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| '''Ciêng''' (''nă rhọb Chiểng'' from ''*nàh ròpàh cècéŋàh'') is a classical language of [[Verse:Méich Bhaonnáiqh]].
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| Inspirations: Vietnamese, Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, Maltese (and Hmong?)
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| == Phonology ==
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| p t c k kħ q = /p t k q {{qeth}} ʔ/; ph th ch kh ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/
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| m n ng; mh nh ngh = /m n ŋ; v{{nas}} (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/
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| x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/
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| b ƀ đ d y g ǥ għ = /v b(impl) d(impl) ð j ɣ (Eevo L) ayin/
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| r l rh /r l (flap)/
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| hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants
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| i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; ie uo
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| Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones
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| tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang)
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| === Mutations ===
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| # Lenition: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> mh ng ngh b d y g għ h 0 l rh
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| # L-coloring: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ng ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
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| # Aspiration: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hng ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr
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| == Proto-language ==
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| 5 vowels: i e a o u; each mora had high and low tones
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| allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVh, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)
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| Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs
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| Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q{{adv}} q{{ret}} ʔ ʃ w l r j/
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| Tone reflexes (' denotes stress):
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| (these occur by moras with long vowels counting as 2 moras): 'á > á; 'à > à; 'á.á > ã; 'á.à > a; 'à.á > ả; 'à.à > ạ (This occurs before syncope)
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| umlaut like in OIr
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| == Morphology ==
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| === Nouns ===
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| Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used as construct state forms.
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| The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from".
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| article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)
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| ==== Possessive prefixes ====
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| sèmpèngàrán > sệpngă-N 'garment'
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| hísèmpèngàrán > ispăngăr-N 'my garment'
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| === Adjectives ===
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| Adjectives agree with nouns, def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew)
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| === Verbs ===
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| Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes
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| PCiêng lò.mát, ráh.làmát '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> lă:mád, ra:xảmhăd
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| productive redup
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| ==== Inflection ====
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| * so.kúmpasat(í) 'I remember', rah.sòkúmpasat(í) 'I remember not'
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| ** să·commpṡẻ, raH·sugmbẻ
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| *** să·gumpe, ra·sủmbe
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| * so.kúmpasaŋ(u) 'thou rememberest', rah.sòkúmpasaŋ(u) 'thou rememberest not'
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| ** să·commpṡəŋ, raH·sugmbəŋ
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| *** să·gumpăng, ra·sủmbăng
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| * so(tonally weak).kúmpasa '3sg remembers', rah(tonally weak).sòkúmpa '3sg remembers not'
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| ** să·commpṡa, ra·sugmba
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| *** să·gumpa, ra·sủmba
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| * so.kúmpalehi 'we remember', rah.sòkúmpalehi 'we remember not'
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| ** să·commpṡələ̣j, raH·sugmbələ̣j
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| ** să·gumplị, ra·sủmblị
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| * so.kúmpanuŋ 'we remember', rah.sòkúmpanuŋ 'we remember not'
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| ** să·commpṡănăng, raH·sugmbănăng
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| ** să·gumpnăng, ra·sủmnăng
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| * so.kúmpasaro 'we remember', rah.sòkúmpasamo 'we remember not'
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| ** să·commpṡər, raH·sugmbər
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| *** să·gumpăr, ra·sủmbăr
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| A noun example:
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| == Syntax ==
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| VOS
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| question particle să-L
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