka: war
*hozkadi: long war
*hozkinert: victory
*mozai:
#absence of war
#armistice
#cease-fire
*mozanai:
#anti-war
#protesters
*mozkinertan:
#defeat
#failure
#disappointment
|}

Latest revision as of 04:53, 9 April 2023


Tarkandamonian
Tarkandamon
Pronunciation[tar'kandamɔn]
Created byAnyar
SettingEarth
Native speakers436,232 (1980)
Official status
Official language in
Ōran Kan (“Beautiful Land”)


Introduction

Tarkandamonian, from the word Tarkandamon, meaning "Those who speak properly", is the official language spoken in Ōran Kan, a country situated between the border of the Pakistani-admininstered Gilgit-Baltistan region, and Indian-administered Kashmir. It is separated from Ladakh by a small strip of land approximately 25KM in length extending from Gilgit-Balikstan to Kashmir. It is estimated that roughly 100,000 speakers live outside of Ōran Kan, the vast majority having fled the country after a military coup led by Brigadier General Enor Gavilna overthrew President Gar Tindra in early July 1983. The majority of the expatriate community lives in various parts of the EU, with the largest number in Spain and Italy.

Knowledge of the language's history is unknown prior to the 1870's, when British explorers arrived after the First Anglo-Sikh War and began documenting the language. Although phylologists and linguists have attempted to link the language to neighbouring Indo-Aryan and Sino-Tibetan languages, as well as the language isolate Burushaski also located in the same geographical region, Tarkandamonian shows no genetic relationship to any of its neighbors. More exotic relationships have been proposed, the most prominent of these being the Austronesian theory proposed by Samuel Burdock from the University of Kentucky. Proponents of the theory point to the preponderance of circumfixation in verb forms, even though none of these circumfixes show any similarity in form or function as those of the Austronesian languages.

Typologically, Tarkandamonian is a fusional language, with SOV syntax and Nominative-Accusative alignment. Nouns do not inflect for gender, number, or case (with the exception being the construct state case marker). Core case relations are expressed by strict word order of the core noun arguments, with the nominative argument preceding the patient argument; however, when the direct object is omitted, obligatory agreement markers surface in the verb forms. Postpositions mark oblique nominal arguments. The language lacks both definite and indefinite markers, although indefiniteness can be explicitly expressed by the cardinal number nomir("one").

Pronouns display more inflectional complexity. There are portmanteau forms that encode agent and patient core arguments. While the language does not mark for gender, it differentiates third person core arguments with two distinct forms, a proximal and obviative form.

Phonology

Consonants

Tarkandamonian Consonantal Inventory
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Laryngeal
Nasal m n
Plosive p b t d k g ʔ
Affricates d͡ʒ
Fricative v s z h
Approximants j
Flap ɾ
Lateral l

Vowels

  Front Near- front Central Near- back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
u
ɪ
o
ə
ɛ
a
  Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Suprasegmental Features

Orthography

Inscriptions dating from the end of the third millennium BCE were discovered in 1942 in the remote northwestern province Baida Nor. These inscriptions, carved on a rock face near the villages of Belat and Trima, are indigenous to the area, resembling neither the different varieties of cuneiform in Mesopotamia nor the Indus Valley script dating from the same era. The inscriptions remain largely undeciphered, but their highly iconic nature suggests that at least some of them were measure symbols of some kind, in particular the symbols of what appear to be baskets with lines drawn inside suggesting sheaves of wheat. Greek coins, also found in Baida Nor, most likely originated in nearby Bactria, but evidence that the Greek alphabet was adopted by the inhabitants of the area remains lacking, although some ruins of a non-Greek civilization have been found in some archeological sites.

The earliest evidence of a continuous writing system dates to the 9th CE, shortly after the Islamic conquest of Iran. The Arabic-derived script was adopted by speakers of the earliest attested form of Tarkandamonian, termed by scholars as Medieval Tarkandamon. Although Islam was adopted by only a small number of the ruling elite, the system continued to be in use until its discovery by Western explorers in the 1870's. After the British annexed Ōran Kan, the Latin alphabet was introduced and replaced the Arabic script.

The Language Regulation Act of 1973 established the Academy of Proper Speech, responsible for standardizing the national language. The Academy enacted a series of orthographic reforms in 1976 to reflect the pronunciation of the Geruna dialect, which formed the basis of the standard language. After the July 1983 Revolution, the leaders of the military coup, all from Bāzor Province, declared the Bāzor dialect as the basis of a new official standard language. The Academy instituted another series of language and orthographic reforms, however these reforms were incomplete as of 2017. The modern standard language, a hybrid of the two dialects, was a result of these incomplete reforms. The orthography, as it was originally meant to reflect the pronunciation of Geruna dialect, still remains faithful to that dialect's phonology. However, the orthography did not accurately reflect the pronunciation of words from the Bāzor dialect. Numerous spelling irregularities have arisen, particularly noticeable where Bāzor cognate words supplanted Geruna terms. For example, the Geruna word for "immediately" <orin> was replaced by the Bāzor cognate /toɾm/, but the modern spelling retains the Geruna spelling. Even more striking differences include the word for “blitzkrieg”, /glɛvka/ in the modern pronunciation but retaining the original Geruna spelling <mozkadi>.

