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| {{construction}}
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| {{Infobox language
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| |image =
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| |imagesize =
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| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
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| |name = {{PAGENAME}}
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| |setting = [[User:IlL/Hussmauch|Hussmauch]]
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| |nativename = ''Wiebermüđel''
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| |pronunciation= /ˈvibɚˌmyɡ!əl/
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| |region = Wiebermien
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| |extinct = Developed into [[Middle Wiebian]] in 400 v.C.
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| |familycolor=PfK
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| |fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
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| |fam2= [[Pfeunic languages|Pfeunic]]
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| |fam3= [[Wiebian|Wiebic]]
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| |script=Latin (Fraktur)
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| |iso3=qwb
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| |notice=IPA
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| }}
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|
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| [[Ancient Wiebian/Sketchbook|Sandbox]]<br/>
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| [[Ancient Wiebian/Lexicon|Lexicon]]<br/>
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| [[Wiobian/Verse|Wiebian verse]]<br/>
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| [[Wiobian/Music|About Wiebian music]]<br/>
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| [[Wiebian/Wiebian]]<br/>
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| [[Wiebian/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch ansehen]]<br/>
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|
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| '''Ancient Wiebian''' is one of the major ancient Quihum languages, alongside [[Naquian]], [[Old Tíogall]] and [[Sjowaazheƞ]]. It is intended to be German gibberish with clicks.
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|
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| ==Todo==
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| *''Wittel'' (m.) ''a god''
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| *''Abhang'' (m.) 'a devotional music form' (lit. "up-call"?)
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| *''Seib'' (n.) 'snow'
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| *''queien'' 'scream, cry'
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| *''Körde'' (f.) 'love'
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|
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| ==Background==
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| '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is the oldest attested form of [[Wiebian]], used as a spoken language until 200 v.C.
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|
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| ==Notes on notation==
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| *<sup>''i''</sup> - denotes i-umlaut of the root.
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|
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| ==Orthography==
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| :''See also: [[Wiebian/Script]].''
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|
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| Wiebian is written in a script identical to Fraktur, but with the addition of two letters {{angbr|''ŧ''}} /!/ and {{angbr|''đ''}} /g!/. The letter names differ from the German names, however.
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|
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| ==Phonology==
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| {{PAGENAME}} phonology is mostly based on Modern Standard German, with the addition of two clicks ''ŧ'' /ǃ/ and ''đ'' /ɡǃ/ which patterns similarly to ''t'' and ''d''. However, Ancient Wiebian allows more initial clusters than German due to a layer of Tie-Dye and Naengic loans in the vocabulary. Notably, initial ''ng-'' is allowed, as well as non-German clusters such as ''schng-'', ''tm-'', ''tn-'', ''tng-'', ''pn-'', ''png-'', ''kng-'', ''ngr-'', ''ngl-'', ...
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|
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| Voiceless plosives are aspirated unless after a fricative. Auslautverhärtung (final obstruent devoicing) occurs as in German or Dutch.
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|
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| ===Proto-Wiebian===
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| Proto-Wiebian describes the stage of the language immediately after it underwent the High German consonant shift (which did not affect clicks).
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| ====Consonants====
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| ====Vowels====
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| ===Early Ancient Wiebian===
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| Early Ancient Wiebian was similar to Middle High German; it is thus represented in this article using the standardized Middle High German orthography. One difference from Middle High German was that Auslautverhärtung did not occur in Early Ancient Wiebian.
