Scellan: Difference between revisions

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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Wordlist|Thematic word lists]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist|Thematic word lists]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Phrasebook|Phrasebook]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Phrasebook|Phrasebook]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|{{PAGENAME}}-English lexicon]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Sketchbook|Sketchbook]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Collocations|Collocations]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list|Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Sample sentences|218 sample sentences]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Names|Names]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names|Names]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Periodic table|Periodic table]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|Fia dlog dy Sgewlib (This page in Scellan)]]
[[Skellan/Skellan|Fia sfir dy Sgewlib (This page in Skellan)]]


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
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|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Hmøøh]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = Λ ỺⱵꝨѴ ꞰꞰⳘΔ<br/>''a brits Eevo''
|nativename = að Eevo, a łynǿñ Eevo
|pronunciation=[ə prits ɛivɔ]
|pronunciation={{small|Fyxoomian:}} /ə piˈrits ˈaivɔ/<br/>{{small|Scellan (Alcvean):}} /ˈə pɪˈrɪts ˈevɔ/
|region = Talma
|speakers=400 million
|date=13b0dd
|region = [[Talma]]
|familycolor=PfK
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
|fam1= [[Quame]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]  
|fam3= Thensaric
|fam3= Tigolic
|fam4= Tigolic
|fam4= Central Tigolic
|iso3=qee
|iso3=qee
|script=Clofabic script
|script=Talmic script
|nation=Sgewla, Fyxoom, ...
|nation=Scella, Fyxoom, ...
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


'''Skellan''' /skɛlən/ ''SKEL-uhn'' (''Sgewlib'' /ˈskɛ̃ʟip/), in-universe often called '''Eevo''' /ˈeɪvoʊ/ ''AY-voh'' (in the native script, ꞰꞰⳘΔ /ˈɛivɔ/; from [[Tigol]] ''é-'' 'common' + ''bó'' 'language'), is a [[Talmic language]] belonging to the Tigolic branch. Skellan is modern [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]'s lingua franca, the third-most spoken language (after [[Hetomic]] and [[Sjowaazhéñ]]) and the second-most spoken Quihum language (after [[Sjowaazhéñ]]).
'''Scellan''' ''SKEL-ən'' (natively ''Sgewlib'' {{small|Fyxoomian:}} /ˈskœ̃ˁʟip/; {{small|Scellan (Alcvean):}} /ˈskɛːʟip/, [[Naeng]]: ''brits Scela''), in-universe often called '''Eevo''' ''AY-voh'' ({{small|Fyxoomian:}} /ˈaivɔ/; {{small|Scellan (Alcvean):}} /ˈevɔ/; from [[Tigol]] ''é-'' 'common' + ''bó'' 'language'), is a [[Talmic language]] belonging to the Tigolic branch. Scellan is modern [[Verse:Hmøøh|Hmøøh]]'s lingua franca, the third-most widely spoken language (after [[Hetomic]] and [[Clofabosin]]) and the most widely spoken Quame language. Its vocabulary has been influenced by many languages, most of all by [[Lakovic]] classical languages [[Naeng]] and [[Tseer]]. Typologically, Scellan is a mostly analytic, topic-prominent, head-initial, usually V2 language.


The beginning of the modern Skellan language, dated to ca. fT 1150dd (fT 1932), is often credited to the Sgewlan philosopher and poet ????, who wrote his works in the new phonetic, Clofabic-based orthography of his invention, instead of the old Talmic orthography largely based on [[Tigol]] pronunciation. Skellan lexicon has been heavily influenced by [[Windermere]], [[Talman Clofabic]] and [[Phormatolide]]. [The Clofabic orthography is still sensitive to etymology to some extent, as it reflects the original spelling in [[Windermere]] or [[Proto-Clofabic]] loanwords.] The name ''Eevo'' refers to the fact that it had its origins as a Sgewlan koiné. Modern Skellan has been a living language for about 360 years, approximately 1932-2292 (1150dd-13b0dd).
The genesis of the modern Scellan language, dated to ca. fT 1792, is often credited to the Scellan philosopher and poet Oovsari Vyhalv. Scellan constituted a rejection of Mărotłism which used [[Tigol]] as a liturgical language; it prefers to cognatize Tigol words rather than borrowing them directly. The name ''Eevo'' refers to its origins as a Scellan koiné. Modern Scellan has been a living language for about 500 years, approximately fT 1792-2292.


Skellan is official in the Talman nation of [[Verse:Tricin/Sgewla|Sgewla]] [ˈskɛ̃ʟə] ''SKELL-uh''. It is also de facto official in [[Verse:Tricin/Fyxoom|Fyxoom]] [fəˈʃoʊm] ''fuh-SHOME'', [[Verse:Tricin/Barca|Barca]] [ˈpaɾkʰə] and many other countries. In real life, it is one of the official languages of the Facebook group The Pitcairns, Also Bhutan, And Also Possibly Tannara Mòr.
Scellan is official in the [[Talma]]n nation of [[Verse:Hmøøh/Scella|Scella]] (''Sgewla'') ''SKEL-ə''. It is also de facto official in [[Verse:Hmøøh/Fyxoom|Fyxoom]] ''-SHOME'', [[Verse:Hmøøh/Þrwhas|Þrwhas]] ''THROO-həs'', and many other countries.


Skellan is inspired by Icelandic, Welsh, Hmong (orthography-wise), English (especially Philadelphian English), and Gaelic.
Scellan is inspired by Icelandic, Welsh, Hmong (orthography-wise; the word for 'people, folk' is ''hmoob'', in fact), English (especially Philadelphian and Scottish English), Khmer, and Scottish Gaelic.


==Lexember 2017==
{{Eevo sidebar}}
===Day 2===
*çewr (n): bag
*frais X: minus X
*sosáwl (v): to add
*ocbẃan (v): to subtract
*astýr (v): to multiply
*robýð (v): to divide
*fwastýr (v): to exponentiate
*þíndas (n): logarithm
*byhív: modulo
 
===Day 3===
*''þwmyŋéed'' (v) = confirm, check
*''crawþ'' (v) = feel
*''iantgon'' (adj) = sleepy
*''bail'' (adj) = slow
*''huð'' (n) = brain
*''maint'' (v) = to please
*''ŋwasid'' (n) = bracelet
*''almáði'' (n) = daisy
*''socálah'' (n) = annoyance, nuisance (''socál'' 'to bother')
*''goltíŋ'' (v) = get up
*''ascónd'' (v) = pick something off of
*''seþ'' (conj) = when
*''ar wiþl'' (adv) = suddenly
*''hlwg'' (v) = run
*''psaþ'' (adj) = pink
*''raga'' (prep, adv) = past
 
===Day 9===
*cyvymlóod (adj) = remarkable, unusual
*golçíalon (ad) = strange
*ohbáje (intj) = egads! heaven forbid! (dated)
===Day 10===


==Todo==
==Todo==
*Goal: Duolingo courses
* discourse particles (inspired by German and Korean); syntax similar to German
* sR > hR (merging with fortis resonants)
Talmic vocab needs more b's and Cr-s
* good construction for future ipfv?
*Goal: Memrise courses
*"Reason, Compassion and Action"
*"Reason, Compassion and Action"
**Symbolized by Borromean rings?
**Symbolized by Borromean rings?
*might have more talmic than expected
*might have more talmic than expected
*Clofabic prefixes and suffixes (e.g. for -logy, -ism)
*suffix for halogens, suffix for noble gases, suffixes for radioactive elts
*suffix for halogens, suffix for noble gases, suffixes for radioactive elts
**metals: -cis
**metals: -cis
*sgv/plv/col can be a feature of modern talma but not ancient talma
*How much are adjectives like verbs? What tense markers can they take?
*How much are adjectives like verbs? What tense markers can they take?
*OEe sngl-, sngr- > sml-, smr-


*The "21 accents" of Skellan
*The "21 accents" of Scellan
*(Sometimes misleading) nationality descriptors - like ''french fries'' or ''English horn'' in English
*(Sometimes misleading) nationality descriptors - like ''french fries'' or ''English horn'' in English
*Vowel changes before /χ/
*Vowel changes before /χ/
*Skellan word from a cognate of ''cathair'' 'flower' (can't use ''caþr'' because of th-fronting)
*øl~øøl merger?
*positive anymore
*positive anymore
*-mh > -b, not -v
*HOW MANDATORY ARE NUMBER MARKERS? - They tend to be used more for human nouns.
*Add the new words to wordlist
*https://www.ef.edu/english-resources/english-vocabulary/top-1000-words/
*against, de-/dis-/un-
*Merge postvocalic ''ñ'' and postvocalic ''l''?
**No, but use llt > lt and make ''-l'' more common in Naeng
*Folk etymology of mine: aver > average. So use this etymology: guess/try > most probable > average
*more nouns with -i
 
''vee'', ''cyvah'', ''çeedi'', ''døll'', ''sdeñg''/''sdehñ'', ''sawvn'', ''melli'', ''dysið'', ''feeþl'', ''seehi'', ''eela''
 
*replace Clofabic words with Tseer words
*ñ is pronounced the same as l, unless ñ is at the beginning of a stressed syllable
**hñ is pronounced like ll in similar circumstances
*Revise classical wdm loans (switch x and z, d ~ ð)
*btw p t k in Wdm minor syllables as by- dy- gy- might be better
 
ceev (cébh or ceaf?), ainið, brawþ, heeg (séag)


==TODO words==
==TODO words==
culture, quite
<!-- BLACKLIST: reeb/reep, fyg/fyc, xit/xid, cynd/cynt, harvi, yrma/irma -->
*Some way to say 'the X associated with each' or 'their respective X'
<!-- AVOID: reeb -->


==Diachronics==
==Diachronics==
===Phonological history===
===Phonological history===
*Voicing becomes aspiration.
*Voicing becomes aspiration.
*a > a
*a > a (CWdm ''aa'' often becomes ''ø'')
*á > aw
*á > aw
*ae, ái > ai
*ae, ái > ai
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**-ng > -m too
**-ng > -m too
*''aw'' > ''o'' in unstressed syllables or before clusters
*''aw'' > ''o'' in unstressed syllables or before clusters
*''Vġ'' > ''V''; ''ġ'' > ''j'' or ''i'' otherwise