Due to this divergence from the original Geruna spelling and the pronunciation of the standard dialect, foreign media transcribe Tarkandamonian in various formats; no standard as of yet has arisen. In this article, the IPA representation will be provided alongside the Tarkandamonian word or phrase if the pronunciation deviates from the older Geruna-based spelling.

Morphology

Nouns

Gender

Modern Tarkandamonian does not distinguish gender, although a masculine-feminine distinction existed up until the 15th century. Masculine nouns were marked with the suffix -e-, whilst feminine nouns were marked with the suffix -i. Traces of the old gender system in Modern Tarkandamonian survive as irregularities in the number system, particularly in words indicating body parts and a few high-frequency or culturally significant words, where the original -I feminine marker surfaces (c.f. karan -> karandokon /'kangon/ “hammers”, vs. baralt -> baraldokin /'baʒgin/ “ears”).

Number

Case

Tarkandamonian has only two formal cases, a direct case and a construct case. The direct case represents both the subject and the object, differentiated by word order. The construct case marks the dependent noun argument in possessive phrases, and serve as the dependents of prepositions.

Case Singular Plural Example Meaning
Direct -∅ -dokon
  • bori - boridokon /'boʒgon/
  • zugum /'d͡ʒɛm/ - zegumdokon /'d͡ʒɛnkon/
  • ravarn /ɾa'van/ - ravarndokon /ɾa'vankon/
  • temple - temples
  • thief - thieves
  • mountain - mountains
Construct -na
-a
-don
  • borina /boɾn/ - boridon /'boʒon/
  • zugena /d͡ʒɛn/ - zugedon /'d͡ʒɛndon/
  • ravarna /ɾa'vana/ - ravarndon /ɾa'vandon/
  • of/belonging to the temple - of/belonging to the temples
  • of/belonging to the thief - of/belonging to the thieves
  • of/belonging to the mountain - of/belonging to the mountains


Case relations are otherwise expressed by prepositions, many of which which exist separately as relational nouns, followed by the noun in the construct case:

Preposition Example Meaning
Dative
  • pavan /pon/
  • zi
  • pavan borina /pon boɾn/
  • pavan zugena /pon d͡ʒɛn/
  • pavan ravarna /pon ɾa'vana/


  • ziva /zva/
  • zaja /zad͡ʒ/
  • zahen /za:n/
  • ziri /ziɾ/
  • zina /zin/
  • zinja /zid͡ʒ/
  • zijat /ʒat/
  • zihe /zi/
  • ziria /ziɾi/
  • to the temple
  • to the thief
  • to the mountain
Benefactive yere /jɛ/
  • yere borina /jɛ boɾn/
  • yere zugena /jɛ d͡ʒɛn/
  • yere ravarna /jɛ ɾa'vana/
  • for the temple
  • for the thief
  • for the mountain
Comitative on /'vani/
  • on bori /'vani boɾ/
  • on zuge /'vani d͡ʒɪm/
  • on ravarn /'vani ɾa'van/
  • with the temple
  • with the thief
  • with the mountain
Allative gela /gla/
  • gela bori /'gla boɾ/
  • gela zuge /'gla d͡ʒɪm/
  • gela ravarn /'gla ɾa'van/
  • towards the temple
  • towards the thief
  • towards the mountain
Ablative derin
  • derin bori /'dɛɾɪn boɾ/
  • derin zuge /'dɛɾɪn d͡ʒɪm/
  • derin ravarn /'dɛɾɪn ɾa'van/
  • from the temple
  • from the thief
  • from the mountain
Locative nai /naɪg/
  • nai bori /naɪg boɾ/
  • nai zuge /naɪg d͡ʒɪm/
  • 'nai ravarn /naɪg ɾa'van/
  • in the temple
  • **in the thief
  • in the mountain

** Ungrammatical

Pronouns

Tarkandamonian pronouns mark for person and number. The pronouns are divided into two classes based on polarity, one class for positive statements, and the other for indicating negation. The so-called negative personal pronouns are unusual in that unlike the positive class, the negative class can optionally mark for direct objects, provided that an overt direct object does not surface. Additionally, they obligatorily encode tense, aspect, and mood (TAM). TAM and polarity marking in the negative class arose from cliticization of pronominal forms to a copula, which itself encoded negation.

