Tonuao: Difference between revisions
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Plants, animals and things that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is. This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being. | |||
Plants and | |||
{| class="bluetable" | {| class="bluetable" | ||
! Determiner | ! Determiner | ||
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| birds | | birds | ||
| Japanese quail ウスラ鳥 ''usura-teu'' | | Japanese quail ウスラ鳥 ''usura-teu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 魚 ''o'' | | 魚 ''o'' |
Revision as of 00:56, 7 February 2015
This article is a construction site. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you. |
Tonuao is a zonal auxlang[1] intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the w:East Asian cultural sphere. It uses Chinese characters for much of its writing, with some forms being simplified according to the w:Shinjitai/新字体 standards of Japan. The Japanese syllabary w:Katakana is used for all other sounds. It is not tonal, mostly analytic, SVO, topic-prominent, uses classifiers, is pro-drop, copula-drop, and uses postpositions.
East Asian Language | |
---|---|
Tonuao | |
Pronunciation | [/tonu.a.o/] |
Created by | |
Native to | China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Vietnam |
Native speakers | 3 (2014) |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | tao |
ISO 639-2 | tao |
ISO 639-3 | tao |
Phonology
Tonuao has 5 vowels and 11 consonants.
Consonants | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
Nasals | m /m/ | n /n/ | |||||
Plosives | p /p/ | t /t/ | j /ts ~ tɕ ~ c/ | k /k/ | |||
Fricatives | s /s ~ ɕ/ | h /h ~ ɦ ~ x/ | |||||
Liquids | l /l ~ ɾ/ | ||||||
Approximants | w /w/ | y /j/ |
While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see below), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.
Vowels | |||
---|---|---|---|
Front | Central | Back | |
High | i /i ~ ɪ/ | u /u ~ ɯ/ | |
Mid | e /e ~ e̞/ | o /o ~ o̞/ | |
Low | a /a ~ ä/ |
Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others. Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!
un pun tun jun kun mun nun sun hun lun yun
Phonotactics
The three allowable syllable structures are V, CV, Cya, and CVn. There are gaps in all these series, and allophony.
Simple Syllables | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ø | ア a /a/ |
エ e /e ~ je ~ ə/ |
イ i /i ~ ji/ |
オ o /o ~ wo/ |
ウ u /u ~ wu/ |
p | パ pa |
ペ pe |
ピ pi |
ポ po |
プ pu |
t | タ ta |
テ te |
チ ti |
ト to |
ツ tu |
j | チャ ja |
チェ je |
チィ ji |
チョ jo |
チュ ju |
k | カ ka |
ケ ke |
キ ki |
コ ko |
ク ku |
m | マ ma |
メ me |
ミ mi |
モ mo |
ム mu |
n | ナ na |
ネ ne |
ニ ni |
ノ no |
ヌ nu |
s | サ sa |
セ se |
シ si /si ~ ɕi/ |
ソ so |
ス su |
h | ハ ha |
ヘ he |
ヒ hi |
ホ ho |
フ hu |
l | ラ la |
レ le |
リ li |
ロ lo |
ル lu |
w | ワ wa /wa ~ ʋa ~ va/ |
ヱ we /we ~ wej/ |
|||
y | ヤ ya |
ヨ yo /jo ~ joʊ̯/ |
ユ yu |
Hangŭl (for reference) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | e | i | o | u | |
ø | 아 | 에 | 이 | 오 | 우 |
p | 바 | 베 | 비 | 보 | 부 |
t | 다 | 데 | 디 | 도 | 두 |
j | 자 | 제 | 지 | 조 | 주 |
k | 가 | 게 | 기 | 고 | 구 |
m | 마 | 메 | 미 | 모 | 무 |
n | 나 | 네 | 니 | 노 | 누 |
s | 사 | 세 | 시 | 소 | 수 |
h | 하 | 헤 | 히 | 호 | 후 |
l | 라 | 레 | 리 | 로 | 루 |
w | 와 | 웨 | |||
y | 야 | 요 | 유 |
Complex Syllables | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
an | en | in | un | ya | |
ø | アン an |
エン en |
イン in |
ウン un |
|
p | パン pan |
ペン pen |
ピン pin |
プン pun |
ピャ pya |
t | タン tan |
テン ten |
チン tin |
ツン tun |
|
j | チャン jan |
チェン jen |
チィン jin |
チュン jun |
|
k | カン kan |
ケン ken |
クン kun |
||
m | マン man |
メン men |
ミン min |
ムン mun |
ミャ mya |
n | ナン nan |
ネン nen |
ニン nin |
ヌン nun |
ニャ nya |
s | サン san |
セン sen /sen ~ ɕen/ |
シン sin |
スン sun |
シャ sya /sja ~ ɕa/ |
h | ハン han |
ヘン hen |
フン hun |
||
l | ラン lan |
レン len |
リン lin |
ルン lun |
リャ lya |
w | ワン wan |
||||
y | ヤン yan |
ユン yun |
Hangŭl (for reference) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
an | en | in | un | ya | |
ø | 안 | 엔 | 인 | 운 | |
p | 반 | 벤 | 빈 | 분 | 뱌 |
t | 단 | 덴 | 딘 | 둔 | |
j | 잔 | 젠 | 진 | 준 | |
k | 간 | 겐 | 군 | ||
m | 만 | 멘 | 민 | 문 | 먀 |
n | 난 | 넨 | 닌 | 눈 | 냐 |
s | 산 | 센 | 신 | 순 | 샤 |
h | 한 | 헨 | 훈 | ||
l | 란 | 렌 | 린 | 룬 | 랴 |
w | 완 | ||||
y | 얀 | 윤 |
The complex syllables of Tonuao are clearly much more limited.