===Grammatical history===
===Grammatical history===
Many of the most drastic grammatical changes from Old Skellan are a result of rapid "creolization" as a result of second-language speakers learning the language.
Many of the most drastic changes from Old Scellan are a result of rapid "creolization" as a result of second-language speakers learning the language.
*[[Tigol]] nouns, verbs and adjectives were drastically simplified. Nouns and verbs no longer inflect for person; adjectives no longer agree with nouns.
*[[Tigol]] nouns, verbs and adjectives were drastically simplified. Nouns and verbs no longer inflect for person; adjectives no longer agree with nouns.
*Loss of grammatical gender
*Loss of grammatical gender
*A new sgv-plv-col system arises, marked by determiners. Definiteness is lost.
*A new sgv-plv-col system arises, marked by determiners. Definiteness is lost.
*Old Skellan mutations were lost under the influence of Windermere.
*Old Scellan mutations were lost under the influence of Naeng.
*Development of split ergativity.
*Development of split ergativity.
*Development of topic-comment syntax.
*Smoothing of certain consonant clusters (e.g. -mn > -m, sñl- > hml-)


==Background==
==Background==
:''See also: [[Talmic languages]], [[Thensarian]], [[Tigol]], [[Middle Skellan]]''
:''See also: [[Talmic languages]], [[Tigol]], [[Scellan/Middle]]''


==Phonology==
==Phonology==


===Consonants===
===Consonants (''mosylisír'')===
Skellan has a slightly larger-than-average consonant inventory of about 26 consonants.
Scellan has a slightly larger-than-average consonant inventory of about 27 consonants.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
!colspan="2"| → PoA<br/>↓ Manner!! Labial<br/><small>''mofysíñ''</small> !! Dental/Alveolar<br/><small>''mosybías''</small> !! Palatal<br/><small>''mojycléh''</small> !! Velar<br/><small>''mosgóñ''</small> !! Uvular<br/><small>''moçlyðóo''</small> !! Glottal<br/><small>''motyxág''</small>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
!colspan="2"|Nasal<br/><small>''mocryí''</small>
| '''m''' /m/  
| '''m''' /m/  
| '''n''' /n/
| '''n''' //
|  
|  
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/  
| '''ñ''' /ŋ/  
|
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Plosive
!rowspan="2"|Plosive<br/><small>''bintybtéb''</small>
!<small>unaspirated</small>
!<small>unaspirated</small>
| '''b''' /p/
| '''b''' /p/
| '''d''' /t/
| '''d''' //
|  
|  
|colspan="2"| '''g''' /k/ ||  
|colspan="2"| '''g''' /k/ ||  
Line 162: Line 146:
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' /pʰ/
| '''p''' /pʰ/
| '''t''' //
| '''t''' /t̪ʰ/
|  
|  
|colspan="2"| '''c''' /kʰ/ ||
|colspan="2"| '''c''' /kʰ/ ||
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Affricate
!rowspan="2"|Affricate<br/><small>''bintsydá''</small>
!<small>unaspirated</small>
|
|rowspan="2"|'''ts''' /t̪s/
| ('''dzj''' /tʃ˭/)
| || ||
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
|  
|  
| '''ts''' /ts/
 
| '''tx, tsj''' /tʃ/
| '''tx, tsj''' /tʃ/
| || ||  
| || ||  
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Non-sibilant
!rowspan="2"|Non-sibilant<br/><small>''binþyré''</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| '''f''' /f/  
| '''f''' /f/  
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| || ||
| || ||
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Sibilant
!rowspan="2"|Sibilant<br/><small>''binsyréef''</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|   
|   
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!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|  
|  
| '''z''' /z/ || '''zj''' [ʒ] || ||  ||
| '''z''' /z/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || ||  ||
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"| Resonant
!rowspan="2"| Resonant<br/><small>''binnydúañ''</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|   
|   
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;Notes
;Notes
*'''ŋ''' is the official transcription for /ŋ/, however '''ņ''' may be used for typing on Android keyboards.
* /t tʰ n ts/ are dental; /s z/ are often dentalized.
*If not word-final, the unaspirated plosives /p t k/ are most likely to be fully voiced in the clusters /mp nt ŋk/, then after vowels, and never voiced after obstruents.
*If not word-final, the unaspirated plosives /p t k/ are most likely to be fully voiced in the clusters /mp nt ŋk/. Voicing is less likely after vowels and liquids and never occurs after obstruents.
*Affricates /ts tʃ/ are aspirated but not as strongly as aspirated plosives.
*Aspiration is neutralized in coda; all plosives are unvoiced or all plosives are voiced, depending on the accent.
*Aspiration is neutralized in coda; all plosives are unvoiced or all plosives are voiced, depending on the accent.
*/r/ may be a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ].
*/r/ may be a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ].
*/ʟ r/ become their devoiced counterparts /χ r̥/ after aspirates and /s/.
*/ʟ r/ become their devoiced counterparts /χ r̥/ after aspirates and /s/.
*The liquid transcribed /ʟ/ for convenience may be pronounced [ʀ], [ʁ] or [ɴ̆]. The allophone [ɴ̆] is somewhat more common intervocalically. The allophone [ɫ] occurs in classical singing and in some conservative dialects.  
*The liquid transcribed /ʟ/ for convenience may be pronounced [ʀ], [ʁ] or [ɴ̆]. The allophone [ɴ̆] is somewhat more common intervocalically. The allophone [ɫ] occurs in classical singing and in some conservative dialects.  
**The reason L is a uvular consonant in most modern Talman languages is that uvular L started to be used in the prestige language [[Rhythoed]], though [[Qazhrian]] was the first Talman language to develop uvular L.
**Historical L is a uvular consonant in most modern Talman languages.
*/n ʟ r/ can be syllabic in some accents.
*/n ʟ r/ can be syllabic in some accents.
*Coda /ç/ is disallowed; /ç/ > /h/ after a vowel.
*Coda /ç/ is disallowed; /ç/ corresponds to /h/ after a vowel.
*/h/ is often elided after a voiced consonant.
*/h/ is often elided after a voiced consonant.
*/θ/ is often pronounced as [f] after a stressed vowel.
====/Cj/ sequences====
====/Cj/ sequences====
*/sj, tsj/ become /ʃ tʃ/ in standard Skellan: ''Slysjon'' /ˈsχəʃɔn/ 'April'.
*/sj, tsj/ become /ʃ tʃ/ in standard Scellan: ''Slysjon'' /ˈsχəʃɔn/ 'April'.
**In addition, ''zj dzj'' /ʒ dʒ(devoiced)/ is used in loanwords.
**In addition, ''zj dzj'' [ʒ tʃ˭] is used in loanwords.
*/ʟj/ is reduced to /j/ among younger speakers: e.g. ''çaljad'' 'window' /çaʟjət/ is pronounced [çajət], [çaːjət], or [çãjət].
*''lj'' /ʟj/ is viewed as a separate phoneme // by people who analyze nasal vowels as vowel + /ʟ/ and may be pronounced [ɲ] by some speakers.


===Vowels===
===Vowels (''motryłáj'')===
The vowel inventory of Skellan is also fairly large. Skellan also has phonemic nasal vowels (in "lambdic" accents, so called since these vowels are written with an L in the Skellan orthography) and many diphthongs.
todo: use vowel shift ee oo øø > /ai au ay/?
 
The vowel inventory of Scellan is also fairly large, with 8 or 11 basic vowel qualities depending on the accent. Scellan also has many diphthongs, in addition to nasal vowels (in "nasal" accents such as Standard Fyxoomian; these vowels are written with ''l'' or ''ñ'' in the Scellan orthography).
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Oral vowels
|+Oral vowels
|-
|-
Line 242: Line 235:
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| '''i, iaj''' /i/
| '''i, iaj''' /i~əi/
| '''u''' /y/
| '''u''' /y~əy/
|
| '''w''' /u~əu/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''ee''' /e~ai/
| '''øø''' /ø~ay/
| '''y''' /ə/
| '''y''' /ə/
| '''w''' /u/
| '''oo''' /o~au/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
Line 254: Line 253:
|-
|-
! style="" |Diphthongs
! style="" |Diphthongs
|colspan="4"| /ai ui au ɛu iu yu ɛi œy ɔu iə yə uə/
|colspan="4"| /ai~oi ui au~ɛu ɛu iu iə yə uə/
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Nasal vowels (in lambdic accents)
|+Nasal vowels
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
Line 269: Line 268:
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| ĩ
| /ĩ/
| ỹ
| //
|  
|  
| ũ
| /ũ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
| ẽ
| //
|rowspan="2"| ø̃
|rowspan="2"| /ø̃/
| ə̃
| /ə̃/
| õ
| /õ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
| ɛ̃
| /ɛ̃/
| ã
| /ã/
| ɔ̃
| /ɔ̃/
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
Diaereses can be used on the second member of a vowel cluster to distinguish them from diphthongs.


====Diphthongs====
====Diphthongs====
The diphthongs are written as follows:
The diphthongs are written as follows:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!|Phoneme
!|Phoneme
Line 310: Line 307:
|-
|-
|/iu/
|/iu/
|''iw, ił, iał''
|''iw, ił, iał, uł, uał''
|-
|/yu/
|''uł, uał''
|-
|-
|/ɛɪ/
|/ɛi/
|''ee, ej, eej''
|''ee, ej, eej''
|-
|-
Line 334: Line 328:
|}
|}


====L-colored vowels====
====Nasal vowels====
The nasal vowels /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ œ̃ ã ɔ̃/ arose from historical V + /l/ sequences. In many accents they are also pharyngealized (/ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃/ = [ĩˤ ỹˤ ũˤ ẽˤ ø̃ˤ ʌ̃ˤ õˤ ɛ̃ˤ ãˤ ɔ̃ˤ]) or diphthongized (say, /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ ɛ̃ ã/ = [iw̃ yw̃ uɔ̃ ew̃ øw̃ əw̃ ɛw̃ œw̃]). Certain, "non-lambdic" accents realize them as long vowels (with no nasalization) - these accents may have "linked" and "intrusive L" realized as [ʁ] or [ɴ̆] analogous to linked and intrusive R in non-rhotic English accents. A handful of remote dialects pronounce them as pharyngealized vowels or vowels followed by [ɫ].
The nasal vowels /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃/ arose from historical V + /l/ and V + /ŋ/ sequences. In many accents they are also pharyngealized or diphthongized. Most accents merge some nasal vowels with each other or with other vowels. "Non-nasal" accents, such as the Standard (Alcvean) Scellan accent, realize them as long vowels (with no nasalization) - these accents may have "linking" and "intrusive L" realized as [ʁ] or [ɴ̆] analogous to linking and intrusive R in non-rhotic English accents. A handful of remote dialects pronounce them as pharyngealized vowels or vowels followed by [ɫ].
 