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| ====Consonants====
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| Early Ancient Wiebian has the following consonants:
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
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| |+ '''Early {{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
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| ! colspan="2"|
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| ! | Labial
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| ! | Lamino-dental
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| ! | Apico-alveolar
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| ! | Co-articulated
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| ! | Palatal
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| ! | Velar
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| ! | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" | Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/
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| | '''n''' /n/
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| | '''đ''' [ŋǃ]
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| | '''ng''' /ŋ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''p''' /p/
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| | '''t''' /t̪/
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| | '''ŧ''' /ǃ/
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| | '''k''' /k/
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| | /ʔ-/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| | '''b''' /b/
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| | '''d''' /d̪/
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| | '''đ''' /ɡǃ/
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| | '''g''' /ɡ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Fricative
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| | '''f''' /f/
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| | '''ʒ''' /s̻/
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| | '''s''' /s̺/
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| | '''sch''' /ɧ/
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| | '''ch''' /x/
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| | '''h''' /h/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Affricate
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| | '''pf''' /pf/
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| | '''z, tz''' /ts̻/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Trill
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| | '''r''' /r/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | '''w''' /w/
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| | '''l''' /l/
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| | '''j''' /j/
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| |}
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|
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| ====Vowels====
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| In Early {{PAGENAME}} each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Standard {{PAGENAME}} when vowels before single consonants were lengthened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Final ''-h'' was also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, which is why open long vowels are often written with an ''-h'' after the vowel.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''Early {{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''î''' /iː/
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| | '''ü''' /y/
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| | '''iu''' /yː/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| | '''û''' /uː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close-mid
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| | '''ë''' /e/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''e''' /ɛ/
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| | '''ê''' /ɛː/
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| | '''ö''' /ø/
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| | '''œ''' /øː/
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| | '''e''' /ə/
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| | '''o''' /o/
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| | '''ô''' /oː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''ä''' /æ/
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| | '''æ''' /æː/
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| | '''a''' /a/
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| | '''â''' /aː/
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| |}
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|
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| Diphthongs: '''ie''' /iə/ '''üe''' /yə/ '''uo''' /uə/ '''ei''' /ɛɪ/ '''öu, eu''' /eʏ~øʏ~eu/ '''ou''' /ɔu/
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|
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| ===Classical Wiebian===
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| The beginning of the '''Standard Ancient Wiebian''' (SAW), '''Classical Wiebian''' (CW), or '''Late Ancient Wiebian''' (LAW) period is taken to be the standardization of the orthography under the ruler Kait-Neumer (2300 HM years before present).
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|
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| ====Standard accent====
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| =====Consonants=====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
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| |+ '''Classical Wiebian consonants (Reber accent)'''
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| ! colspan="2"|
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| ! | Labial
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| ! | Dental/Alveolar
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| ! | Postalveolar
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| ! | Click
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| ! | Palatal
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| ! | Velar
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| ! | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" | Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/
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| | '''n''' /n/
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| | '''nđ''' /ŋǃ/
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| | '''ng''' /ŋ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''p''' /p/
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| | '''t''' /t/
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| | '''ŧ''' /ǃ/
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| | '''k''' /k/
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| | /ʔ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| | '''b''' /b/
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| | '''d''' /d/
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| | '''đ''' /ɡǃ/
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| | '''g''' /ɡ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Fricative
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''f''' /f/
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| | '''ss, ß''' /s/
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| | '''sch''' /ɧ/
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| |colspan="2"|'''ch''' /ç~x/
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| | '''h''' /h/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| | '''w''' /v/
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| | '''s''' /z/
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| | '''j''' /ʝ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Affricate
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| | '''pf''' /pf/
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| | '''z''' /ts/
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| | '''tsch''' /tʃ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| | ('''ds''' /dz/)
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| | '''dsch''' /dʒ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | '''l''' /l/
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| | '''r''' /r~ɹ/
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| |}
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|
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| ;Notes
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| *Final stops are unreleased.
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| */ʐ/ is pharyngealized retroflex [ʐˁ]. Adjacent to a consonant it becomes [ɻ], which may be retroflex or bunched.
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| *[x] is an allophone of /ç/ after back vowels.
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| *Consonants have a tendency to mildly palatalize before front vowels.
