Calusto: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Calusto
|name = Calusto
|altname = Kaloust
|altname = Kalust
|nativename = 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖𐌔𐌕
|nativename = 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌞𐌔𐌕
|pronunciation = ka'lu:sto
|pronunciation = ka'lu:sto
|familycolor = Conlang
|familycolor = Conlang
|script1 = Ital
|script1 = Ital
|script2 = Latn
|script2 = Copt
|script3 = Latn
|creator = User:Fox Saint-Just
|creator = User:Fox Saint-Just
|created = 2017
|created = 2017
Line 16: Line 17:
==Introduction==
==Introduction==


Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese.
Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese. It can be also written with Coptic alphabet.


Its name derives from the word 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌏𐌖 for "mist", making the meaning of Calusto close to "misty".
Its name derives from the word 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌞 for "mist", making the meaning of Calusto close to "misty".


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 39: Line 40:
<sup>2</sup>/ə/ is not related to a specific letter or combination of letters.
<sup>2</sup>/ə/ is not related to a specific letter or combination of letters.


===Consonant inventory===
===Consonants===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 | → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasals
| '''𐌌''' {{IPA|m}} || || '''𐌍''' {{IPA|n}} || || '''𐌍𐌝''' {{IPA|ɲ}}<sup>1</sup> || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Plosives !! <small>Voiceless</small>
| '''𐌐''' {{IPA|p}} || || '''𐌕''' {{IPA|t}} || || || '''𐌊''' {{IPA|k}}<br/>'''𐌒''' {{IPA|kʷ}} ||
|-
! <small>Voiced</small>
| '''𐌁''' {{IPA|b}} || || '''𐌃''' {{IPA|d}} || || || '''𐌂''' {{IPA|ɡ}} ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Affricates
| || || '''𐌕𐌆''' {{IPA|ts}}<br>'''𐌆''' {{IPA|dz}} || '''𐌙''' {{IPA|t̠ʃ}}<br>'''𐌃𐌚''' {{IPA|d̠ʒ}}<sup>1</sup> || || ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricatives !! <small>Voiceless</small>
| '''𐌘''' {{IPA|ɸ}} || || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|s}} || '''𐌑''' {{IPA|ʃ}}<br>'''𐌚''' {{IPA|ʒ}} || || '''𐌗''' {{IPA|x}} || '''𐌇''' {{IPA|h}}
|-
! <small>Voiced</small>
| || '''𐌅''' {{IPA|v}}<br>'''𐌈''' {{IPA|θ}} || '''𐌔''' {{IPA|z}} || || || '''𐌂𐌇''' {{IPA|ɣ}}<sup>1</sup> ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Liquids
| || || '''𐌓''' {{IPA|r}}<br/>'''𐌋''' {{IPA|l}} || || '''𐌋𐌝''' {{IPA|ʎ}}<sup>1</sup> || ||
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximants
| || || || || '''𐌝''' {{IPA|j}} || ||
|}
<sup>1</sup> Used only in loanwords.
===Stress===
===Stress===
Generally, words ending in consonant are stressed on the third to last syllable, while words ending in vowels are stressed on the penultimate one.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Line 50: Line 82:
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
Calusto has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative).
===Declensions===
Nouns and adjective follow a system of five declensions. Few names follow an irregular declension.
 