Positive Forms

Independent
Singular Plural
1 2 3 Prox 3 Obv 1 2 3 Prox 3 Obv
va aja /ad͡ʒ/ ahen /a:n/ iri /ɛ'ɾi/ na ja
jat
he /aɪ/ ria /ja/


Possessive Pronouns
Singular Plural
1 2 3 Prox 3 Obv 1 2 3 Prox 3 Obv
vali ajali /ad͡ʒil/ ahenli /anli/ irili /ɛ'ɾli/ nali jali
jatli
heli /aɪl/ rial /jal/

Negative Forms

Intransitive
Singular Plural
1 2 3 Prox 3 Obv 1 2 3 Prox 3 Obv
Declarative Present vala ajla lan lassi nala tala hela rila
Perfective valak ajlak lanak landri nalak talak lak lāti
Imperfective valan ajunla lana lasse nalan taluna lan lāse
Future valak ajalla lakan lassar nalak tala lakan lāsar
Future Imperfective vala ajaljal lana lassati nala tala lan lasāti
Transitive

Verbs

First person singular object paradigm with -maz, "to teach", to lead".

Conjugation paradigms are arranged according to object agreement type, e.g. first person singular object, etc. In the glosses below, the verb root appears in dark bold to show the complex placement and interposition of the verbal affixes, which combine to encode person, aspect, and tense:

First Person Singular Object

Object Pronominal Affixes Verbal Affixes Sample Texts with Gloss
Preverbal Affix Verbal Infix Postverbal Affix
Declarative Present v-
vi-
- -ind- -a
Aja vimindaza
/ad͡ʒa vmɪn'dazƏ/
aja vi-m-ind-az-a
2S.NOM 1S.ACC-teach-DECL-teach-DECL

You teach me, you are teaching me
Perfective v- -arin- - -
Aja varinmaz
/ad͡ʒa vaɾ'maz/
Aja v-ar-in-maz
2S.NOM 1S.OBJ-PRF-teach-GNOM

You taught me
Imperfective v- -ank- -ind- -
Future v- -az- - -
Future Imperfective v- -ant- -ind- -a

Second Person Singular Object

Object Pronominal Affixes Verbal Affixes Sample Texts with Gloss
Preverbal Affix Verbal Infix Postverbal Affix
Declarative Present ti- -lum- -ind- -a
Va tilumzindaza

Perfective ti- -lus- -ta
Va tilusmikazta
va ti-lus-m-i-k-az-ta
1S.NOM 2S.ACC1-2S.PRS1-R1.teach-EPENTH-2S.ACC2-R2.teach-2S.GNOM

I taught you
Imperfective ti- -lunk- -ind- -
Future t- -az- - -
Future Imperfective t- -ant- -ind- -a

Third Person Singular Object

Object Pronominal Affixes Verbal Affixes Sample Texts with Gloss
Preverbal Affix Verbal Infix Postverbal Affix
Declarative Present hi- -non-
-nom-
-ind- -ará
Aja hinommindazará
aja hi-nom-m-ind-az-ará
2S.NOM 3S.PROX.ACC-DECL-teach-DECL-teach-DECL

You teach him, you are teaching him
Perfective h- -arin- - -
Aja harinmaz
Aja h-ar-in-maz
2S.NOM 3S.OBV.OBJ-PRF-teach-GNOM

You taught him
Imperfective h- -ank- -ind- -
Future h- -az- - -
Future Imperfective h- -ant- -ind- -a



Object Pronominal Affixes Verbal Affixes Examples
Singular Plural Preverbal Affix Verbal Infix Postverbal Affix
1 2 3 Prox 3 Obv 1 2 3 Prox 3 Obv
Declarative Present v-
vi-
van(d)-
t-
ti-
tan(d)-
h-
hi-
hen(d)-
k(V)--s(V)- n-
nan(d)-
- -ind- -a Va himindaza
  • Root: maz "to learn"
  • Translation:
    "I learn it,
    I am learning it"


Va kimindassa

  • Translation: I am learning that other thing
  • Note: z of root maz assimilates to s (second part of the 3S.OBV object circumfix)
Perfective var- tar- har- sar- nar-
Imperfective valan atunla lana lasse nalan taluna lan lāse
Future valak atalla lakan lassar nalak tala lakan lāsar
Future Imperfective vala ataltal lana lassati nala tala lan lasāti

Adverbs

Adverbs do not form a distinct word class. The majority are identical in form with adjectives, differentiated only by syntax. A smaller set of adverbs are uninflectable particles, primarily time adverbials.