/õ/ may merge with either /ũ/ or /ɔ̃/ depending on the accent.
 
In unstressed syllables, /ə̃/ and /ɔ̃/ often merge to [ɔ̃].


This is how nasal vowels are written in the orthography:
This is how nasal vowels are written in the orthography:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable " style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!|Phoneme
!|Phoneme
Line 348: Line 338:
|-
|-
|/ã/
|/ã/
|''al, ail''
|''al, ail, añ, aiñ''
|-
|-
|/ɛ̃/
|/ɛ̃/
|''el, ewl''
|''el, ewl, eñ''
|-
|-
|/ẽ/
|/ẽ/
|''eel''
|''eel, eeñ''
|-
|-
|/ĩ/
|/ĩ/
|''il, ial, iwl''
|''il, ial, iwl, iñ, iañ, iwñ''
|-
|-
|/ø̃/
|/ø̃/
|''øl, øøl''
|''øl, øøl, øñ, øøñ''
|-
|-
|/ỹ/
|/ỹ/
|''ul, ual''
|''ul, ual, uñ, uañ''
|-
|-
|/ɔ̃/
|/ɔ̃/
|''ol, awl''
|''ol, awl, oñ, awñ''
|-
|-
|/õ/
|/õ/
|''ool, wil''
|''ool, wil, ooñ, wiñ''
|-
|-
|/ũ/
|/ũ/
|''wl, wal''
|''wl, wal, wñ, wañ''
|-
|-
|/ə̃/
|/ə̃/
|''yl'', syllabic ''l''
|''yl, yñ'', syllabic ''l'' or ''ñ''
|}
|}


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===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress is not marked in the native orthography. Talmic and Clofabic words usually have initial stress, but prefixed verbs are usually not stressed on the prefix. Windermere loans have final stress.
Stress is not marked in the native orthography. Talmic words usually have initial stress, but prefixed verbs are usually not stressed on the prefix. Naeng loans have final stress.


The romanization used in this article and related material will mark non-initial stress with an acute accent.
The romanization used in this article and related material will mark non-initial stress with an acute accent.


===Intonation===
===Intonation===
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. It originates from discursive uptalk in older stages of the language, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few conservative accents in Scella do not use this pattern.
*Topic noun phrases and subordinate clauses start low and gradually rise in pitch.
*In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focused word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...")
*In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")
*In exclamations, the stressed syllable starts low and receives a rising intonation ("... mid ꜜ LOW-HIGH mid ... !"), possibly with a gradual drop to low pitch in the end. Angry or indignant questions also use an exclamatory intonation.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
*/z/ devoices to [s] before a stop (plosive or affricate).
*/z/ devoices to [s] before a stop (plosive or affricate).
*In native (Talmic) words, the non-English initial clusters are hm, hn, , mn, ml, mr, vn, vl, vr, sr, , sgl, sgr, , tl, dl, þŋ, þl, ðl, cn, ŋr, sml, smr, hml, hmr. Many more initial clusters are allowed in Windermere loanwords.
*The allowed initial clusters in native (Talmic) vocabulary are listed by type below (some clusters may be listed more than once):
*Final/post-tonic combinations are a bit more restricted - the allowed post-tonic combinations are generally similar to Germanic or Greek.
**Cl: bl, vl, fl, dl, ðl, tl, þl, gl, cl, ml, sgl, hml
**Cr: br, vr, fr, dr, ðr, tr, þr, gr, cr, mr, ñr, sgr, hmr, hñr
**Cn: vn, tn, þn, gn, cn, hn
**sC: sb, sd, sg, sgl, sgr
**hC: hm, hn, , hml, hmr, hñr
*In Tseer loans, many more initial clusters may be allowed.
*Final/post-tonic combinations are a bit more restricted - the allowed post-tonic combinations are generally similar to Irish or Welsh.
 
===Phoneme frequency===
b d g > p t c; v ð j > þ ç


===Accents===
===Accents===
:''Main article: [[Skellan/Accents]]''
:''Main article: [[Scellan/Accents]]''


===Pronouncing Skellan words in English===
===Pronouncing Scellan words in English===
*An epenthetic schwa may be inserted for Skellan clusters that English lacks.
*An epenthetic schwa may be inserted for Scellan clusters that English lacks.
*Voiceless resonants may be pronounced as their voiced counterparts: /hm hn hŋ r̥/ → /m n ŋ r/.
*Voiceless resonants may be pronounced as their voiced counterparts: /hm hn hŋ r̥/ → /m n ŋ r/.
**/χ, ç/ should be rendered [h] or [x].
**/χ, ç/ should be rendered [h] or [x].
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**Word-finally, pronounce {{angbr|''b d g''}} as /p t k/.
**Word-finally, pronounce {{angbr|''b d g''}} as /p t k/.
*/pʰ tʰ kʰ/ → /p t k/
*/pʰ tʰ kʰ/ → /p t k/
*Vowels: /i y ə u ɛ œ a ɔ ai au ɛu iu ei øy ou iə yə uə ui/ → /iː uː ʌ~ə uː ɛ ə æ~ɑː ɑ~ɔ aɪ aʊ oʊ juː eɪ oʊ oʊ iːə uːə uːə wiː~ɔɪ/
*Vowels: /i y ə u ɛ œ a ɔ ai au ɛu iu ei øy ou iə yə uə ui/ → /iː uː ʌ~ə uː ɛ ə æ~ɑː ɑ~ɔ aɪ aʊ oʊ juː eɪ oʊ oʊ iːə uːə uːə ɔɪ/
*Vowels before r
*Vowels before R and L are as expected
*vowels before l
**Note that ''w'' is ''always'' a vowel!


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
In-universe, Skellan uses the [[Tamil|Clofabic]] script, unlike other Talmic languages (except [[Roshterian]]).  
[[File:Scellan script.png|thumbnail|500px|Scellan alphabet]]
{{Skellan alphabet}}
 
Scellan is written in the version of the Talmic alphabet, which is related to the Talman Naeng script. The Scellan alphabet has 30 letters.
 
Stress accent is not marked. (However, in materials for English speakers we will mark stress.)
Stress accent is not marked. (However, in materials for English speakers we will mark stress.)


The sequences ''çm, çn, çŋ, çl, çr'' are pronounced identically to ''hm, hn, hŋ, ll, rr'' in most modern Skellan dialects, except that ''çm, çn, çŋ, çr'' are [xm, xn, xŋ, xr] in dialects that have [x] for ''ç''.
The letters ''l'' and ''ñ'' are only distinguished word-initially and at the beginning of stressed syllables.
 
The sequences ''çm, çn, çl, çr'' are pronounced identically to ''hm, hn, ll, rr'' in most modern Scellan accents, except that ''çm, çn, çr'' are [xm, xn, xr] in accents that have [x] for ''ç''. ''çł'' is also usually pronounced [hw].
 
In native Talmic words, final /p t k/ tend to be spelled ''b d g'', but the future tense suffix is always spelled ''-t''.
===Punctuation===
===Punctuation===
*| = period
*| = period
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*⟨ ⟩ = parentheses
*⟨ ⟩ = parentheses
*<nowiki>:</nowiki> = hyphen (for affixes in linguistics)
*<nowiki>:</nowiki> = hyphen (for affixes in linguistics)
*' = used for abbreviations (reflected in our transcription, e.g. ''Sg' '' = M(r)s. from ''Sgwir'')


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
Skellan uses a base-12 positional numeral system. The digits are as follows:
Scellan uses a base-10 positional numeral system. The digits are as follows:
 
ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ ə ʋ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X E
 
duodecimal point: :
 
1728's separator: · (optional)


Examples:
ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


2017 = 1,201dd = ı·ʎɔı
decimal point: :


π = 3.184809493b918...dd = ɺ:ıɴħ·ɴɔк·ħкɺ·кʋı·ɴ... or ɺ:ıɴħɴɔкħкɺкʋıɴ...
1000's separator: · (optional)


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Skellan inflectional morphology tends to be simpler than most other Talmic languages; for example, it has no grammatical gender and no construct state.
Scellan inflectional morphology tends to be simpler than most other Talmic languages; for example, it has no grammatical gender, no case, and no number inflection on nouns.
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs have little inflection, and the bulk of verbs are completely regular.


Verbs have little inflection, and the bulk of verbs are completely regular.
Scellan preserves the [[Tigol]] tense system very well, but most of the forms have been replaced with analytic forms and particles. The following table roughly organizes the tense system of Modern Scellan as well as the regular forms for each in terms of principal parts (PRES = present stem; INF = infinitive; PST = past participle); These are not all of the possible tenses as different constructions can be combined, e.g. ''Tynd fa dy desg naw lly nee rree.'' 'I have been eating for three days.'