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|
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| =====Vowels=====
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| Vowel length has been lost in the standard accent of AW.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 360px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''Classical Wiebian vowels (Reber accent)'''
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! style="width: 180px; " |Front unrounded
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Front rounded
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''ie''' /i/
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| | '''üh''' /y/
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| | '''uh''' /u/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Near-close
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| | '''i, ir''' /ɪ/
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| | '''ü, ür''' /ʏ/
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| | '''u, ur''' /ʊ/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Near-close
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| | '''eh''' /e/
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| | '''öh''' /ø/
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| | '''oh''' /o/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''e, ä, er, är''' /ɛ/
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| | '''ö, ör''' /œ/
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| | /ə/
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| | '''o, or''' /ɔ/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Near-open
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| | '''a''' /ɐ/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''ah, ahr''' /a/
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| |}
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|
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| Diphthongs: '''au eu/äu ei/ai''' /aʊ oʏ aɪ/
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|
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| ====Accent 2====
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| =====Consonants=====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
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| |+ '''Classical Wiebian consonants (Schäber accent)'''
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| ! colspan="2"|
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| ! | Labial
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| ! | Dental/Alveolar
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| ! | Postalveolar
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| ! | Click
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| ! | Palatal
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| ! | Velar
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| ! | Uvular
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| ! | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" | Nasal
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| | /m/
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| | /n/
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| | /ŋǃ/
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| | /ŋ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
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| ! | <small>lenis</small>
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| | /p~b/
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| | /t~d/
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| | /ǃ~g!/
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| | /tɕ~dʑ/
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| | /k~g/
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| | /ʔ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>fortis</small>
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| | /pʰ/
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| | /tʰ/
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| | /ǃʰ/
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| | /tɕʰ/
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| | /kʰ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Fricative
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| | /f/
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| | /s/
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| | /ʃ/
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| | /ɕ/
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| | /x/
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| | /h/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| | /v/
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| | /z/
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| | /ʁ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | /l/
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| | /j/
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| | [ʁ̞]
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| |}
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|
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| ;Notes
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| */pʰ/ corresponds to standard /pf/.
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| *Lenis consonants have voiced allophones between vowels, and correspond to Standard voiced/lenis consonants.
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| */s, z/ are lamino-dental [s̪, z̪]. /s/ is more weakly fricated than in the standard accent, almost becoming [h] at times.
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| */tɕ~dʑ/ corresponds to Standard '''z''' and '''dsch''' (the latter in loanwords).
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| */ɕ/ corresponds to Standard /ç/.
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| */ʃˁ/ corresponds to Standard /ʃ/.
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| **/ʃˁ/ is realized as a non-pharyngealized retracted apical [s̠] in the clusters /ʃˁp, ʃˁt, ʃˁk/.
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|
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| =====Vowels=====
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|
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''Classical Wiebian vowels (Schäber accent)'''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 180px; " |Front
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | /ɪ/
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| | /iː/
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| | /ʏ/
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| | /yː/
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| | /ʊ/
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| | /uː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close-mid
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| | /eː/
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| | /øː/
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| | /oː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open-mid
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| | /ɛ/
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| | /ɛː/
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| | /œ/
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| | /œː/
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| | /ɔ/
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| | /ɔː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | /ɐ/
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| | /aː/
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| |
| |
| |
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| |}
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|
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| Diphthongs: /aʊ oɪ aɪ iɐ ʉɐ uɐ auɐ oɪɐ aɪɐ/
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|
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| ;Notes
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| */i/, /iː/, /ʉ/, /ʉː/, /u/, /uː/ corresponds to standard /ɪ/, /i/, /ʏ/, /y/, /ʊ/, /u/.
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| */e/, /ə/, /ɵː/, /o/ corresponds to standard /ɛ/, /œ/, /øy/, /ɔ/.
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| */ɛː/, /ɞː/, /ɔː/ corresponds to standard /ɛɹ/, /œɹ/, /ɔɹ/.
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| */iɐ/, /ʉɐ/, /uɐ/ corresponds to standard /iɹ/, /yɹ/, /uɹ/.
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|
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| ====Stress====
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| Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.
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|
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| ==Grammar==
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| ===Parts of speech===
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| {{PAGENAME}} inflected determiners and adjectives according to case and number. The inflection of adjectives in addition depended on their position and definiteness.
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| ====Nouns====
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| Nouns do not inflect. However, they are preceded by an article ''ein''.
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|
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| =====Gender=====
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| Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. Nouns of each gender take their respective verb endings and pronouns in {{PAGENAME}}.