Derivation
Middle Chinese (MC) had much more complex syllables than were possible in any of the language influenced by it. Tonuao tries to be equal to CJKV languages by taking an average derivational position. First, it considers the initial consonant in MC
Middle Chinese | Sino-Vietnamese | Sino-Korean | Sino-Japanese | Mandarin | Cantonese | Tonuao | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Go-on | Kan-on | Tōsō-on | |||||||
Labials | 幫 p | p > b | p/pʰ | ɸ > h | ɸ > h | ɸ > h | p/f | p/f | p |
滂 pʰ | pʰ | pʰ/f | pʰ/f | ||||||
並 b | b | b > b/ph/v | pʰ/p/f | pʰ/p/f | |||||
明 m | m > m/v | m | m | b[2] | m | m/w | m | m | |
Dentals | 端 t | t > đ | t/tʰ | t | t | t | t | t | t |
透 tʰ | tʰ > th | tʰ | tʰ | ||||||
定 d | d > đ | d | tʰ/d | tʰ/d | |||||
泥 n | n | n | n | d[3] | n | n | n~l | n | |
來 l | l | l | r | r | r | l | l | l | |
Retroflex nasal | 娘 ɳ | n | n~ø | n | d | n | n~l | ny | |
Retroflex stops | 知 ʈ | ʈ > tr | tʰ/tɕ/tɕʰ | t | t | s | tʂ | ts | t |
徹 ʈʰ | ʂ > s | tʂʰ | tsʰ | ||||||
澄 ɖ | ɖ > tr | d | tʂʰ, tʂ | tsʰ, ts | |||||
Dental sibilants | 精 ts | s > t | s | s | ts, tɕ | ts | j | ||
清 tsʰ | ɕ > th | tsʰ, tɕʰ | tsʰ | ||||||
從 dz | s > t | z | tsʰ, tɕʰ, ts, tɕ | tsʰ, ts | |||||
心 s | s | s | s | s | s | ||||
邪 z | z | tsʰ, ts | z, ʑ | ||||||
俟 ʐ | s | z | tʂʰ, s | tsʰ, ts | sy | ||||
Retroflex sibilants | 莊 tʂ | ʈ > tr | tɕ/tɕʰ | s | tʂ, ts | ts | j | ||
初 tʂʰ | ʂ > s | tʂʰ, tsʰ | tsʰ | ||||||
崇 dʐ | z | tʂʰ, tsʰ, tʂ, ʂ | tsʰ, ts, s | ||||||
生 ʂ | s | s | ʂ, s | s | sy | ||||
Palatals | 章 tɕ | c > ch | tɕ/tɕʰ | tʂ | ts | j | |||
昌 tɕʰ | tʃ > x | tʂʰ | tsʰ | ||||||
禪 dʑ | ɕ > th | s | z | tʂʰ, ʂ | tsʰ, ts, s | ||||
書 ɕ | s | ʂ | s | sy | |||||
船 ʑ | z | s | tʂʰ, ʂ | s | |||||
日 ny | ɲ > nh | z > ∅ | n | z | z | ɻ, ʔ | j | ny | |
以 j | d | ø | j | j | j, w~ʋ | j, w | y | ||
Velars | 見 k | k > c/g | k/h | k | k | k | k, tɕ | k, kʷ | k |
溪 kʰ | kʰ > kh | kʰ, tɕʰ | h, f, kʰ, kʰʷ | ||||||
群 g | ɡ > c | k | g | kʰ, tɕʰ, k, tɕ | kʰ, kʰʷ, k, kʷ | ||||
疑 ŋ | ŋ > ng | h | g | g | ʔ~ɰ, j, w~ʋ, n | ŋ, ʔ, j | ø | ||
Laryngeals | 影 ʔ | ʔ > y | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ʔ, j, w~ʋ | ʔ, j, w | |
曉 h | h | h | k | k | x, ɕ | h, f, j | h | ||
匣 ɦ | ɣ > g/w | x, ɕ | h, w | ||||||
云 ɦj | v, h | ø | j | j | j, w~ʋ | j, w | ø |
Syntax
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), Tonuao is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come before early in the sentence, and the accusative argument must come after the verb. There are no particles to mark subject or object. Tonuao tries to have the verb be second-to-last, comparable but backwards to the Germanic w:V2 word order. Like most Asian languages, Tonuao has two verbs corresponding to European "is", 乃 nai and 有 yu. The first "to be equal to", the second is "to have" or "to exist". Only 乃 nai may be dropped, and it usually is.