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Scellan tense system
|-
! |
! |Past
! |Present
! |Future
! |Imperative
|-
! style="" |Imperfective
|past imperfect<br/>''jo PRES''
|present<br/>''PRES''
|future I<br/>''???''
|imperative I<br/>''PRES (im)!''
|-
! style="" |Perfective
| simple past<br/>''PST'' (regularly ''PRES-in'')
| ''-''
| future II<br/>''PRES-t''
| imperative II<br/>''PRES-t (im)!''
|-
! style="" |Progressive
| past progressive<br/>''fað dy INF, fady INF''
| present progressive<br/>''dy INF''
| future progressive<br/>''fahd ___ dy INF''
| imperative progressive<br/>''fahd dy INF, fahdy INF!''
|-
! style="" |Perfect
| past perfect<br/>''fað tynd VN, fand VN''
| present perfect<br/>''tynd VN''
| future perfect<br/>''so fa tynd VN, so fand VN''
| imperative perfect<br/>''fa tynd VN! fand VN!''
|}
====Imperative====
====Imperative====
The imperative is formed with ''im [VERB]'' (from "now VERB"). The ''im'' is not used when the verb is preceded by ''ðelláws'' 'please'.
The imperfective imperative has the same form as the imperfective future. The perfective imperative is simply the bare verb.


Cohortative: ''[VERB] gwm'', ''[VERB] wm'' (from "VERB with us.EXC")
The direct object, if there is one, goes behind the faulty accusative ''ym''.


:'''''Tar gwm hellt na llawm rreem.'''''
The cohortative is formed by using the particle ''gw'' after the verb.
 
:'''''Tar gw helt na llawm rreem.'''''
:go COH plant DET.PL seed today
:go COH plant DET.PL seed today
:''Let's go plant the seeds today.''
:''Let's go plant the seeds today.''


====Present====
====Present====
The present uses the unmarked form of the verb followed by the subject. For example, ''Duvwŋ, mol naw tlaw'' means "Teacher, I thank you".
The present uses the unmarked form of the verb followed by the subject. For example, ''Duvwñ, mol naw iar'' means "Teacher, I thank you".


This is often replaced by the progressive in casual speech.
Archaic Scellan (still used in some historical fiction) uses the following personal endings in the present tense:


Archaic Skellan (still used in historical fiction) uses the following personal endings in the present tense:
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!I!!you (sg.)!!he!!she!!(inanimate)!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they (animate)!!you (polite)!!impersonal
!I!!you (sg.)!!he!!she!!(inanimate)!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they (animate)!!you (polite)!!impersonal
|-
|-
|''-an''||''-ir''||''-ab''||''-e''||''-0''||''-em''||''-ad''||''-ah''||''-að''||''-ah''||''-av''
|''-an''||''-ir''||''-ab''||''-e''||''-0''||''-ev''||''-ad''||''-ag''||''-að''||''-ag''||''-av''
|}
|}


====Conditional====
====Conditional====
The conditional uses the suffix ''-ð''. It continues the Old Skellan past subjunctive.
The conditional uses the suffix ''-ð''. It continues the Old Scellan past subjunctive.
 
The conditional must be used when using the word ''matósg'' 'almost' in the past tense.


====Imperfect====
====Imperfect====
The imperfect uses the particle ''go''.
The imperfect uses the particle ''jo''.
 
====Progressive/Stative====
====Progressive/Stative====
To form the progressive, the particle ''dy'' is used before the verb.  
To form the progressive, the particle ''dy'' is used before the verb.  


Verbs referring to emotional states also use the progressive. For example, ''Dy ell naw'r'' means "I love you."
Unlike in English, verbs referring to emotional states also use the progressive in the present tense. For example, ''Dy ell naw'r'' means "I love you," and ''Dy faiðin naw cwig tyn tamranáls ny coo.'' 'I am happy because my son has graduated.'


====Preterite====
====Preterite====
The preterite uses the ergative particle ''w''. This particle is conflated with ''ry'' in some nonstandard dialects, which often use ergative syntax in all tenses.
The preterite is used to describe completed actions. It used to be ergative in Middle Eevo, but since lost its ergativity.
*''Iantin naw.'' = I slept.
*''Iantin naw.'' = I slept.
*''Vesin w naw na ahdyn.'' = I painted the pictures.
*''Vesin naw na ahdyn.'' = I painted the pictures.


====Perfect====
====Perfect====
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The perfect is being used more and more commonly for any past event, especially in Fyxoomian Eevo.
The perfect is being used more and more commonly for any past event, especially in Fyxoomian Eevo.


Example: ''Tynd iant naw sdawb pug.'' = I have slept for 6 [Trician] hours. (sdawb pug = 6 hours continuously?)
Example: ''Tynd iant naw sdawb pug.'' = I have slept for 6 [Hmøøhian] hours. (sdawb pug = 6 hours continuously?)
=====Syntax=====
=====Syntax=====
Perfect: ''tynd VERB SUBJECT''
Perfect: ''tynd VERB SUBJECT''
Line 502: Line 543:
Perfect progressive: ''tynd fa dy VERB SUBJECT''
Perfect progressive: ''tynd fa dy VERB SUBJECT''


Pluperfect: ''go tynd VERB SUBJECT''
Pluperfect: ''jo tynd VERB SUBJECT''


====Future imperfective====
====Future imperfective====
The future imperfective uses the ''-t'' affix inherited from Old Skellan. It is used for:
The future imperfective uses the ''-t'' affix inherited from Old Scellan. It is used for:


* events that will happen regularly or continually over a period of time in the future
* events that will happen regularly or continually over a period of time in the future
Line 511: Line 552:


====Future perfective====
====Future perfective====
The future perfective tense is formed with ''hly'' + VERB. It is used for:
The future perfective tense is formed with ''so'' + VERB. It is used for:
*a future event that has a definite ending point or occurs once
*a future event that has a definite ending point or occurs once
*future events with a known definite time point
*future events with a known definite time point
Line 517: Line 558:


====Jussive====
====Jussive====
The jussive is high-register and is formed with the suffix ''-or''. It can be used in conditional statements expressing a generally true rule.
Normally the jussive is formed by using the complementizer ''emb'' before the clause:
 
:'''''Ir le tic jyvad llyn! Emb asgarni ir dia jovi!'''''
:2SG be how_much hate DAT.1SG COMP die_of_thirst 2SG in-SPEC desert
:''I hate you so much! I hope you die of thirst in the desert!''
 
The morphological jussive is high-register and is formed with the suffix ''-or''. It can be used in conditional statements expressing a generally true rule.


:'''''cehnor dy car'''''
:'''''cehnor dy car'''''
:''if one wishes'' (fixed expression)
:''if one wishes'' (fixed expression)


:'''''Fohor a cliam slahah , coþ...'''''
:'''''n forr e dyb cliam slahah, coþ n dyb cliam xlor.'''''
:be-JUSS number counting [variable], then
:n be.JUSS it is_a number counting, then n is_a number real
:''Let ''n'' be/If ''n'' is a natural number, then...''
:''Let ''n'' be a natural number. Then n is a real number.''


===Copula===
===Copula===
The copula is the most irregular verb in Skellan. In the present tense, zero copula is used.
The copula is the most irregular verb in Scellan. In the present tense, zero copula is used.
 
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Skellan uses a collective-singulative-plurative system. Number is marked with determiners, not by affixes:
Scellan nouns do not inflect, even for number. For specific nouns, number is marked using articles and combined forms of determiners and possessive pronouns.


*''a(ð)'' for singulative
===Pronouns===
*''na'' for plurative
The direct pronouns are used as pronominal topics, subject markers and objects.
*''bo'' for collective
 
When no determiner is used, it signifies collective by default.
 
Singulative and plurative (called "singular" and "plural" below for convenience) refer to one resp. more than one specific instances of the noun. A noun in the collective form refers to "[noun] in general" or "the set of all [noun]". This distinction also applies to abstract nouns (which often use unmarked collectives). The collective of an abstract noun refers to the quality in general, and the singulative and plurative refer to one or more specific instances or manifestations of the abstraction. For example, the collective ''bo fosgu'' means 'valor (in general)'; the singulative ''a fosgu'' means 'a valiant deed'; the plurative ''na fosgu'' means 'valiant deeds'.


''Collective nouns are referred to with singular pronouns, not plural.''
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
 
===Pronouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!|
!colspan=2|
!I!!you (sg.)!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they!!impersonal
!I!!you (sg.)!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they!!impersonal
|-
|-
!|Direct
!rowspan=2|Direct
|''naw, no''||''(h)iar, jar, 'r''||''(h)ab''||''(h)ee''||''(h)e''||''awb''||''gwad''||''swad''||''(h)awr''||''car''
!|neutral
|''naw, no''||''iar, ir, 'r''||''ob, o''||''ee''||''ñe, e''||''awv''||''gwad''||''swad''||''awr''||''car''
|-
|-
!|Genitive
!|emphatic
|''ryn''||''res''||''reb''||''ree''||''ryŋ''||''rib''||''reg''||''red''||''rer''||''ry çar''
|''nawña''||''iarña''||''obña''||''eeña''||''ñeña''||''awvña''||''gwadña''||''swadña''||''awrña''||''-''
|-
|-
!|Genitive (emphatic)
!rowspan=2|Possessive
|''rynda''||''resda''||''rebda''||''reeda''||''ryŋda''||''ribda''||''refda''||''rehda''||''reða''||''ry bewmav''
!|sg.
|''cy''||''ho''||''''||''ih''||''''||''ob''||''of''||''os''||''id''
|rowspan=2|''...ry car''
|-
|-
!|Dative
!|pl.
|''llyn''||''lles''||''lleb''||''llee''||''llyŋ''||''llib''||''lleg''||''lled''||''ller''||''lly çar''
|''cyn''||''hon''||''in''||''in''||''in''||''om''||''onf''||''ons''||''ind''
|-
!rowspan=2|Dative
!|neutral
|''llyn''||''lles''||''lleb''||''llee''||''llyñ''||''lliv''||''lleg''||''lled''||''ller''||''lly çar''
|-
!|emphatic
|''llynña''||''llesña''||''llebña''||''lleeña''||''llyña''||''llivña''||''llegña''||''lledña''||''llerña''||''-''
|}
|}


The forms ''no'' and ''ir'', '' 'r'' are casual forms.
*The forms ''no'' and ''ir'' are casual forms used in some dialects.
*''iar'' is commonly pronounced ''jyr''.
*'''r'' is commonly used after a vowel.
*''øø(ña)'' with inflected forms ''øð, lløø(ña)'' is by far the usual gender-neutral neopronoun.