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|
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| ====Determiners====
| |
| Determiners include articles, demonstratives, quantifiers, possessive pronouns (namely ''nein'', ''rein'', ''wein'', ''kein'' 'my, thy, our, your') and all attributive adjectives, and inflect for gender, case and definiteness.
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|
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| Attributive adjectives come after any articles and demonstratives. When an adjective modifies a noun, it must be inflected; inflecting other determiners is optional when an attributive adjective is used.
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|
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| =====Case endings=====
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| In {{PAGENAME}}, noun phrases are inflected in 3 cases:
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| *Nominative: subject
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| *Accusative: direct object, some adverbial expressions
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| *Genitive: possession, prepositional objects.
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|
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="3" | ''Ahn'' 'father' - masculine
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 90px;" |
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
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| |-
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| ! Indef. nom.
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| | ''eine Ahn'' || ''einen Ahn''
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| |-
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| ! Def. nom.
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| | ''ein Ahn'' || '' einer Ahn''
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| |-
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| ! Indef. acc.
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| | ''ein Ahn'' || ''einer Ahn''
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| |-
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| ! Def. acc.
| |
| | ''einem Ahn'' || ''eines Ahn''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. gen.
| |
| | ''einem Ahn'' || ''eines Ahn''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. gen.
| |
| | ''eine Ahn'' || ''einen Ahn''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="3" | ''Mahl'' 'mother' - feminine
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. nom.
| |
| | ''einem Mahl'' || ''eines Mahl''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. nom.
| |
| | ''eine Mahl'' || '' einen Mahl''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. acc.
| |
| | ''eine Mahl'' || ''einen Mahl''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. acc.
| |
| | ''ein Mahl'' || ''einer Mahl''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. gen.
| |
| | ''ein Mahl'' || ''einer Mahl''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. gen.
| |
| | ''einem Mahl'' || ''eines Mahl''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="3" | ''Ŧeib'' 'goblet, chalice' - neuter
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. nom.
| |
| | ''ein Ŧeib'' || ''einer Ŧeib''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. nom.
| |
| | ''einem Ŧeib'' || '' eines Ŧeib''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. acc.
| |
| | ''einem Ŧeib'' || ''eines Ŧeib''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. acc.
| |
| | ''eine Ŧeib'' || ''einen Ŧeib''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. gen.
| |
| | ''eine Ŧeib'' || ''einen Ŧeib''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. gen.
| |
| | ''ein Ŧeib'' || ''einer Ŧeib''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| =====Adpositions=====
| |
| The article ''ein'' is shortened after a preposition: e.g. ''er 'ner Heste'' (< *''er einer...'') 'for the wife'. Adpositions always govern the genitive.
| |
| *''bach'' - with
| |
| *''đei'' - partitive
| |
| *''er'', ''ero'' - for
| |
| *''gar'' - to, towards
| |
| *''lie'' - from
| |
| *''pfalt'' - before
| |
| *''sie'' - onto/on
| |
| *''tarb'' - towards/at
| |
| *''trieg'' - around
| |
| *''und'' - into/in
| |
| *''zecker'' - after
| |
|
| |
| ====Important determiners====
| |
| These determiners must be inflected, even when used with an attributive adjective.
| |
| *''so ein'' 'this'
| |
| *''was, wie, wem, wen, wes, wer'': 'that'
| |
| *''das, die, dem, den, des, der'': 'what, which, some'
| |
|
| |
| The following determiners have optional inflection when used with an attributive adjective.
| |
| *''all, alle, allem, allen, alles, aller'': "oneself; one's own"
| |
| **''All'' can be used emphatically before the definite article or before possessive pronouns: ''all nein'' 'my own'
| |
| *''wahm'' 'one' - declined like a singular noun
| |
| *''dieser'' 'two' - declined like a plural noun (''diesen, dieser, dieses'')
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Determiners (masculine)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. nom.
| |
| | ''wie''<br/>''die''<br/>''alle'' || ''wen''<br/>''den''<br/>''allen''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. nom.
| |
| | ''was''<br/>''das''<br/>''all'' || ''wer''<br/>''der''<br/>''aller''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. acc.
| |
| | ''was''<br/>''das''<br/>''all'' || ''wer''<br/>''der''<br/>''aller''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. acc.
