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| :[[Swuntsim/Lexicon]] | | :[[Swuntsim/Lexicon]] |
| :[[Sacred Swuntsim/Swadesh list|Swuntsim Swadesh list]]
| | '''Swuntsim''' (''SWUN-tsim''; natively ''Swəntsiv'' /ˈswəntsiv/, originally an exonym) is a language inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh. |
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| {{Infobox language
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| |image =
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| |imagesize =
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| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
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| |name = {{PAGENAME}}
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| |nativename = təSfətsiv
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| |pronunciation= /təˈsfətsiv/
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| |setting=[[Verse:Tricin]]
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| |region =
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| |fam1=[[Tsimulh languages|Tsimulh]]
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| |familycolor=tsn
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| |script=Windermere script
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| |notice=IPA
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| }}
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| '''Swuntsim''' (''SWUN-tsim''; natively ''təSfətsiv'' /təˈsfətsiv/) is a modern Tsimulh language. It is the traditional vernacular language of the Swuntsim diaspora in [[Verse:Tricin/Talma|Talma]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Fyxoom|Fyxoom]]. It is unrelated to the Talmic and Lakovic languages that are spoken in Talma. | |
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| It is inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh.
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| Some typological characteristics: | | Some typological characteristics: |
| *It is an agglutinative SVO language with a moderately complex verb system. | | *It is an agglutinative SVO language with a moderately complex verb system. |
| *It is pro-drop. | | *It is pro-drop. |
| *Head-directionality is mixed. | | *Head-directionality is mixed, but unusual in that it is SVO and RelN. |
| *It has a simple grammatical gender system of animate-inanimate, but the much more complex Proto-Tsimulh noun class system has vestiges in noun pluralization. | | *It has a simple grammatical gender system of animate-inanimate, but the much more complex Proto-Tsimulh noun class system has vestiges in noun pluralization. |
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| | "Simplified/partly creolized non-Standard Average Talman grammar" |
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| | SVO and RelN/AdjN~NAdj/GenN~NGen, kinda like Chinese |
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| ==Todo== | | ==Todo== |
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| 9 aay | | 9 aay |
| 10 cwidh | | 10 cwidh |
| 11 sjüv ał cwidh | | 11 sjüv əσ cwidh |
| 12 fisj ał cwidh | | 12 fisj əσ cwidh |
| 20 fiscwidh | | 20 fiscwidh |
| 30 iyəvcwidh | | 30 iyəvcwidh |
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| Geminates are allowed and are rendered by doubling (for digraphs, doubling the first consonant). | | Geminates are allowed and are rendered by doubling (for digraphs, doubling the first consonant). |
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| Some speakers in Skella may use intrusive L [ɴ̆~ʁ] as in [[Skellan/Accents|non-nasal Skellan accents]] to prevent hiatuses.
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| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
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| ==Morphology== | | ==Morphology== |
| Modern Swuntsim has lost the Proto-Tsimulh noun class system. Pronouns and verbs only agree in animacy and number.
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| ===Nouns===
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| The genitive is marked with ''-s'', but ''-əs'' after coronal fricatives: ''stsaσ'' 'a forest or similar collection' > ''stsaσəs'' 'of a forest'. It's a clitic, not a suffix.
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| ''-s-'' is often inserted between nouns in compounds.
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| Nouns with unmarked plurals and marked singulars are common. The singulative is marked with ''gü-'' in this case.
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| Original noun class prefixes:
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| #'ə-, pl. cə-/c-
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| #u-, pl. də-/d-
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| #p-, pl. əpi-/əp-
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| #s-, pl. dus-
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| #s-, pl. pσə-/pσ-
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| #va-/və-, pl. əwə-/u-
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| #c-/tj-, pl. abi-/əb-
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| #sju-, pl. N-
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| #σi-/σ-, pl. wi-
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| #ti-/t-, no plural
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| #ti-, no plural
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| #pda-/pdə- (common for abstract nouns), no plural
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| Expected noun class affixes:
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| #'ə-/0-, pl. tsə- = humans, spirits
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| #ü-, pl. də-/0- = animals and other things that move on their own
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| #p-, pl. əpi-/əp- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
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| #s-, pl. düs- = collections or large things
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| #*0-, pl. dü-
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| #s-, pl. pσə-/pσ- = roughly round, compact objects
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| #va-/v-/0-, pl. ü- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
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| #tj-/k-, pl. vi-/əp- = places, locations, slots
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| #sj(ü)-, pl. 0- or dh- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
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| #σi-, pl. gwi- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
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| #t-, ti- = abstractions, manner, way, infinitives, verbal nouns (Class 10+11)
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| #pda- = -ness, -hood (Class 12)
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| ===Pronouns===
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| *''o'' = I
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| *''fo'' = you (sg)
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| *''ot'' = we
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| *''tsü'' = you (pl)
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| ====Possessive pronouns====
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| *1sg o-
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| *2sg fo-
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| *1pl gwə-
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| *2pl tsü-
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| ===Determiners===
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| TODO: Separate forms for mass nouns
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| *every, all: ''tsəcwach'' 'everyone, every (for animates)'; ''wəcwach'' 'all things (for inanimates)'; ''cwach'' 'everything; all (mass nouns)'
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| *many: ''tsəzap'' 'many people'; ''wəzap'' 'many things'; ''zap'' 'much (mass nouns)'
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| *few: ''tsədhuu'' 'few people'; ''wədhuu'' 'few things'; ''dhuu'' 'few (mass nouns)'
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| *other: ''əchasj'' 'another person'; ''tsəchasj'' 'other people'; ''chasj'' 'other things'
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Like in English, there is a class of adjectives, which denote relatively permanent states. Adjectives agree with the noun in animacy and number, and come after the noun.
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| *Predicative: ''pəwayts go cütsi'' 'the tree is firm'
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| *Attributive:
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| **''tjvits sj-cütsi'' 'firm house'
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| **''əsəye ə-cütsi'' 'firm spirit'
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| ===Verbs===
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| The infinitive affix is ''t-'' for verb stems beginning with a vowel and ''ti-'' for verb stems beginning with a consonant.
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| ====Concord====
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| The animate subject affix is ''ə-'' in the singular and ''tsə-'' in the plural. Verbs with inanimate subjects do not have any subject affix.
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| Personal affixes:
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| *1sg ''cwə-''
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| *2sg ''fo-''
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| *1pl ''gwə-''
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| *2pl ''tsü-''
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| ====Tense====
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| Swuntsim has four tenses: present, past, perfect, and future. The auxiliary ''-tje'' is used for the future.
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| *''cwə-ts-dha'o'' 'I meet'
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| *''chə-cwə-dha'o'' 'I do not meet'
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| *''cwə-v-dha'o'' 'I met'
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| *''cwə-ya-dha'o'' 'I did not meet'
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| *''cwə-da-dha'o'' 'I have met'
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| *''cwə-day-dha'o'' 'I have not met'
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| *''hodha'o'' 'you (sg) meet'
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| etc.
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| *''cwətje tidha'o'' = I will meet
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| ====Mood====
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| The imperative mood is formed as follows:
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| *''dha'o!'' = meet! (sg)
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| *'''''tsf'''dha'o!'' = meet! (pl)
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| ====Voice====
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| Voices:
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| *active: 0-
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| *mediopassive: ''tσə-''
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| *applicative: ''gwiσ-''
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| *causative: ''u-''
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| Some verbs are deponent (mediopassive for no reason)
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| ====Emphatic====
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| One way to emphasize a verb is to place the emphatic clitic ''=tf'' after it.
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| ===Derivational morphology===
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| *''-əσ'' = adverbializer
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| *reduplication = verbalizer
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| *''sj-'' = transitivizer for verbs
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| ==Constructions== | | ==Constructions== |
| Modern Swuntsim is SVO and pro-drop:
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| :'''''Chə'əcwev təSfətsivəσ.'''''
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| :/χəˈʔəkʷev təsfəˈtsivəɬ/
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| :chə-ʔə-cwev təSfətsiv-əσ
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| :NEG.PRES-3SG.AN-say Swuntsim-ADV
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| :''He does not speak Swuntsim.''
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| *The copula is ''go'' (inflected for tense).
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| *The relativizer is ''i'' (from an interrogative ''*yi'')
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| *The complementizer is ''ti'' (acc. tə + yi)
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| Adpositions consist of approximately equal number of prepositions and postpositions.
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| The constituent order is genitive-noun, noun-adjective, and noun-relative clause.
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| AdjN:
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| :''sjgwətjes zde''
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| :sj-gwətje-s s-de
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| :SG.INAN-red-ATTR SG-flower
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| : 'red flower'
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| NGen:
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| :''tjway əd cwə'əmams''
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| :tj-way əd cwə-ʔəmam-s
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| :SG-name SG-of 1SG-mother-GEN
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| :'my mother's name'
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| NRel:
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| :'''''ətotj i agwiσcwəv'oəch tocadh va tfii'odh fi zdowe.'''''
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| :ə-totj i a-gwiσ-cwə-v-ʔoəch tocadh
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| :SG-man REL 3SG.CL1-APPL-1SG-PAST-appoint yesterday COP.PST beautiful and kind
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| :''The man I went out with yesterday was handsome and nice.''
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| VComp:
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| :'''''Cwəchsla' ti fəv'oəch sadh ətotj tocadh.'''''
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| :cwə-ch-sla' ti fə-v-'oəch sadh ətotj tocadh
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| :1SG-PRES-know COMP 2SG-PAST-appoint with SG-man yesterday
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| :''I know that you went out with the man yesterday.''
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| Some adpositions must be used with thw genitive case.
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| *''ef'' (+ gen.) = in
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| *''tə'' (+ nom.) = accusative
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| ==="Have" construction===
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| Swuntsim has no verb for "have"; instead the word ''djec'' 'with' is used.
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| :''o djec go tjvits'' (pronounced "o djeco tjvits")
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| :1SG with COP SG-house
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| :"I have a house"
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| ==Vocabulary==
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| Swuntsim has many loanwords from Anbirese, Windermere, Eevo and other Talman languages.
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| [[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Tsimulh languages]]
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| [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
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