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| Inspirations: Vietnamese, Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, Maltese
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| == Phonology ==
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| p t c k kħ q = /p t k q {{qeth}} ʔ/; ph th ch kh = /f θ x χ/
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| m n ng; mh nh ngh = /m n ŋ; v{{nas}} (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/
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| x s ħ h = /ɬ ʃ ħ h/
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| b ƀ đ d g ǥ għ = /v (bilabial l) ɮ ð ɣ ʟ ayin/
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| r l /r l/
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| i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; ie uo
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| Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones
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| 6 tones of Vietnamese
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| has lenition, lateralization and h-prothesis~aspiration mutations
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| == Proto-language ==
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| 5 vowels: i e a o u, phonemic stress, each syllable had high and low tones
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| allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVs, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)
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| == Morphology ==
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| Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes (the proto-stage had level tones and was predominantly CV, with geminates, nC and sC clusters. tones in reduced syllables leave a mark on the stressed syllable, making tones more complex)
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| nouns have unpredictable allomorphs as well, worse than TibH construct state (absolute~construct since easy to justify with stress)
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