===Demonstratives===
===Demonstratives===
Skellan has a 4-way contrast in demonstratives:
Scellan has a 4-way contrast in demonstratives:
# near me, but not near you
# near me, but not near you
# near us (inclusive)
# near us (inclusive)
# near you, but not near me
# near you, but not near me
# distal: far from both you and me
# distal: far from both you and me
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
! width="10%"|
! width="10%"|
! width="11%"|Near 1
! width="11%"|Near 1
Line 586: Line 637:
|''fi''
|''fi''
|''ce''
|''ce''
|''ŋe''
|''ñe''
|''ti'' (preposed)
|''ti'' (preposed)
|''-''
|''-''
|''baw'' (preposed)
|''baw'' (preposed)
|
|''am lleh''
|''xens'' (preposed)
|''zens'' (preposed)
|-
|-
!Thing  
!Thing  
Line 597: Line 648:
|''fes''
|''fes''
|''ces''
|''ces''
|''ŋes''
|''ñes''
|''taw''
|''taw''
|''twm satn''
|''twm satn''
|
|
|
|''satn leh''
|''xens satn''
|''zens satn''
|-
|-
!Person
!Person
Line 608: Line 659:
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|  
|''-''
|''tua''  
|''tua''  
|''twm lias''
|''twm lias''
|''-''
|''por''
|''-''
|''am lleh''
|''nilltua''
|''am lieh''
|-
|-
!Place
!Place
Line 619: Line 670:
|''enah''
|''enah''
|''cah''
|''cah''
|''ŋah''
|''ñah''
|''þlawd''
|''þlawd''
|
|
|
|''arjavo''
|
|''lawd leh''
|''nillawd''
|''nillawd''
|-
|-
!Source
!Source
|  
|''mylli''
|
|''enylli''
|
|''cylli''
|
|''ñylli''
|
|''tylli''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|''ylli leh''
|''nilli''
|-
|-
!Destination
!Destination
Line 641: Line 692:
|''enahd''
|''enahd''
|''cahd''
|''cahd''
|''ŋahd''
|''ñahd''
|''tahd''
|''tahd''
|
|
|
|
|
|''lly lawd leh''
|''nilltahd''
|''niltahd''
|-
|-
!Time
!Time
|colspan="2"|''sada''
|colspan="2"|''sada''
|colspan="2"|''ŋyv''
|colspan="2"|''ñyv''
|''tin''
|''ihd''
|''fuat''
|''fuat''
|''tŋiv''
|''botín''
|
|''roc leh''
|''nilltin''
|''niltin''
|-
|-
!Manner/Kind
!Manner/Kind
Line 661: Line 712:
|''siar''
|''siar''
|''ciar''
|''ciar''
|''ŋiar''
|''ñiar''
|''tiar''
|''tiar''
|
|
|
|
|
|''darð leh''
|''nilltiar''
|''niltiar''
|-
|-
!Quantity
!Quantity
|
|''medac''
|
|''fedac''
|  
|''cedac''
|
|''ñadac''
|''tic'' (how many); ''ticar'' (how many-th)
|''tic'' (how many); ''ticar'' (how many-th)
|
|
|
|
|
|''urus leh''
|
|
|-
|-
!Reason
!Reason
|
|
|''cwig''
|
|
|
|
|
|''tols''
|''tin''
|
|
|
|
|
|''dwihnin leh''
|
|
|}
|}
====Demonstratives with number====
====Demonstratives with number====
The demonstrative adjectives ''mi, fi, ce, ŋe'' combine with number markers ''a/að, na'' as follows:
The demonstrative adjectives ''mi, fi, ce, ñe'' combine with number markers ''a/að, na'' as follows:
*''mia/mið, min''
 
*''fia/fið, fin''
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
*''cee/ceð, cin''
|-
*''ŋee/ŋeð, ŋin''
!|
!sg.!!pl.
|-
!|''mi''
|''mið/mia''||''min''
|-
!|''fi''
|''fið/fia''||''fin''
|-
!|''ce''
|''cee/ceð''||''cen''
|-
!|''ñe''
|''ñee/ñeð''||''ñen''
|}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives behave like verbs in that they can take tense clitics. However, they can take degree inflection unlike adjectives and imperative constructions must use ''fa'' + ADJECTIVE.
Adjectives behave like verbs in that they can take tense clitics. However, imperative constructions must use ''fa'' + ADJECTIVE.


Adjectives usually follow nouns; they may precede nouns in poetry.
Adjectives usually follow nouns; they may precede nouns in poetry.


Degree:
Adverbs can be formed from both verbs adjectives by adding ''dy'' before the verb or adjective. However, often adverbs are unmarked.
*''-ta'' = comparative (compared to others)
====Degree====
*''-ws'' = superlative
Unlike other Talmic languages, Eevo has lost the Tigol comparative and superlative. However, some fossilized comparative forms have become new words in the modern language.
*''llaw'' = very
*''frøs X'' = comparative (from Tigol ''for·ois'' 'to go over')
*''snuab X'' = superlative (from Classical Wdm. superlative ''snüüp'')
*''llaw X'' = very
*''jal X'' = too X
*''jal X'' = too X
*''-am'' = comparative (compared to past self)
*''X-vor'' = suffective ('X enough')


Adverbs can be formed from both verbs adjectives by adding ''dy'' before the verb or adjective. However, often adverbs are unmarked.
A few adjectives have suppletive comparative, superlative and suffective forms:
====Construct adjectives====
*''slawb'' 'good': ''cølly'' 'better', ''cøllws'' 'best', ''cnawr'' 'good enough'
An adjective may be placed in the construct state by suffixing ''-að''. Construct adjectives are chiefly used in literary Skellan; it also survives in some fixed expressions and prepositions. For example, ''deljað'' is a preposition meaning 'worth; worthy of', and is the construct form of an adjective *deli ('worthy').
*''orð'' 'big': ''jwm'' 'bigger', ''jwmt'' 'biggest'
*''dum'' 'far': ''ytñí'' 'farther', ''ytñít'' or ''snuab ytñí'' 'farthest' (from [[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]] ''ătngi'' 'having surpassed, farther')
*''øør'' 'many': ''ram'' 'more', ''ramt'' 'most'
*''ñawð'' 'few': ''broost'' 'less', ''broosws'' 'least'
 
'Than' is translated as ''raw''.
 
====Construct state====
An adjective may be placed in the construct state by suffixing ''-að''. Construct adjectives are mainly used in constructions like ''hnoosað ers'' 'easy to learn', and ''lloosað fiah'' 'red-eyed'. In addition they survive in some fixed expressions and prepositions.
*''deljað'' is a preposition meaning 'worth; worthy of', and is the construct form of an adjective *deli ('worthy').
*''gruað'' means "devoid of, lacking"
*''segað'' means "free of"
 
=== Discourse particles ===
 
==Syntax==
:''Main article: [[Scellan/Syntax]]''
 
==Vocabulary==
Scellan's basic vocabulary is largely Talmic. However, a large portion of Scellan vocabulary (comparable to English) is borrowed, for example from [[Naeng]], [[Tseer]], or other languages (especially [[Naquian]], [[Swuntsim]], [[Ciètian]], [[Anbirese]],  [[Häskä]], [[Nurian]], [[Netagin]]). This gives Scellan a rich array of synonyms.
===Layers===
* Core Skellic + dialectal doublets
* Classical and Middle Naeng loans
* Classical Tseer loans
* Naquic loans (from trade)
* Other loans from trade
* recently incorporated isoglosses from Proto-Quame, Proto-Talmic or Tigol
 
Domains that commonly use Windermero-Eevo:
*generic learned words
*music
*philosophy and religion
*politics, law
Domains that commonly use Tseero-Eevo:
*"fancier" learned words
*theater, narrative
*basic geometry, arithmetic, algebra and number theory
*medicine, sciences


Construct adjectives are also used in constructions like ''tnoosað ers'' 'easy to learn'.
Direct reborrowings from Tigol are restricted to Mărotłist religious terminology; it is much more common to cognatize Tigol or other Talmic languages.


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
Noun-noun compounds are head-final; however, head-initial "noun noun" juxtaposition is preferred. "Noun verb" juxtaposition is also common.
Native noun-noun compounds are head-final; however, head-initial "noun noun" juxtaposition is preferred. "Noun verb" juxtaposition is also common.


The table below lists selected derivational suffixes.
The table below lists selected derivational suffixes.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
Line 731: Line 835:
! rowspan="4"|To...
! rowspan="4"|To...
! Noun
! Noun
| ''-'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument)<br/>''-id'' (diminutive)<br/>''-óm'' (augmentative; Clofabic)<br/>''-fen'' (agentive; Clofabic)<br/>''-emb'' (female suffix)<br/>''ni-'' (non-)<br/>''ir-'' (un-)<br/>''bah-'' (sub-)<br/>''ŋal-'' 'before'<br/>''tynd-'' 'after'
| ''-'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument)<br/>''-'' (diminutive)<br/>''-óm'' (augmentative; Tseer)<br/>''-emb'' (female suffix)<br/>''ia-'' (non-)<br/>''ir-'' (un-)<br/>''bah-'' (sub-)<br/>''ñal-'' 'before'<br/>''tynd-'' 'after'<br/>''-arn'' (collective)
| ''-ah'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-ev'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument)
| ''-ah'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-ev'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument)
| ''-vih'' (abstract noun)<br/>''hal-''(abstract noun)<br/>''-u'' (abstract noun)<br/>''-igi'' (one characterized by X)
| ''-vih'' (abstract noun)<br/>''hal-''(abstract noun)<br/>''-u'' (abstract noun)<br/>''-igi'' (one characterized by X)
|  
|  
|-
|-
! Verb
! Verb
| ''so-'' (verbing nouns)
| ''ar-'' (applicative)<br/>''as-'' (telic)<br/>''so-''<br/>''fra-'' or ''fr-''
| ''ar-'' (applicative)<br/>''as-'' (telic)<br/>''ee-'' (co-, with)<br/>''for-'' (causative)<br/>''fw-'' (back, re-)<br/>''gol-'' (up)<br/>''oc-'' (from, out)<br/>''ro-'' (down)<br/>''so-'' (towards)<br/>''sen-'' (well)<br/>''mi-'' (mis-)
| ''ar-'' (applicative)<br/>''as-'' (telic)<br/>''dy-'' (in)<br/>''ee-'' (co-, with)<br/>''fra-'' or ''fr-'' (causative)<br/>''fw-'' (back, re-)<br/>''gol-'' (up)<br/>''oc-'' (from, out)<br/>''ro-'' (down)<br/>''so-'' (towards)<br/>''sen-'' (well)<br/>''mi-'' (mis-)<br/>''go-'' (de-, dis-)
|  
| ''fra-'' or ''fr-''
|  
|  
|-
|-
! Adjective
! Adjective
| ''-ahd''<br/>''-on''<br/>''-ib''<br/>''-ín'' (Netagin)<br/>''-ol'' (Clofabic)<br/>''-flen''
| ''-ahd''<br/>''-on''<br/>''-ib''<br/>''-ín'' (Netagin)<br/>''-ol''<br/>''-flen''
| ''-i''<br/>''-in'' (-ee)<br/>''-go,'' (-able, but ergative)
| ''-i''<br/>''-in'' (-ee)<br/>''-gon, -jon'' (-able, but ergative)
| ''zi-'' (non-)<br/>''er-'' (un-)
| ''di-'' (non-)<br/>''er-'' (un-)
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 756: Line 860:


====Nouns====
====Nouns====
*''-id'' is a diminutive suffix but is often used discursively, somewhat like "a nice X".
*''-i'' is a frozen diminutive suffix.
*''-óm'' is a Clofabic augmentative suffix.
*''-ið'' is a diminutive suffix but is often used discursively, somewhat like "a nice X".
*''-'' is a Naeng augmentative suffix.
*''-wr'' is a native Talmic augmentative suffix.
*''-wr'' is a native Talmic augmentative suffix.
*''mi-'' is used in some nouns where it is a prefix meaning 'bad', 'mis-' or sometimes 'pseudo-'.
*''mi-'' is used in some nouns where it is a prefix meaning 'bad', 'mis-' or sometimes 'pseudo-'.
*''hyłviar-'' is a prefix meaning 'study of X'. Stress falls on the word which the prefix attaches to.
*''hylłiar-'' is a prefix meaning 'study of X'. Stress falls on the word which the prefix attaches to.
**''hylłiarclíam'' means 'number theory'.
**''hylłiarclíam'' means 'number theory'.
*''-óm'' is a noun suffix of unclear meaning, historically an augmentative.
*''-óm'' is a noun suffix of unclear meaning, historically an augmentative.
*''-'' is a suffix meaning "a person associated with [noun] or who does [verb]" (unknown origin).  
*''-'' is a suffix meaning "a person associated with [noun] or who does [verb]" (unknown origin).  
**''britswŋ'' means 'speaker (a person who speaks)', from ''brits'' 'to speak; speech'.
**''birítswñ'' means 'speaker (a person who speaks)', from ''biríts'' 'to speak; speech'.
**''trovihwŋ'' means 'vegetarian' (from ''trovih'' 'vegetarianism').
**''trovihwñ'' means 'vegetarian' (from ''trovih'' 'vegetarianism').
**''sbwiþwŋ'' means '<i>sbwiþ</i> player'. (A ''sbwiþ'' is a plucked string instrument with 18-22 sympathetic strings.)
**''sbwiþwñ'' means '<i>sbwiþ</i> player'. (A ''sbwiþ'' is a plucked string instrument with 18-22 sympathetic strings.)
*''-fen'' is another "agent" suffix, like ''-wŋ'', but of Clofabic origin.
*''nw-'' is a Naeng agentive suffix.
*''nw-'' is a Windermere agentive suffix.
*''-u'' (collective) is a common native affix used to form abstract nouns.
*''-u'' (collective) is a common native affix used to form abstract nouns.
*''-lan'' is another abstract noun suffix.
*''-lan'' is another abstract noun suffix.
*''-ad'' is a common noun suffix, from Thensarian ''-sdos''.
*''-ad'' is a common noun suffix.
*''peñ-'' = 'X-to-be'; from Naeng future tense particle ''peng''
*''-yn'' is an instrumental suffix.
*''-dá'' = good, eu- (from Tseer ''da'' ~ Naeng ''to'')


====Phrasal nouns====
====Phrasal nouns====
Skellan also has phrasal nouns: these are noun-preposition combinations that are stressed on the preposition.
Scellan also has phrasal nouns: these are noun-preposition combinations that are stressed on the preposition.


*beð ry (part of) = component
*beð ry (part of) = component
Line 781: Line 888:


====Verbs====
====Verbs====
Old Skellan prefixes remain productive in Modern Skellan. Among them is the causative affix ''for-'' (from a preposition meaning "through"), which was formerly only found in some frozen "causative" verbs but is gaining productivity in modern Skellan.
Old Scellan prefixes remain productive in Modern Scellan.  
*''fr(a)-'' (usually pronounced /frə-/) was formerly only found in some frozen "causative" verbs but is gaining productivity in modern Scellan.
*''mi-'' is an affix similar to 'mis-, mal-' in English, also sometimes 'pseudo-'.
*''mi-'' is an affix similar to 'mis-, mal-' in English, also sometimes 'pseudo-'.
*''rru-'' is a Clofabic affix meaning 'too much, over-'.
*''ru-'' is a Clofabic affix meaning 'too much, over-'.
 
*''as-'' has the following meanings:
** achievement of a desired result
** killing or dying
** get by X-ing (like German er-, very productive)
** X one's way to... (used with a directional prefix)
====Phrasal verbs====
====Phrasal verbs====
Skellan has phrasal verbs like English does.
Scellan has phrasal verbs like English does.


====Adjectives====
====Adjectives====
*''-mell'' = '-ful', '-some' (lit. 'rich')
*''er-'' is a negating suffix of Talmic origin; it is most commonly used with Talmic adjectives.
*''er-'' is a negating suffix of Talmic origin; it is most commonly used with Talmic adjectives.
*''-flen'' /-fʟɛn/ is an adjectival suffix with the same meaning as Korean ''-tapta'' and Japanese ''-rashii'': it means 'like an X is supposed to be' or 'like a typical X'. The suffix comes from Old Skellan compound adjectives of the form ''X-fheileán'' (from ''feil'' 'name' + ''-án'' adjectivizer; i.e. 'like the name X' or 'worthy of the name X'). Some words with the suffix have undergone semantic shifts, e.g. carflen /ˈkʰarfʟɛn/ 'humane, moral, ethical' (from Old Skellan car "human" + -flen).
*''-flen'' /-fʟɛn/ is an adjectival suffix with the same meaning as Korean ''-tapta'' and Japanese ''-rashii'': it means 'like an X is supposed to be' or 'like a typical X'. The suffix comes from Old Scellan compound adjectives of the form ''X-fheileán'' (from ''feil'' 'name' + ''-án'' adjectivizer; i.e. 'like the name X' or 'worthy of the name X'). Some words with the suffix have undergone semantic shifts, e.g. carflen /ˈkʰarfʟɛn/ 'humane, moral, ethical' (from Old Scellan car "human" + -flen).
*''-gom'' is similar to '-able', but it is ergative in that it can also be used for "able to [intransitive verb]". ex. ''feŋggom'' 'mortal, human (flowery)' < ''feŋg'' 'die'.
*''-jon'' is similar to '-able', but it is ergative in that it can also be used for "able to [intransitive verb]". ex. ''feñgjon'' 'mortal, human (flowery)' < ''feñg'' 'die'.
*''jy-'' (''jyn-'' before C) is a [[Windermere]] adjectival suffix.
*''jy-'' (''jyn-'' before C) is a [[Naeng]] adjectival suffix.
*''-ol'' /-ɔ̃/ is an adjectival suffix of Clofabic origin; it is cognate with Clofabosin ''-ol''. It is used mainly in loanwords from [[Proto-Clofabic]] or [[Phormatolide]], or to derive adjectives from Clofabic loanwords; however, it is sometimes used with other words as well.
*''-ol'' /-ɔ̃/ is an adjectival suffix of Talmic origin.
*''-on'' is a Talmic adjectival suffix, from Old Skellan -án (itself from Thensarian ''-aħnam'', Proto-Talmic ''*-aʁnəm'').
*''-on'' is a Talmic adjectival suffix, from Old Scellan -án (itself from Thensarian ''-aħnam'', Proto-Talmic ''*-aʁnəm'').
*''-vað'' is another Talmic adjectival suffix.
*''-vað'' '-like' is another Talmic adjectival suffix.
*''-wd'' = from Tigol ''-óid''
*''-wd'' = from Tigol ''-óid''
*''-wid'' = from Tigol ''-óid'' via Rhythoed ''-oyd''
*''-wid'' = from Tigol ''-óid'' via Naeng ''-oyd''
*''mee-'' = multi-
*''mee-'' = multi-
*''do-'' = uni-, mono-
*''do-'' = uni-, mono-


==Syntax==
===Place name morphemes===
:''Main article: [[Skellan/Syntax]]''
*''-ve'' 'city, town'
*''-døø'' 'valley'
*''-has'' (country names)
*''-sgyb'' 'mountain'
*''-oog'' 'rock'
 
==Sample texts==
===Miscellaneous===
:'''''A brew emb pyduþ lleg, twm ñe emb xaðjon ñe taw pyduþ lleg sa, llysáin emb deljað e taw pyduþ lleg sa.'''''
:''The reason we hope is not that what we hope for is likely, but that what we hope for is worth it.''
 
===A biology abstract===
''Sloomañ awv a ñwdah yliñ-manoñg-lwtab iñtytseb rið prynel TSP3 dy ''Sigatføñxys batnyñtxar''. TSP3 ...''
 
measure we.EX SPEC folding (cell-owner-nucleus) (do-nucleus) of-SPEC gene TSP3 in Bruchorium sponercii. TSP3 encode it kinase receptor bind to protezine, located LOC SPEC.PL microsporella cytotubular of-SPEC.SG ribosome quanticular, and malfunction TSP3 believe IMPERS widely COMP-COP SPEC source cancer cybothrotic. in this-SG essay prove 1PL.EX LOC use test double_blind Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ COMP...
 
