|
|
(163 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
| |
|
| |
|
| The '''Tsimulh languages''' (from ''ciməσ'', from ''*cim'' 'tribe', pl. of ''*ʔim'' 'tribesman') are a [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] language family mainly spoken in [[Verse:Tricin/Txapoalli|Txapoalli]]. The proto-language is '''Proto-Tsimulh''', which is inspired by Caucasian languages, Tlingit, and the Salish languages.
| | [[Tsimulh languages/Lexicon|Lexicon of Proto-Tsimulh]]<br/> |
| | [[Tsimulh languages/Swadesh list|Swadesh lists for the Tsimulh languages]]<br/> |
| | [[Tsimulh languages/Sketchbook]] |
| | {{Infobox language family |
| | | setting = [[Verse:Hmøøh|Hmøøh]] |
| | | region = Taivíor, Txapoalli, Talma |
| | | name = Tsimulh |
| | | familycolor = Tsimulh |
| | | family = One of Hmøøh's primary language families |
| | | protoname = Proto-Tsimulh |
| | | child1 = Mustlup |
| | | child2 = Swuntsim |
| | | child3 = Twethoic |
| | | child4 = Hetomic |
| | }} |
| | The '''Tsimulh languages''' are a large [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] language family mainly spoken in [[Verse:Hmøøh/Taivíor|Taivíor]]. |
| | |
| ==Todo== | | ==Todo== |
| *''-s'': past tense, genitive | | *''-s'': past tense, genitive |
| *''-əσ'': some adjectival suffix | | *''-txʷ'' |
| *''t-...-t'' for abstract nouns | | *''-cid'' |
| *''-iyad'' = augmentative | | *''-dəb'' = augmentative |
| *Reduplication | | *Reduplication |
| *relativizer/relative forms for verbs | | *relativizer/relative forms for verbs |
| *m n > Sf. v dh? (-tsiv in [[Talman Swutsim]] ~ Tsimulh?)
| |
| *dtüžo = water (as a liquid) - Sf. ''tüdjo''
| |
| *čtüžo = body of water - Sf. ''tjtüdjo''
| |
| More Caucasian phonology?
| |
|
| |
| CVCVCV...
| |
|
| |
| tone > breathy voice > Devoiced vowels?
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Phylogeny== | | ==Phylogeny== |
| *Proto-Tsimulh | | *Proto-Tsimulh |
| **[[Sacred Swutsim]] | | **[[Mustlup]] |
| ***[[Talman Swutsim]]
| | **[[Swuntsim]] |
| ***Naquian Swutsim | | ** Twethoic languages (placeholder name) |
| ***Sjowaazhéñ Swutsim? | | *** [[Twetho]] |
| ***Bjeheondian Swutsim? | | *** [[Adatsim]] |
| **[[Hetomic]] | | **[[Hetomic]] |
| **[[Pelhyys]]
| |
| **Idosic
| |
| ***[[Nizutsam]] (''tsim'' > ''tsam'', ''idos'' > ''izus'')
| |
| ***[[Idosian]]
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Urheimat== | | ==Urheimat== |
| Somewhere in Txapoalli | | Somewhere in Txapoalli |
| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| ===Phonotactics===
| | Tlingit-Lushootseed hybrid gib, liquidless |
| Tsimulh phonotactics is dominated by CV syllables.
| |
| | |
| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| A lot of consonants, but no liquids!
