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Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same.<!-- Feminine ''n''-stems were rare, since most original cases were reformed to ''ōn''-stems.--> | Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same.<!-- Feminine ''n''-stems were rare, since most original cases were reformed to ''ōn''-stems.--> | ||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
! !! colspan="2"| *gamǭ ''m.'' "man" || colspan="2"| * | ! !! colspan="2"| *gamǭ ''m.'' "man" || colspan="2"| *ardijō ''m./f.'' "skilled person" || colspan="2"| *namǭ ''n.'' "name" || colspan="2"| *ankwǭ ''n.'' "fat, grease" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| rowspan="2"| *gam'''ǭ''' | | rowspan="2"| *gam'''ǭ''' | ||
| rowspan="2"| *gam'''aniz''' | | rowspan="2"| *gam'''aniz''' | ||
| rowspan="2"| * | | rowspan="2"| *ard'''ijǭ''' | ||
| rowspan="2"| * | | rowspan="2"| *ard'''īniz''' | ||
| rowspan="3"| *nam'''ǭ''' | | rowspan="3"| *nam'''ǭ''' | ||
| rowspan="3"| *nam'''nō''' | | rowspan="3"| *nam'''nō''' | ||
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| *gam'''anį''' | | *gam'''anį''' | ||
| *gam'''aninz''' | | *gam'''aninz''' | ||
| * | | *ard'''īnį''' | ||
| * | | *ard'''īninz''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| *gam'''aniz''' | | *gam'''aniz''' | ||
| *gam'''anǭ''' | | *gam'''anǭ''' | ||
| * | | *ard'''īniz''' | ||
| * | | *ard'''īnǭ''' | ||
| *nam'''niz''' | | *nam'''niz''' | ||
| *nam'''nǭ''' | | *nam'''nǭ''' | ||
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| *gam'''anī''' | | *gam'''anī''' | ||
| *gam'''ambiz''' | | *gam'''ambiz''' | ||
| * | | *ard'''īnī''' | ||
| * | | *ard'''īmbiz''' | ||
| *nam'''nī''' | | *nam'''nī''' | ||
| *nam'''nibiz''' | | *nam'''nibiz''' | ||
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| *gam'''ani''' | | *gam'''ani''' | ||
| *gam'''ambaz''' | | *gam'''ambaz''' | ||
| * | | *ard'''īni''' | ||
| * | | *ard'''īmbaz''' | ||
| *nam'''ni''' | | *nam'''ni''' | ||
| *nam'''nibaz''' | | *nam'''nibaz''' | ||
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'''Note:''' | '''Note:''' | ||
#As shown in the case of *''namǭ'', the expected *''-an-'' in endings was reduced to *''-n-'' in some nouns. In some other nouns, it was instead replaced with *''-in-''. <!--Generally, neuter nouns ending in *''-mô'' follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.--> | #As shown in the case of *''namǭ'', the expected *''-an-'' in endings was reduced to *''-n-'' in some nouns. In some other nouns, it was instead replaced with *''-in-''. <!--Generally, neuter nouns ending in *''-mô'' follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.--> | ||
#''* | #''*ardijǭ'' is an example of a heavy ''j''-suffixed ''an''-stem, where expected **''-ijan/ijin-'' was contracted to *''-īn-''. Similarly, in light ''j''-suffixed ''an''-stems, expected **''-jan/jin-'' was contracted to *''-in-''. | ||
#Some ''an''-stems had an irregular nominative singular ending (or, in the case of neuter nouns, nominative-vocative-accusative singular ending).<!-- | #Some ''an''-stems had an irregular nominative singular ending (or, in the case of neuter nouns, nominative-vocative-accusative singular ending). An example of this is neuter ''r/n''-stems, which had a nominative-vocative-accusative in *''-ar''.<!-- | ||
#''an''-stems whose nominative singular ended in *''-ijǭ'' or ''-jǭ'' had *''-īn-'' and *''-in-'' respectively instead of expected **''-ijan-'' or **''-jan-''.--> | #''an''-stems whose nominative singular ended in *''-ijǭ'' or ''-jǭ'' had *''-īn-'' and *''-in-'' respectively instead of expected **''-ijan-'' or **''-jan-''.--> | ||