We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in Bruchorium sponercii. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.856) in the hypotrellome of a healthy Bruchorium cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma.
 
===If not now, when?===
:'''''Hinén geeb o, "I twm nawña llyn, tua a fahd llyn? Ah il naw diráð llynña, naw tua naw? As i twm sada, ihd?" (Pirgéj Avóoþ, 1′14″)'''''
:''Hillel says, "If I am not for me, who will be for me? But if I am only for myself, who am I? And if not now, when?" (Pirkei Avot, 1:14)''
 
===Declaration of Independence===
:''Arm, hylrygéen's çipóoj faiðlan''
:Life, liberty and pursuit of happiness
 
===Featured banner===
:'''''Fia łynǿñ go rogóhdin car ym ñe ciwr.'''''
:''This language was once featured.
 
:'''''Nai vøhd ry binsiþlóom hylłavéem, hylbocylisdód, as hylprynées bintomáj ryñ, tynd cmil car lly rogóhd ñe.'''''
:''Thanks to (lit. by the grace of) its level of quality, plausibility and usage capabilities (variety of uses), it has been voted as featured.''
 
===Ode to Joy===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
<poem>
'''Crofdaig lly Bial'''
 
Ai Bial, nert eryñ ry swm,
Juah gyl Hnawhasewl,
Asgyrr awb, hmogin nai sdu,
Ai bas xyñol, ho awþdiaba!
...
...
Baw am swlýnda lly eegað
cah, þlawd sdeevi a sderr ciwmon res.
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
'''Ode to Joy'''
 
Joy, beautiful spark of the gods,
Daughter from Elysium,
We enter, drunk with fire,
Heavenly One, thy sanctuary!
Your magic binds again
What convention strictly divides;
All people become brothers,
Where your gentle wing abides.
 
Who has succeeded in the great attempt,
To be a friend's friend,
Whoever has won a lovely woman,
Add his to the jubilation!
Indeed, who calls even one soul
Theirs upon this world!
And whoever never managed, shall steal himself
Weeping away from this union!
 
All creatures drink of joy
At nature's breast.
Just and unjust
Alike taste of her gift;
She gave us kisses and the fruit of the vine,
A tried friend to the end.
[Even] the worm has been granted sensuality,
And the cherub stands before God!
 
Gladly, as His heavenly bodies fly
On their courses through the heavens,
Thus, brothers, you should run your race,
Joyful, like a hero going to conquest.
 
You millions, be embraced.
This kiss is for all the world!
Brothers, above the starry canopy
There must dwell a loving Father.
Do you fall in worship, you millions?
World, do you know your creator?
Seek him in the heavens
Above the stars must He dwell.
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
'''An die Freude'''
 
Freude, schöner Götterfunken,
Tochter aus Elysium,
Wir betreten feuertrunken,
Himmlische, dein Heiligtum!
Deine Zauber binden wieder
Was die Mode streng geteilt;
Alle Menschen werden Brüder
Wo dein sanfter Flügel weilt.
 
Wem der große Wurf gelungen
Eines Freundes Freund zu sein;
Wer ein holdes Weib errungen
Mische seinen Jubel ein!
Ja, wer auch nur eine Seele
Sein nennt auf dem Erdenrund!
Und wer's nie gekonnt, der stehle
Weinend sich aus diesem Bund!
 
Freude trinken alle Wesen
An den Brüsten der Natur;
Alle Guten, alle Bösen
Folgen ihrer Rosenspur.
Küsse gab sie uns und Reben,
Einen Freund, geprüft im Tod;
Wollust ward dem Wurm gegeben
und der Cherub steht vor Gott.
 
Froh, wie seine Sonnen fliegen
Durch des Himmels prächt'gen Plan
Laufet, Brüder, eure Bahn,
Freudig, wie ein Held zum siegen.
 
Seid umschlungen, Millionen!
Diesen Kuß der ganzen Welt!
Brüder, über'm Sternenzelt
Muß ein lieber Vater wohnen.
Ihr stürzt nieder, Millionen?
Ahnest du den Schöpfer, Welt?
Such' ihn über'm Sternenzelt!
Über Sternen muß er wohnen.
</poem>
{{col-end}}


==Vocabulary==
===Apology, first clause===
Skellan's basic vocabulary is largely Talmic. However, a large portion of Skellan vocabulary (comparable to English) is borrowed, for example from [[Windermere]], [[Clofabic languages]] ([[Proto-Clofabic]], [[Phormatolide]] and [[Χrycolidh]]) or other Talman languages. This gives Skellan a rich array of synonyms.
:''Tiar, ai bo am Aþéna, a tynd argíall na nwmyłléj ryn ja swad, twm cwllyn lly oclah...''
:<small>Fyxoomian:</small> [tʰiəɾ, ai bɔ am aˈθɛnə, ə tʰənt aɾˈkiəχ nə numəwˈʟɛi ɾən jə suət, tʰum ˈkʰuχən χə okχəh]
:<small>Scellan (Alcve):</small> [tʰiːɾ, æː bɔ ʁ̃‿am aˈθɛnə, ə tʰənt ar̥ˈkiəχ nə numəwˈʟe ɾən jə suːt, tʰum ˈkʰuχən χə okχəh]
:how, VOC COL person Athens, A PERF affect COM PL accuser GEN.1SG with 2PL, NEG can.1SG to deduce
:How you, O Athenians, have been affected by my accusers, I cannot tell...


==Sample texts==
===RWBY opening monologue===
===RWBY opening monologue===
:''Hulafa.''
:SALEM: ''Hulafa.''
:/ˈhyʟəfə/
:legend
:legend
:Legends.
:SALEM: Legends.


:''Vønd forllóþin pes hiŋg.''
:SALEM: ''Vønd frallóþin pes hiñg.''
:/vœnt fɾəˈχɔθin pɛs hiŋk/
:story scatter-PST.PART across time
:story scatter-PST.PART across time
:Stories scattered through time.
:SALEM: Stories scattered through time.


:''Nwab damol a huðas am dy entsybytsẃal na fosgu ry øøl as llypsid, as gønd ab ŋwar dy ciar noos, emb dyb solltyn gwad, odosméd ry ymdáł røsandin.''
:SALEM: ''Swal damol a hugas am dy entsybytsẃal na fosgu ry øøl as llypsid, as gønd ab ñwar dy ciar noos, emb dyb orjyn gwad, odotamés ry ymdáł røsandin.''
:quite wont SG species human in recount PL story PL deed of hero and villain, and lose 3SG.M thought ADV so easy, that is_a remnant 1PL.INC, byproduct, of past forget-PST.PART
:/suʟ ˈtamɔʟ ə ˈhygəs am tə ɛntsəpəˈtsuʟ nə ˈfɔsky ɾə œʟ əs ˈχəpsit, əs kœnt əp ŋuəɾ tə kiəɾ nɔus, ɛmp təp ˈoɾjən kuət, ɔtɔthaˈmɛs ɾə əmˈtaw ˈɾœsəntin/
:Mankind has grown quite fond of recounting the exploits of heroes and villains, forgetting so easily that we are remnants, byproducts, of a forgotten past.
:quite wont SG species human in recount PL story PL valiant_deed of hero and villain, and lose 3SG.M thought ADV so easy, that is_a remnant 1PL.INC, byproduct, of past forget-PST.PART
:SALEM: Mankind has grown quite fond of recounting the exploits of heroes and villains, forgetting so easily that we are remnants, byproducts, of a forgotten past.


:''Am – sŋøøin ab gyl a Si – go cleðn, øøvr, as esginað ŋadl ab.''
:SALEM: ''Am – hñøøin ab gyl a Si – jo cleðn, øøvr, as esginað ñadl ab.''
:human be.born-PST.PART 3SG.M from SG Dust IMPF strong, wise, and rich-CST ability 3SG.M
:/am – ˈsŋœyin ap kəʟ ə si – kɔ ˈkʟɛðn̩, ˈœyvr̩, əs ˈɛskinəð ˈŋatəʟ ap/
:Man, born from Dust, was strong, wise and resourceful.  
:human be.born-PST.PART 3SG.M from SG Dust IMPF strong, wise, and rich-CST gifts 3SG.M
:SALEM: Man, born from Dust, was strong, wise and resourceful.  


:''Ah dy smøøh erlóhyn a go sŋøøin reb.''
:SALEM: ''Ah ab dy hmøøh erlóhyn a jo hñøøin reb.''
:but in world pitiless A IMPF be.born-PST.PART RY.3SG.M
:but 3SG.M in world pitiless A IMPF be.born-PST.PART RY.3SG.M
:But he was born into an unforgiving world.  
:SALEM: But he was born into an unforgiving world.  


:''A maslan eróbasgon, bo mocnía ry binblasóoþ, mocnía Grim, sohaðin w hawr fiah ar Am as baw blirasu[?] reb.''
:SALEM: ''Sohaðin a maslan eróbasjon, bo mocnía ry bimblasóoð, mocnía Grim, w hawr fiah ar Am as baw blygasu reb.''
:SG darkness inevitable, COL entity of destruction, entity G. lock-PST.PART ERG 3PL eye on man and all creation 3SG.M
:fix-PST.PART  SG darkness inevitable, COL creature of destruction, creature G. ERG 3PL eye on man and all creation 3SG.M
:An inevitable darkness, creatures of destruction, the creatures of Grimm, set their sights on Man and all of his creations.  
:SALEM: An inevitable darkness, creatures of destruction, the creatures of Grimm, set their sights on Man and all of his creations.  


:
:SALEM: ''Jo hñawrand min pirúaf, as dewhyn jo vriþ a maslan lly fwltáwm a hylhyþús ñai ryb Am llyð errah.''
:These forces clashed and it seemed that darkness was intent on returning Man's brief existence to the Void.  
:IMPF clash this.PL force, and seemingly IMPF intent SG darkness to return SG existence brief of man to-SG nothingness
:SALEM: These forces clashed and it seemed that darkness was intent on returning Man's brief existence to the Void.