Adverb Meaning POS Source Example
mon /'tɛmon/ very, really;
hard, with exertion
Particle
Va mon arinkadrén.
va 'tɛmon ɛ'rɪnkadrɛn
va mon arin-kadrén
1S very PRFV-jump

I jumped very high.
sejál clumsily Adjective
Aja temon sejál tindarka.
ad͡z mon sɛ'd͡ʒal tɛn'daɾka
aja temon sejál t-ind-ark-a.
you very clumsy speak-DECL-speak-DECL

You speak (Tarkandamonian) very badly.
pir /pɛɾ/ now Particle
Va pir Spara minda.
va pɛɾ 'spaɾa 'mɪndɛ
va pir spara m-ind-a-a
1S.NOM now place.name go-DECL-go-DECL

I am going to Spara now.
orin /'toɾm/ immediately Particle
Janste bila orin hinommindará!
d͡ʒɛns bɪl toɾm ɛnnomɪn'dɾa
ja-nst bila orin hi-nom-m-ind-a-ará.
2S.CAUS here immediately 3S.PROX-DECL-go-DECL-go-DECL

Send him here immediately!

Derivation

Tarkandamonian has a large inventory of derivation affixes. Furthermore, multiple affixes may be combined to generate complex words that diverge significantly from the meanings of their roots.

Affix Function/Meaning Example
-ta Derives nouns, usually persons, from adjectives and particles
  • tuva-ta << tuva "yes":
  1. there is
  2. filled with
  3. healthy
  • go-ta
  1. stranger
  2. foreigner
  3. hostile
-la- (Pseudo-verb) no, not, is not, does not [placeholder]
[placeholder] asik
  • leader
  • to lead
  • to conquer (w. Allative)
[placeholder] domai mountain
[placeholder] sivga, sijga mountain stream, river
[placeholder] suin brilliant; glorious; civilization
-tan agentive deverbal
  • kopen
  1. to wander
  2. to go into exile
  3. to immigrate
  4. to flee
  5. shameful
  • kopen-tan
  1. fugitive
  2. coward
  3. expatriate
m- reversative
  • hoz:
  1. to attack
  2. to chase
  3. to hunt
  • hozka: war
  • hozkadi: long war
  • hozkinert: victory
  • mozai:
  1. absence of war
  2. armistice
  3. cease-fire
  • mozanai:
  1. anti-war
  2. protesters
  • mozkinertan:
  1. defeat
  2. failure
  3. disappointment


A complication arises wherein a derivation may exist in one dialect and not the other, and because the language reforms were incomplete, the reader may need to resort to context to use the correct word. For example, the word mozkadi (blitzkrieg, lit. "not a long war") originates from the Geruna dialect, but as the Bāzor dialect has superseded the former, Bāzor speakers must read in the word glevka << gleb + va + ka, which literally means "sky-swoop-downwards and seizure".

Syntax

Tarkandamonian exhibits strict SOV order, and modifiers to heads also display strict ordering: adverbs precede the adjectives and verbs they modify, the positive polarity particle vor always appears as the initial element of a clause, while its counterpart, the negative polarity pseudo-verb -la-, follows the subject in intransitive clauses, and between the subject and object clausal arguments. Any oblique arguments, including the indirect object, always occurs after the direct object in transitive verbs, and after the pseudo-verb -la-, if expressed in intransitive clauses. The interrogative particle tunima obligatorily appears immediately before the verb; it is the only particle that may appear between the verb and any of its adverbial modifiers.


Texts

Sener zi va ahen arintar.
/'sɛnɛɾ zva:n 'aɾɪntaɾ/
sener zi=va=ahen arin-tar
PN to=1S=3S.PROX PST-speak.about

Sener spoke to me about it.
Pavan garidjna vali, tilumzindkarín!
/'pon ga'ɾɪd͡ʒɘn 'vali tlum'zɪnkaɾɪn/
pon garidj-na vali ti-lum-zu-ind-karin-a
DAT head-CONSTR 1S.POSS 2S.ACC-bring.ruin-DECL.PRS-bring.ruin-DECL.PRS-bring.ruin-DISTR/PL

By my head, I will reign ruin upon you!

Vocabulary

Tarkandamonian Meaning
tuva
  • tuva: yes
  • tuvata:
  1. there is
  2. filled with
  3. healthy
-la- (Pseudo-verb) no, not, is not, does not
gota
  • stranger
  • foreigner
  • hostile
asik
  • leader
  • to lead
  • to conquer (w. Allative)
domai mountain
sivga, sijga mountain stream, river
suin brilliant; glorious; civilization
kopen
  • kopen
  1. to wander
  2. to go into exile
  3. to immigrate
  4. to flee
  5. shameful
  • kopentan
  1. fugitive
  2. coward
  3. expatriate
hoz
  • hoz:
  1. to attack
  2. to chase
  3. to hunt
  • hozka: war
  • hozkadi: long war
  • hozkinert: victory
  • mozai:
  1. absence of war
  2. armistice
  3. cease-fire
  • mozanai:
  1. anti-war
  2. protesters
  • mozkinertan:
  1. defeat
  2. failure
  3. disappointment