| |
| | ''wem''<br/>''dem''<br/>''allem'' || ''wes''<br/>''des''<br/>''alles''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. gen.
| |
| | ''wem''<br/>''dem''<br/>''allem'' || ''wes''<br/>''des''<br/>''alles''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. gen.
| |
| | ''wie''<br/>''die''<br/>''alle'' || ''wen''<br/>''den''<br/>''allen''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Determiners (feminine)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. nom.
| |
| | ''wem''<br/>''dem''<br/>''allem'' || ''wes''<br/>''des''<br/>''alles''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. nom.
| |
| | ''wie''<br/>''die''<br/>''alle'' || ''wen''<br/>''den''<br/>''allen''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. acc.
| |
| | ''wie''<br/>''die''<br/>''alle'' || ''wen''<br/>''den''<br/>''allen''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. acc.
| |
| | ''was''<br/>''das''<br/>''all'' || ''wer''<br/>''der''<br/>''aller''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. gen.
| |
| | ''was''<br/>''das''<br/>''all'' || ''wer''<br/>''der''<br/>''aller''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. gen.
| |
| | ''wem''<br/>''dem''<br/>''allem'' || ''wes''<br/>''des''<br/>''alles''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| ! colspan="3" | Determiners (neuter)
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" |
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. nom.
| |
| | ''was''<br/>''das''<br/>''all'' || ''wer''<br/>''der''<br/>''aller''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. nom.
| |
| | ''wem''<br/>''dem''<br/>''allem'' || ''wes''<br/>''des''<br/>''alles''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. acc.
| |
| | ''wem''<br/>''dem''<br/>''allem'' || ''wes''<br/>''des''<br/>''alles''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. acc.
| |
| | ''wie''<br/>''die''<br/>''alle'' || ''wen''<br/>''den''<br/>''allen''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Indef. gen.
| |
| | ''wie''<br/>''die''<br/>''alle'' || ''wen''<br/>''den''<br/>''allen''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Def. gen.
| |
| | ''was''<br/>''das''<br/>''all'' || ''wer''<br/>''der''<br/>''aller''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Adjectives====
| |
| Unlike attributive adjectives, predicative adjectives take no ending.
| |
| =====Degree=====
| |
| Wiebian makes no distinction between the comparative and the superlative, which are both are formed with the suffix ''<sup>U</sup>-lich''. The equative is formed with ''an-''. "Less" and "least" are indicated with the suffix ''-bar''.
| |
|
| |
| Example: ''garm'' 'heavy', ''gärmlich'' 'heavier', ''angarm'' 'as heavy', ''garmbar'' 'less heavy'
| |
|
| |
| =====Adverbs=====
| |
| Adverbs are formed from adjectives with the suffix ''<sup>U</sup>-st'': ''späglichst'' 'more tightly'.
| |
|
| |
| ====Pronouns====
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |+'''Personal pronouns'''
| |
| !style="width:90px;"|Person →
| |
| ! colspan="2" |1
| |
| ! colspan="2" |2
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Number →
| |
| !style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Singular
| |
| !style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Plural
| |
| !style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Singular
| |
| !style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Case ↓
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| | |''nu''
| |
| | |''wich''
| |
| | |''rei''
| |
| | |''sich''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Accusative
| |
| | |''nun''
| |
| | |''wir''
| |
| | |''rien''
| |
| | |''sir''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| | |''nur''
| |
| | |''wie''
| |
| | |''rur''
| |
| | |''kie''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Possessive<br/>pronouns
| |
| | |''nein''
| |
| | |''wein''
| |
| | |''rein''
| |
| | |''kein''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| Wiebian lacks true third-person pronouns. The closest equivalent is ''so ein'' "this".
| |
|
| |
| Possessive pronouns were derived from combining genitive pronouns with another element, such as the definite article ''ein'' or an adjectival suffix ''-er''.
| |
|
| |
| ====Verbs====
| |
| Verbs have stem forms (thus principal parts) for present, past and verbal noun which are not always distinct. The verbal noun can in addition be marked with various suffixes. (A similar but more conservative system is found in [[Thensarian]]). Verbs are often additionally marked by auxiliary words to disambiguate the tense, because most forms are identical or very similar. The verb is usually given in its 1st person present (''-n'' or ''-en'') form.