:
:SALEM: ''Dimbehd, oos a nert cellws ry þus a solyñ lly oðyñẃð a roféelah, as nai joor, rrawbin a þwðilás, a frañádlu, as a hylþwłyðép bo Am llyfós na garjol lly esnam a çrumi.''
:However, even the smallest spark of hope is enough to ignite change, and in time, Man's passion, resourcefulness and ingenuity led them to the tools that would help even the odds.  
:[however], even SG spark small-SUP of hope A enough to ignite SG change, and with course, carry-PST.PART 3PL ERG SG passion, SG giftedness, and SG ingenuity toward tools to balance SG table
:SALEM: However, even the smallest spark of hope is enough to ignite change, and in time, Man's passion, resourcefulness and ingenuity led them to the tools that would help even the odds.  


:SALEM: ''Mia ras a jo fial a dy paloþreh "a Si". Nai þi a devna a moxíaf, rwvin Am øþ meñ a maslan, as dy isír ysli, divin lleed, biniñcymẃax, as dy comol, arm.''
:
:
:This power was appropriately named "Dust". Nature's wrath in hand, Man lit their way through the darkness and in the shadow's absence came strength, civilization and, most importantly, life.  
:SALEM: This power was appropriately named "Dust". Nature's wrath in hand, Man lit their way through the darkness and in the shadow's absence came strength, civilization and, most importantly, life.  


:''Ah oos bar ennynéesws a cregad as feŋg dy lawðah.''
:SALEM: ''Ah oos bar ennynéelws a cregi as feñg dy lawðah.''
:but even light brilliant-SUP A flicker and die eventually.
:but even light brilliant-SUP A flicker and die [eventually]
:But even the most brilliant lights eventually flicker and die.  
:SALEM: But even the most brilliant lights eventually flicker and die.  


:
:SALEM: ''As tev octlúast awr, a maslan a forrit.''
:And when they are gone, darkness will return.  
:and when vanish-FUT 3PL, darkness A return-FUT
:SALEM: And when they are gone, darkness will return.  


:''Ŋyv [...], ah im broos fiah... lleed a twm lwtat llia huv.''
:SALEM: ''Ñyv im simynd na nwfiþlóñ red, im dyfían plesit llia hmøøh red ñi maint red, ah im broos fiah... dy lleed twm sobt swad a huv.''
:thus IMP prepare PL defender RY.2PL, IMP raise monument for SG world RY.2PL, but IMP put eye... strength A not suffice-FUT for.SG victory
:thus IMP prepare PL defender RY.2PL, IMP raise monument for.SG world RY.2PL as pleasure RY.2PL, but IMP put eye... in strength not find-FUT 2PL SG victory
:So you may prepare your guardians, build your monuments to a so-called free world, but take heed... there will be no victory in strength.
:SALEM: So you may prepare your guardians, build your monuments to a so-called free world, but take heed... there will be no victory in strength.


===Methavir nalaminyl mekerylide ester axoram===
:OZPIN: ''Ah a huv ar plañ dy sahn fan cryfía a sobt awb ñe, sahn røsandin w hiar dy føhnas: sahn rosvi a lias føs cell's huslanon.
:''Dy brits naw çyŋ ell as jyvad.''
:but SG victory [perhaps] in thing COMP simple A find-FUT 1PL.EX it, thing forget-PST.PART ERG 2SG in long_time: thing require SG soul COMP small and honest
:PROG speak 1SG about love and hate
:OZPIN: But perhaps victory is in the simpler things that you've long forgotten: things that require a smaller, more honest soul.
:I am speaking of love and hate.


===UDHR, Article 1===
===UDHR, Article 1===
:''Rygéen's þar nai hyltlás as xin gyl sŋøø bo am. Sodláwmin nai hylfyðín as [biðçǿøryn] av, ŋyþ beð roo a [þalnǿøv] hið velc dy heeb eeðagu.''
:''Bo am hñøø awr rygéen as þur nai hyltsybás as zin. Awr lawr fyójin nai hylynbyþín as bintoçẃr, ceeda beð rer a tynsé hið velc dy heeb eeðagu.''
:free and equal INS dignity-COL and right-COL from be_born DET human-COL. bestow-PST.PART INS rationality-COL and conscience-COL 3SG.M, therefore part GEN.3SG.AN DET act towards one_another in spirit brotherhood
:DET.COL human be_born 3PL free and equal INS dignity and right. 3PL COP-3PL bestow-PST.PART INS rationality-COL and conscience-COL 3PL, therefore part GEN.3PL DET act towards one_another in spirit brotherhood
:All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
:All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.


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[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_0AMRr5opg NileRed: Making Anisole]
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_0AMRr5opg NileRed: Making Anisole]


:''Depanjẃn, ry givolín pnaþafol tamyr tlaméni e, að øømt riav hreem.''
:''Depanjẃn, ry givolín binþafól tamyr tlaméni e, að øømt riav hreem.''
:Today we're making anisole which is a somewhat nice-smelling organic liquid.  
:Today we're making anisole which is a somewhat nice-smelling organic liquid.  


:''Twm øør bo bintxynób tamẃx depanjẃn hnoh, as gøørws ŋi bannẃts lly bisçǿð as efataþol að txynób car e.''
:''Twm øør bo bintxynóv tamẃx depanjẃn hnoh, as gøørws ñi bannẃts lly bisçǿð as swvreþol að txynób car e.''
:Anisole itself doesn't have many direct applications and it's mostly used as a precursor to perfumes and pharmaceuticals.
:Anisole itself doesn't have many direct applications and it's mostly used as a precursor to perfumes and pharmaceuticals.


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===From a manifesto===  
===From a manifesto===  
:{{biggentium|Ys dy bo hŋyl mawr savísi, bo fehd øølyb, as bo jys hwrþol a heðál bo slawb?}}
:''Slawb es dy bo hñyl mawr savísi, bo fehd øølyb, as bo jysn hwrðon a derþál ñe?''
:Q in DET.COL trunk tree towering, DET.COL lake heaven and DET.COL mountain craggy DET reside goodness
:<small>Fyxoomian:</small> [psχaup əs tə bɔ ŋɔ̃ˁ mauɾ səˈvisi, pɔ fɛht œ̃ˁʁ̃əp, əs pɔ ˈjəsən ˈhuːɾəðɔn ə tɛɾˈθãˁ ŋɛ]
:<small>Scellan (Alcve):</small> [sχɑup əs tə bɔ ŋ̊ɔ mɑuɾ səˈvɪsɪ, pɔ fɛht ˈoːʁəp, əs pɔ ˈjəsən ˈhuɾəðɔn ə tɛɾˈθɑː ŋɛ]
:good Q in DET.COL trunk tree towering, DET.COL lake heaven and DET.COL mountain craggy DET reside 3PL
:Does good reside in the towering tree trunks, the heavenly lakes, the cragged peaks?
:Does good reside in the towering tree trunks, the heavenly lakes, the cragged peaks?


:{{biggentium|Ia, dy lwm fiar res a sdeevi ryŋ.}}
:''Ia, dy lwm hiar res a sdeevi ñe.''
:nay in interior 2SG GEN.2SG DET dwell GEN.it
:<small>Fyxoomian:</small> [iə, tə ʁ̃uːm hiəɾ ɾɛs ə ˈstɛɪvi ŋɛ]
:<small>Scellan (Alcve):</small> [iː, tə ʁum hiːɾ ɾɛs ə ˈstevɪ ŋɛ]
:nay in interior 2SG GEN.2SG DET dwell it
:Nay, it dwells within thyself.
:Nay, it dwells within thyself.


===Tower of Babel===
===From Zompist===
1. Go ciab jawþ as ciab brits dy smøøh aðyr.
I room llyð am cail as twm lly in srawol, as sgoð ob cail lly mi diraþ nai binsymrua emb beð mi lly brehn as tymiseeþ ym hnawb ðav çawlþ, sec fahað ñe sñiamflen? Ter, hegn dyb tałswñg jytiþwn ry binzycþia ñe! Jahanor að am ñi nwþyvwr desranin nai broosws, nai taw arm ob ar as ambosg ob llyð øltu. Ñyv, sy mocynzin es rofeel ñe i geeb naw "glawð" dy zam "am"?
 
-- ne-Zim
PST.IPFV one language and one speech in world throughout.
 
2. Ah arw go rrohda na am biaha lly tneeb, samin awr a dooméxa dy Xinlar as inosin awr cah.
 
but when IPFV move people-COL residence to east, find-PFV 3PL DET plain in Shinar and settle-PFV there.
 
3. Coþ tavin awr lly [ciab sdair]: "Ai, øøm gwm atsenar, lly gollt heeg." As ytsén a þŋojétin llyr ngi nyldar, as llwh a ngi wpet.
 
then say-PRET 3PL DAT each_other VOC make COH brick-PL DAT bake hard and brick-PL DET serve DAT.3PL as stone-PL and tar DET as cement


<!--
If a man has food and his neighbor has none, and he gives him food only on the condition that his neighbor ceaselessly beg and abase himself, would this be honorable? No, it is only a pathetic case of exploitation! Let the man work as a paid laborer at least, that he might stand on his feet and care for a family. Now does your judgment change if I say “god” instead of “man”?
===The Raven===
—ne-Zim
<poem>
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore—
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
“’Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door—
Only this and nothing more.
</poem>
-->


==Miscellany==
==Poetry==
===Poetry===
Rhyming poetry is often said to be from [[Naeng/Classical|Naeng]] and [[Tseer/Classical|Tseer]] influence, as poetry in these languages tend to use rhyme. This supplanted ___ used in Tigol poetry. Eevo uses stress-accentual meters like trochaic/iambic/dactylic meters: the iambic pentameter is common as in English.
Skellan poetry traditionally uses rhyme. In modern poetry, alliteration is often used instead (cf. [[Tsjoen]] poetry).


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]]
[[Category:Hmøøh]]
[[Category:Pseudo-Welsh]]
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