The '''-os''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly masculine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 ("son").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌔''' <br> syn'''os''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' <br> syn'''i'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌍''' <br> syn'''on''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌞𐌔''' <br> syn'''ous'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉''' <br> syn'''i''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌌''' <br> syn'''om'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏''' <br> syn'''o''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌉𐌔''' <br> syn'''is'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌃''' <br> syn'''od''' || 𐌔𐌖𐌍'''𐌏𐌉𐌔''' <br> syn'''ois'''
|}


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
The '''-a''' declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly feminine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 ("face").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀''' <br> čer'''a''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌄''' <br> čer'''ae'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌍''' <br> čer'''an''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' <br> čer'''as'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌔''' <br> čer'''as''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌌''' <br> čer'''am'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' <br> čer'''e''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' <br> čer'''is'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌃''' <br> čer'''ad''' || 𐌙𐌄𐌓'''𐌀𐌉𐌔''' <br> čer'''ais'''
|}


Nouns
The '''consonantic''' declension is the widest one, as it contains:
Adjectives
* A consonant not already covered by the previous declensions, independently from gender
Verbs
* Names ending in ''-is'', generally derived from Greek and/or Latin
Adverbs
* Despite its name, nouns and/or adjectives ending in ''-e'' or ''-i''
Particles
* Nouns ending in ''-as'' or ''ā''
Derivational morphology
The paradigm is given for the first three cases, with the words 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 ("beast"), 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔 ("psychosis") and 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉 ("fast") respectively. Note that several words belonging to this declension show an oblique stem, such as names ending in ''-ā'' (with the genitive singular ending in ''-atis'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural !! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 <br> gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' <br> gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' <br> psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' <br> psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' <br> šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' <br> šigr'''es'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 <br> gver || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌔''' <br> gver'''s''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' <br> psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌔''' <br> psychos'''es''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉''' <br> šigr'''i''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌔''' <br> šigr'''es'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' <br> gver'''is''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' <br> gver'''ies''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌔''' <br> psychos'''is''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' <br> psychos'''ies''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌔''' <br> šigr'''is''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌉𐌄𐌔''' <br> šigr'''ies'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄''' <br> gver'''e''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' <br> gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄''' <br> psychos'''e''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' <br> psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄''' <br> šigr'''e''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' <br> šigr'''eis'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' <br> gver'''ei''' || 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' <br> gver'''eis''' || || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉''' <br> psychos'''ei''' || 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' <br> psychos'''eis''' || || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉''' <br> šigr'''ei''' || 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓'''𐌄𐌉𐌔''' <br> šigr'''eis'''
|}


-->
The '''-u''' declension includes neuter nouns and can be considered the descendant of the Indo-European u-stem. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞 ("human being").
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! ''Nominative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞''' <br> man'''u''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌔''' <br> man'''us'''
|-
! ''Accusative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌍''' <br> man'''un''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌔''' <br> man'''us'''
|-
! ''Genitive''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌅''' <br> man'''uv''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌌''' <br> man'''um'''
|-
! ''Dative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉''' <br> man'''ui''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉𐌔''' <br> man'''uis'''
|-
! ''Ablative''
| 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉''' <br> man'''oui''' || 𐌌𐌀𐌍'''𐌞𐌉𐌔''' <br> man'''uis'''
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Latest revision as of 15:21, 3 June 2023

Calusto
Kalust
𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌞𐌔𐌕
Pronunciation[ka'lu:sto]
Created byFox Saint-Just
Date2017
Language codes
CLCR---

Calusto is an a posteriori language created by user Fox Saint-Just in 2017. It is based on Indo-European languages.

Introduction

Calusto was created for a literary project, as an Indo-European language that was lost during the Roman expansion and later artificially reconstructed. Thus, despite having an alphabet derived from Old Italic script and a grammar influenced by Latin, Calusto's vocabulary includes a large amount of words common to the languages of the Silk Road, including Chinese. It can be also written with Coptic alphabet.

Its name derives from the word 𐌊𐌀𐌋𐌞 for "mist", making the meaning of Calusto close to "misty".

Phonology

Vowels

Calusto has long and short vowels.

Front Central Back
Close i iː y yː1 u uː
Close-mid e e: ø o o:
Open-mid ɛ ɛː ə2 ɔ ɔː
Open a aː

1/y:/ is very rare.
2/ə/ is not related to a specific letter or combination of letters.