| |
|
| |
| The three principal parts are thus the present imperative, the past 2s form and the verbal noun.
| |
|
| |
| The citation form is the present stem, which is also the short 2nd person singular imperative in {{PAGENAME}}.
| |
|
| |
| Jussive endings are only found in special registers.
| |
| =====Personal endings=====
| |
| In {{PAGENAME}}, the verb is also inflected for person.
| |
|
| |
| Athematic stems umlaut in the present for certain persons; thematic stems always umlaut in the preterite.
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="3" | Imperative endings
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 50px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1.in
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |''-n''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2
| |
| |''-Ø''
| |
| |''-isch''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="4" | Indicative endings
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 50px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1
| |
| |''-n''
| |
| |''-nd''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2
| |
| |''<sup>i</sup>-e''
| |
| |''-isch''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3
| |
| |''<sup>i</sup>-n''
| |
| |''<sup>i</sup>-t''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| =====Negative verb=====
| |
| The negative verb is ''ihren''; the connegative form of a verb depends on the tense.
| |
|
| |
| =====Formation of verbal principal parts=====
| |
| Verbal nouns are irregular.
| |
|
| |
| ====Numerals====
| |
| Cardinals 0-10: ''ühm'', ''wahm'', ''dieser'', ''narg'', ''đauf'', ''säl'', ''stuhm'', ''rut'', ''lerz'', ''pfarb'', ''kier'', ''dell'' (100), ''seit'' (1000)
| |
|
| |
| Ordinals are formed with the suffix ''-er'': ''pfalter'', ''stefter'', ''narger'', ''đaufer'', ''säler'', ''stuhmer'', ''ruter'', ''lerzer'', ''pfarber'', ''kierer''
| |
|
| |
| ===Syntax===
| |
| ====Word order====
| |
| Constituents are arranged in V2 order in {{PAGENAME}} (with more variation allowed in poetry) unlike in most modern Wiebian topolects. Noun modifiers (adjectives and possessors) almost always precede the modified noun.
| |
|
| |
| ====Use of "es"====
| |
| Originally an emphatic particle, in Classical Wiebian it became mandatory in certain contexts. For example:
| |
|
| |
| *In yes-no questions ''es'' must be used at the beginning of a sentence, followed by the verb.
| |
| *In present tense ''es'' must be used after the verb.
| |
| *(Maybe ''es'' is a progressive marker)
| |
|
| |
| ====Truth value====
| |
| For negation, {{PAGENAME}} uses a negative verb ''ihren'': ''Nu haffen'' 'I eat' is negated to ''Nu ihren haffs'' 'I do not eat'.
| |
|
| |
| The past tense is negated differently: ''Nu häffen'' 'I ate' vs. ''Nu ihren haffung'' 'I did not eat'.
| |
|
| |
| ====Passive====
| |
| ====Conjunctions====
| |
| Conjunctions
| |
| *''von'' - and (for nouns, verbs)
| |
| *''um'' - and (for clauses)
| |
| *''in'' - or
| |
| *''für'' - but
| |
| *''auf'' - because
| |
| *''mit'' - if
| |
| *''meist'' - but (rather)
| |
| *''nöter'' - while
| |
| *''einstein'' - right when
| |
| *''euler'' - until
| |
|
| |
| ====Relative clauses====
| |
|
| |
| ====Serial verbs====
| |
|
| |
| ==Derivational morphology==
| |
| Some suffixes are pronounced differently depending on the final consonant of the root.