====''ōn''-stems==== | ====''ōn''-stems==== | ||
Masculine or feminine. | Masculine or feminine (usually feminine). | ||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
! !! colspan="2"| *fihtijǭ ''f.'' "the act of combing" | ! !! colspan="2"| *fihtijǭ ''f.'' "the act of combing" | ||
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| *fihtij'''ōni''' | | *fihtij'''ōni''' | ||
| *fihtij'''ōmbaz''' | | *fihtij'''ōmbaz''' | ||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====''īn''-stems==== | |||
Feminine. | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | |||
! !! colspan="2"| *sirį̄ ''f.'' "sequence, week" | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| rowspan="2"| *sir'''į̄''' | |||
| rowspan="2"| *sir'''īniz''' | |||
|- | |||
! Vocative | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| *sir'''īnį''' | |||
| *sir'''īninz''' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| *sir'''īniz''' | |||
| *sir'''īnǭ''' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| *sir'''īnī''' | |||
| *sir'''īmbiz''' | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| *sir'''īni''' | |||
| *sir'''īmbaz''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| * | | *þaz | ||
| * | | *þai | ||
| * | | *þō | ||
| * | | *þōi | ||
| rowspan="2"| * | | rowspan="2"| *þat | ||
| rowspan="2"| * | | rowspan="2"| *þō | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| * | | *þan | ||
| * | | *þanz | ||
| * | | *þǭ | ||
| * | | *þōnz | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| *izas, *izazjas | | *þas, *þazjas | ||
| *izōsą, *izazjōsą | | *þōsą, *þazjōsą | ||
| *þōz, *þazjōz | |||
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą | |||
| *þas, *þazjas | |||
| *þōsą, *þazjōsą | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| *þammai | |||
| *þabiz | |||
| *þōi | |||
| *þōbiz | |||
| *þammai | |||
| *þabiz | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| *þō | |||
| *þabaz | |||
| *þô | |||
| *þōbaz | |||
| *þō | |||
| *þabaz | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | |||
! !! colspan="2"| Masculine || colspan="2"| Feminine !! colspan="2"| Neuter | |||
|- | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| *izaz | |||
| *izai | |||
| *izō | |||
| *izōi | |||
| rowspan="2"| *izat | |||
| rowspan="2"| *izō | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| *izan | |||
| *izanz | |||
| *izǭ | |||
| *izōnz | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| *izas, *izazjas | |||
| *izōsą, *izazjōsą | |||
| *izōz, *izazjōz | | *izōz, *izazjōz | ||
| *izōsą, *izazjōsą | | *izōsą, *izazjōsą | ||
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|} | |} | ||
*''*hwaþeraz'' "which, what (of two)" | *''*hwaþeraz'' "which, what (of two)" | ||
<!-- | |||
*''*hwōliz'' "which, what (of many)" | *''*hwōliz'' "which, what (of many)" | ||
*''*hwīnþaz'' "how much, how many" | *''*hwīnþaz'' "how much, how many" | ||
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**''*hwan'' "when" | **''*hwan'' "when" | ||
**''*hwadī'' "where" | **''*hwadī'' "where" | ||
**''*hwant'' "from where" | **''*hwant'' "from where"--> | ||
====Other pronouns==== | ====Other pronouns==== | ||
<!-- | |||
*''*þōliz'' "such, like that" | *''*þōliz'' "such, like that" | ||
*''*þanþaz'' "that much, that many" | *''*þanþaz'' "that much, that many" | ||
*''*sadagjaz'' "such kind of, such sort of" | *''*sadagjaz'' "such kind of, such sort of" | ||
*''*aljaz'' "other, else" | |||
*''*allaz'' "all" | |||
*Undeclined adverbial pronouns: | *Undeclined adverbial pronouns: | ||
**''*þaþ'' "to that extent" | **''*þaþ'' "to that extent" | ||
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**''*int'' "from there" | **''*int'' "from there" | ||
**''*istant, *gegant'' "from here" | **''*istant, *gegant'' "from here" | ||
**''*aljadī'' "elsewhere"--> | |||
===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||
====Derived manner adverbs==== | ====Derived manner adverbs==== | ||
The most common adverb-forming suffixes are ''*-ē'' and | The most common adverb-forming suffixes are ''*-ē'' and ''*-ō''. | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
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**''*twiflaz, *twiflegz'' "double" | **''*twiflaz, *twiflegz'' "double" | ||
**''*þriflaz, *þriflegz'' "triple" | **''*þriflaz, *þriflegz'' "triple" | ||
**''*hwadurflaz, *hwadurflegz'' "quadruple" | |||
*The following numerical prefixes are reconstructed: | *The following numerical prefixes are reconstructed: | ||
**''*sem/sim-'' "uni-, mono-, one, once" | **''*sem/sim-'' "uni-, mono-, one, once" | ||
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===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
<!-- etc. etc. --> | <!-- etc. etc. --> | ||
==Vocabulary== | |||
===Time - ''*þimfaz''=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Seasons - ''*jōras þimfizō'' | |||
! English !! Proto-Tungric | |||
|- | |||
| spring || *wesar (*wesn-; ''n.'', ''r/n''-stem) | |||
|- | |||
| summer || *aisōþs (''f.'', cons.-stem) | |||
|- | |||
| fall || *missiz (''f.'', ''i''-stem) | |||
|- | |||
| winter || *gē₂mz (*gē₂m-; ''f.'', cons.-stem) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
<!-- | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Gregorian months - '' '' | |||
! English !! Proto-Tungric | |||
|- | |||
| January || | |||
|- | |||
| February || | |||
|- | |||
| March || | |||
|- | |||
| April || | |||
|- | |||
| May || | |||
|- | |||
| June || | |||
|- | |||
| July || | |||
|- | |||
| August || | |||
|- | |||
| September || | |||
|- | |||
| October || | |||
|- | |||
| November || | |||
|- | |||
| December || | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Example texts== | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Days of the week - '' '' | |||
! English !! Proto-Tungric | |||
|- | |||
| Sunday || | |||
|- | |||
| Monday || | |||
|- | |||
| Tuesday || | |||
|- | |||
| Wednesday || | |||
|- | |||
| Thursday || | |||
|- | |||
| Friday || | |||
|- | |||
| Saturday || | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
--> | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Parts of the day - ''*tē₂wiz farþēz'' | |||
! English !! Proto-Tungric | |||
|- | |||
| day || *teuz (''m.'', ''u''-stem<sup><small>1</small></sup>) | |||
|- | |||
| dawn || *ausōz (''f.'', ''z''-stem) | |||
|- | |||
| morning || *mōdūraz (''m.'', ''a''-stem) | |||
|- | |||
<!-- | |||
| noon || | |||
|- | |||
| afternoon || | |||
|- | |||
--> | |||
| evening || *wesperaz (''m.'', ''a''-stem) | |||
|- | |||
<!-- | |||
| dusk || | |||
|- | |||
--> | |||
| night || *nahts (''f.'', cons.-stem) | |||
|- | |||
<!-- | |||
| midnight || | |||
--> | |||
|} | |||
'''Notes:''' | |||
<sup><small>1</small></sup> Expected **''-ea-'' was coalesced to *''-ē₂-'' (e.g. nominative plural was ''*tē₂wiz'' rather than ''*teawiz''). | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Units of time - ''*þimfiziz mēþēz'' | |||
! English !! Proto-Tungric | |||
|- | |||
<!-- | |||
| second || | |||
|- | |||
| minute || | |||
--> | |||
|- | |||
| hour || | |||
|- | |||
| day || *teuz (''m.'', ''u''-stem, irregular) | |||
|- | |||
| week || *sirį̄ (''f.'', ''īn''-stem) | |||
|- | |||
| month || *mēns (*mēns-, ''m.'', cons.-stem) | |||
|- | |||
| season || *þimfaz (''n.'', ''z''-stem) | |||
|- | |||
| year || *aþnaz (''m.'', ''a''-stem); *jōraz (''m.'', ''a''-stem) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Time adverbs - ''*þimfiziz werdō'' | |||
! English !! Proto-Tungric | |||
|- | |||
| now || *nu, *nū | |||
|- | |||
| then || *þan | |||
|- | |||
| recently, a short time ago || | |||
|- | |||
| earlier || *anþ | |||
|- | |||
| soon, shortly || *mahs | |||
|- | |||
| later || | |||
|- | |||
| always || *simfer | |||
|- | |||
| often || *saif | |||
|- | |||
| sometimes || | |||
|- | |||
| rarely || | |||
|- | |||
| never || *ne aiwą | |||
|- | |||
| ever || *aiwą | |||
|- | |||
| still, yet || *int | |||
|- | |||
| already || *anþ | |||
<!-- | |||
|- | |||
| today || | |||
|- | |||
| tonight || | |||
--> | |||
|- | |||
| yesterday || *gizi; *gester- | |||
<!-- | |||
|- | |||
| last night || | |||
--> | |||
|- | |||
| tomorrow || *hrōz | |||
|- | |||
<!-- | |||
| before yesterday || | |||
|- | |||
| two nights ago || | |||
|- | |||
| after tomorrow || | |||
|- | |||
| this week || | |||
|- | |||
| last week || | |||
|- | |||
| next week || | |||
|- | |||
--> | |||
|} | |||
===Colours - ''*helaziz''=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Colours - ''*helaziz'' | |||
! English !! Proto-Tungric | |||
|- | |||
| white || *albaz | |||
|- | |||
| grey || *hasnaz | |||
|- | |||
| black || *ōþraz | |||
|- | |||
| red || *raudaz, *rausaz | |||
|- | |||
<!-- | |||
| orange || | |||
|- | |||
--> | |||
| brown || *patjaz, *duswaz | |||
|- | |||
| yellow || *gelwaz, *blāwaz | |||
|- | |||
| green || *wīsidaz | |||
|- | |||
| blue || *hilizijaz | |||
|- | |||
<!-- | |||
| pink || | |||
|- | |||
| purple || | |||
|- | |||
| golden || | |||
|- | |||
--> | |||
|} | |||
==Example texts== | |||
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | <!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | |||
Afnijai gamaniz lauderai gaflōnaihw han tehnadōþi jawizihw galōþai sind. Sabiz attōnōþōi sind raþjǭ gaskīndijǭhw, eþ alþerabiz anamǭ brōþrōlijǭ frōdamį þeþalēri<!--tēgabēnþ-->. | |||
'''Translation:''' All humans are born free and equal with dignity and rights. Reason and conscience are given to them, and they must show others a brotherly spirit. | |||
'''PPT:''' Opnēs ɣomones louðeroi co(m)-plānoi-kʷe com deknotāti jowesi-kʷe co(m)-tlātai sent. Sois addōnātāi sent ratjō co(m)skijentijā-kʷe, et alterois anamām βrātrālim prōðomen tetolēri. | |||
'''Classical Latin cognates:''' Omnēs hominēs līberī *complānīque cum dignitāte iūreque collātī sunt. *Sīs *addōnātae sunt ratiō cōnscientiaque, et alterīs animam *frātrālem *prōdimen tetulēre. | |||
<!-- | |||
Allai manniz frijai galīkaihw midi werþō rehtamizuh gaburanai sindi. Þaimaz atgebanō sindi midwissį̄ gahugdizuh, auk anþiraimaz anadanų brōþurlīkanǭ augijaną skulun.--> | |||
<!--Opnēs hemones deknotāti jowezikʷe louðeroi parēskʷe gnāskontor, ratijones komskijentijāskʷe partikapes sont, kʷois enter se komkordijās studēōd agontinom est.--> | |||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> |
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