In the East Asian style, Tonuao is very topic-prominent. The topic is marked with the postposition ヘ he, derived from 兮 hei. Typically, if present, it will come first in the sentence. The dative argument may be unmarked, if easily discernible from context, but is more often marked with the postposition ウ u, derived from 于 yu. A genitive relationship is 之 ji which is not written in katakana most of the time.
Relationship | Particle | Etymology | English | Mandarin | Cantonese | Japanese | Korean | Vietnamese |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Topic | ヘ he | 兮 hei | as for | - | - | は wa | 은/는 (n)ǔn | cái |
Vocative | 哉 jai | |||||||
Dative | ウ u | 于 yu | to | - | - | に ni | 에게 ege | đến |
Genitive | 之 ji | of | 的 de | 嘅 ge | の no | 의 ǔi | của | |
Instrumental | イ i | 以 i | by | 用 yòng | 用 yung6 | で de | 로/으로 ro/ǔro | |
Locative | オ o | 於 o | in, on, at | 在 zài | 喺 hai2 | に ni | 에 e | |
Comitative | コ ko | 共 konu | together with | |||||
Assoc. Pl. | ト to | 等 tonu | et. al. | 們 men | 哋 dei6 | たち tachi | 들 tǔl | |
Perfective | リ li | 已 i | -ed | 了 le | 咗 jo2 | た/だ ta/da | 았/었 att/ǒtt | đã |
Progressive | ツ tu | 中 tunu | -ing | 아/어 a/ǒ | ||||
Nominalizer | シ si | 事 ji | -ing | |||||
Adnominalizer | チ ti | 之 ji | ||||||
Adverbializer | ヤ ya | 様 yanu | -ly | |||||
NP And | ヨ yo | 与 o | and | |||||
VP And | ニ ni | 而 ni | and |
Sentence Final Particles
- フ hu, derived from 乎 huo, forms polar questions at the end of an utterance.
Pronouns
Singular | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
Casual | First | 我 a | 我ト ato |
Second | 汝 yo | 汝ト yoto | |
Third | 彼人 pinin | 彼人ト pininto |
Singular | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
Polite | First | One's given name | One's given name-ト -to |
Second | 君 kun | 君ト kunto | |
Third | One's surname | One's surname-ト -to |
Classifiers
Counting is not done with numerals as adjectives before the noun phrase, but with special classifiers + numerals after the noun phrase, as adverbs.
Classifier | Use |
---|---|
人 nin | people (general) |
名 menu | people (polite) |
台 tai | machines (computers, cars, etc) |
匹 pitu | animals (all animals, worms, fish, horses, etc) |
冊 jaku | books, magazines, etc |
杯 pei | cups of some drink |
枚 mei | flat objects (pizzas, paper, etc) |
条 teu | long objects (pencils, noodles, etc) |
間 kan | periods of time (seconds, years, ages, etc) |
個 ka | anything else |
Plants, animals and things that may have hanji beyond our corpus or are nation-specific, should be spelled out phonetically, but appended with a "determiner", a hanji that shows what class of being the creature is. This is helpful, as it gives a hint to those unfamiliar with the being.
Determiner | Use | Example |
---|---|---|
蛙 wa | amphibians | |
鳥 teu | birds | Japanese quail ウスラ鳥 usura-teu |
魚 o | fish | nekogigi catfish ネコキキ魚 nekokiki-o |
虫 tunu | invertebrates | |
獣 siu | mammals | |
龍 lonu | reptiles | tyrannosaurus チラン龍 tiran-lonu |
花 hua | flowers | |
草 jau | grass | |
木 moku | trees, bushes | |
服 puku | clothes | kimono キモノ服 kimono-puku |
飯 puen | meals | bibimbap ピピムパプ飯 pipimupapu-puen |
Lexica
- Tonuao/Hanji - Character list based on the 1800 list of hanja for Koreans and 2136 list of kanji for Japanese
Sample
- Tonuao/Sample/218_sentences - Sentences to test syntax
Links
References
- ^ http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/
- ^ Yields m- in syllables ending in original -ng.
- ^ Yields n- in syllables ending in original -ng