| |
|
| |
| *''be-'': intensive/applicative/denominal verb prefix (can be ''ge-'' before labials)
| |
| **'''''be'''rasten'' 'make powerful, strengthen' < ''Rast'' 'power'
| |
| **'''''ge'''beulen'' 'justify, straighten' < ''beul'' 'just'
| |
| *''<sup>U</sup>-chen / <sup>U</sup>-elchen'': a nominalizer
| |
| *''<sup>U</sup>-e'': abstract noun, -ness/-hood
| |
| *''<sup>U</sup>-el'': a nominalizer; an adjectivizer
| |
| *''-eln'': a frequentative affix
| |
| *''-en'': patientive
| |
| *''ent-'' (sometimes ''emp-'' before ''f''): perfective; causative/valency-incrementing
| |
| *''er-'' intensifying verb suffix
| |
| *''-er'': collective, augmentative, place noun, resultative
| |
| **''Pfug'''er''''' 'throne' < ''Pfug'' 'chair'
| |
| **''Rug'''er''''' 'statue' < ''rug, rieg, Rugs'' 'carve'
| |
| **''Jeng'''er''''' 'ocean, sea' < ''Jeng'' 'water'
| |
| *''-ern'': an intensifying verbal suffix
| |
| *''-igen'': an intensifying verbal suffix
| |
| *''ge-'': an adjectivizer; a nominalizer; a diminutive
| |
| *''-heit'' agent noun, someone associated with [NOUN]
| |
| *''miss-'': negative
| |
| **'''''miss'''beul'' 'not straight, unjust' < ''beul'' 'straight, just'; '''''Miss'''verbeul'' 'injustice'
| |
| *''-ke'': deverbal nouns
| |
| *''-lein'': person
| |
| **''Wink'''lein''''' 'mortal' < ''winken'' 'die'
| |
| *''-nung, -ung'': singulative/diminutive
| |
| *''-s'' (~ Thn. infinitve ''-s''): verbal nouns, nominalization
| |
| **Variant: ''-nis''
| |
| *''-t'': adjectivalizer or nominalizer
| |
| *''-ung'': singulative, patient noun; past participle
| |
| *''ur-'': augmentative
| |
| **'''''Ur'''ahn, '''Ur'''mahl'' 'grandfather, grandmother' < ''Ann, Mahl'' 'father, mother'
| |
| *''ver-'': an adjectivalizer or nominalizer
| |
| *''zer-'': passive
| |
| *''zu-'' (stressed): collective?
| |
|
| |
| ==Phrasebook==
| |
|
| |
| ==Sample texts==
| |
| <poem>
| |
| ''Schünge bäßes mei Karfs Schünge;''
| |
| ''meist Brack bäßen.''
| |
| ''Geuls bäßen mei Karfs Geuls;''
| |
| ''meist Körde bäßes.''
| |
| ''- Martin Luther King ein Steftere''
| |
| </poem>
| |
| ===The North Wind and the Sun===
| |
| '''''Ein Simmhall von eine Lunde.'''''
| |
|
| |
| ''Wahmer besprillt es ein Simmhall von eine Lunde, ja luhs feudlich, westers ein bach ŧächer Zemme Desŧolzes Schammerlein zerzweiden. Đer geröckt es, hin ein pfalts gar 'nem Schammerlein quetzen đir Zemme beđecken, grechs hin luhs feudlich brühnen. Ein Simmhall zerschwichten es bach bieser Rast, für jahr aust schwichten es đa, đahner späglichst ŧölzen es ein Schammerlein đir Zemme trieg đie, von berten berts desflästen es ein Simmhall đei đir Zernurts. Immer enthächten es eine ULunde đir ŧächern Fleiden, von irrsterŧes quitzen es ein Schammerlein đir Zemme. Mieder fügeln es ein Simmhall Bereugs, hin eine Lunde luhn eine Feudliche đei 'nen diesen.''
| |
|
| |
| '''The North Wind and the Sun'''
| |
|
| |
| ''The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.''
| |
|
| |
| ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1===
| |
| ''Bieser Wahr zebt masch von gestuttet und 'nem Kröbe von 'ner Geŧacht Schmüßung. Wer kebt 'nes Stirre von 'nes Eilerspicke Bemeitung, um wacht wahm er schannen und 'ne Đauge 'nem Ubenbreiche Betiegs.''
| |
|
| |
| All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
| |
|
| |
| {{List subpages|caption=Related pages with more information}}
| |
|
| |
| [[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Wiebic languages]][[Category:Pseudo-Germanic]][[Category:Hussmauch]]
| |