| |
| {| class="bluetable" style=text-align:center | | {| class="bluetable" style=text-align:center |
| |-style="font-size: 90%;" | | |-style="font-size: 90%;" |
Line 86: |
Line 86: |
| | g | | | g |
| | gʷ | | | gʷ |
| | ɢ | | | |
| | ɢʷ | | | |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
Line 105: |
Line 105: |
| | | | | |
| | c | | | c |
| | ξ | | | ƛ |
| | č | | | č |
| | | | | |
Line 116: |
Line 116: |
| | | | | |
| | z | | | z |
| | | | | λ |
| | ž | | | ž |
| | | | | |
Line 127: |
Line 127: |
| | | | | |
| | cʼ | | | cʼ |
| | ξʼ | | | ƛʼ |
| | čʼ | | | čʼ |
| | | | | |
Line 138: |
Line 138: |
| | | | | |
| | s | | | s |
| | σ | | | ł |
| | š | | | š |
| | x | | | x |
| | xʷ | | | xʷ |
| | χ | | | x̌ |
| | χʷ | | | x̌ʷ |
| | h | | | h |
| |- | | |- |
| !colspan=2| Approximant | | !rowspan=2| Approximant |
| | ! <small>plain</small> |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | l |
| | y | | | y |
| | | | | |
| | w | | | w |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! <small>glottalized</small> |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | lʼ |
| | | yʼ |
| | | |
| | | wʼ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |} | | |} |
| | l and l' are actually Eevo L and glottalized Eevo L. |
|
| |
|
| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
| '''i ü u e ə o a''' /i ü u e ə o a/ | | '''i u ə a''' |
|
| |
|
| i u a are rather reduced.
| | ===Stress=== |
| | | Penultimate. |
| ===Tone=== | |
| Every syllable has either high or low tone.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Morphology== | | ==Morphology== |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| ====Noun classes====
| |
| Proto-Tsimulh had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows:
| |
| #''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-'' = humans, spirits
| |
| #''bu-'', pl. ''də-'' = animals and other things that move on their own
| |
| #''p-'', pl. ''əpi-'' = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
| |
| #''s-'', pl. ''dus-'' = collections or large things: ''scʼaσ'' 'forest'
| |
| #''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-'' = roughly round, compact objects
| |
| #''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-'' = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
| |
| #''č-'', pl. ''abi-'' = places, locations, slots
| |
| #''gu-'', pl. ''n-'' = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
| |
| #''σi-'', pl. ''wi-'' = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
| |
| #''t-'' = abstractions, manner, way
| |
| #''t’im-'' = infinitives, verbal nouns
| |
| #''pda-'' = -ness, -hood
| |
|
| |
| In Proto-Tsimulh, verbs and determiners agreed with their head nouns in number and noun class. The descendant Tsimulh languages can be divided into 5 types depending on the type of agreement system they have:
| |
| *Type A: Traditional, strictly formal (e.g. Sacred Swutsim)
| |
| *Type B: Traditional with general animate concords (e.g. Pelhyys)
| |
| *Type C: Animacy-based SG/PL-marking (e.g. Talman Swutsim)
| |
| *Type D: SG/PL-marking only
| |
| *Type E: No concords at all
| |
|
| |
| ====Cases====
| |
| *Nominative: ''-0''
| |
| *Genitive: ''-s''
| |
|
| |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| ====Noun class prefixes====
| |
| *I = ''kʷə-''
| |
| *you (sg) = ''xʷə-''
| |
| *we = ''wə-''
| |
| *you (pl) = ''cu-''
| |
| *Noun class prefixes:
| |
| *#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-''
| |
| *#''bu-'', pl. ''də-''
| |
| *#''p-'', pl. ''əpi-''
| |
| *#''s-'', pl. ''dus-''
| |
| *#''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-''
| |
| *#''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-''
| |
| *#''č-'', pl. ''abi-''
| |
| *#''gu-'', pl. ''n-''
| |
| *#''σi-'', pl. ''wi-''
| |
| *#''t-'', no plural
| |
| *#''t’im-'', no plural
| |
| *#''pda-'' (common for abstract nouns), no plural
| |
|
| |
| ====Tense affixes====
| |
| ''-s'' - past tense
| |
| ===Numbers===
| |
| The numerals 1-9 inflected for noun class; 10 and higher units did not.
| |
|
| |
| 1: *-an
| |
|
| |
| 2: *-xʷiš
| |
|
| |
| 3: *-ʔiyəm
| |
|
| |
| 4: *-udzuq
| |
|
| |
| 5: *-t'u
| |
|
| |
| 6: *-čaydž
| |
|
| |
| 7: *-buč'oh
| |
|
| |
| 8: *-gwiməʔ
| |
|
| |
| 9: *-anay
| |
|
| |
| 10: *-kʷ'in
| |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Tsimulh languages|*]][[Category:Language families]] | | [[Category:Naquic languages|*]][[Category:Language families]] |