Consonants

→ PoA
↓ Manner
Labial Labiodental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals 𐌌 m 𐌍 n 𐌍𐌝 ɲ1
Plosives Voiceless 𐌐 p 𐌕 t 𐌊 k
𐌒
Voiced 𐌁 b 𐌃 d 𐌂 ɡ
Affricates 𐌕𐌆 ts
𐌆 dz
𐌙 t̠ʃ
𐌃𐌚 d̠ʒ1
Fricatives Voiceless 𐌘 ɸ 𐌔 s 𐌑 ʃ
𐌚 ʒ
𐌗 x 𐌇 h
Voiced 𐌅 v
𐌈 θ
𐌔 z 𐌂𐌇 ɣ1
Liquids 𐌓 r
𐌋 l
𐌋𐌝 ʎ1
Approximants 𐌝 j

1 Used only in loanwords.

Stress

Generally, words ending in consonant are stressed on the third to last syllable, while words ending in vowels are stressed on the penultimate one.

Orthography

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Calusto has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative).

Declensions

Nouns and adjective follow a system of five declensions. Few names follow an irregular declension.

The -os declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly masculine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔 ("son").

Singular Plural
Nominative 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌔
synos
𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌉
syni
Accusative 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌍
synon
𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌞𐌔
synous
Genitive 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌉
syni
𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌌
synom
Dative 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏
syno
𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌉𐌔
synis
Ablative 𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌃
synod
𐌔𐌖𐌍𐌏𐌉𐌔
synois

The -a declension includes names and adjectives that are mostly feminine. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀 ("face").

Singular Plural
Nominative 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀
čera
𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌄
čerae
Accusative 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌍
čeran
𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔
čeras
Genitive 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌔
čeras
𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌌
čeram
Dative 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌄
čere
𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌔
čeris
Ablative 𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌃
čerad
𐌙𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌉𐌔
čerais

The consonantic declension is the widest one, as it contains:

  • A consonant not already covered by the previous declensions, independently from gender
  • Names ending in -is, generally derived from Greek and/or Latin
  • Despite its name, nouns and/or adjectives ending in -e or -i
  • Nouns ending in -as or ā

The paradigm is given for the first three cases, with the words 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓 ("beast"), 𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔 ("psychosis") and 𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉 ("fast") respectively. Note that several words belonging to this declension show an oblique stem, such as names ending in (with the genitive singular ending in -atis).

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓
gver
𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌔
gvers
𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔
psychosis
𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌄𐌔
psychoses
𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉
šigri
𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌄𐌔
šigres
Accusative 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓
gver
𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌔
gvers
𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔
psychosis
𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌄𐌔
psychoses
𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉
šigri
𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌄𐌔
šigres
Genitive 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌔
gveris
𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌉𐌄𐌔
gveries
𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌔
psychosis
𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌉𐌄𐌔
psychosies
𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉𐌔
šigris
𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌉𐌄𐌔
šigries
Dative 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌄
gvere
𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌉𐌔
gvereis
𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌄
psychose
𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌄𐌉𐌔
psychoseis
𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌄
šigre
𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌄𐌉𐌔
šigreis
Ablative 𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌉
gverei
𐌂𐌅𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌉𐌔
gvereis
𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌄𐌉
psychosei
𐌐𐌔𐌖𐌗𐌏𐌔𐌄𐌉𐌔
psychoseis
𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌄𐌉
šigrei
𐌑𐌉𐌂𐌓𐌄𐌉𐌔
šigreis

The -u declension includes neuter nouns and can be considered the descendant of the Indo-European u-stem. The paradigm is given for the word 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞 ("human being").

Singular Plural
Nominative 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞
manu
𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞𐌔
manus
Accusative 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞𐌍
manun
𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞𐌔
manus
Genitive 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞𐌅
manuv
𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞𐌌
manum
Dative 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞𐌉
manui
𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞𐌉𐌔
manuis
Ablative 𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞𐌉
manoui
𐌌𐌀𐌍𐌞𐌉𐌔
manuis

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources