Valthungian/Rules: Difference between revisions

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==Historical Sound Changes from Proto-Germanic to East Germanic (ca. 400b.c.-0)==
#DELETE
 
===First Umlaut===
 
''Has to precede Mora Loss''
 
''Has to precede ŋ-deletion''
 
'''Stage 1.'''
 
<big>
e > i / V[+str] … __[-str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+
</big>
 
''/e/ > /i/ when unstressed following a stressed vowel except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.''
 
'''Stage 2.'''
 
<big>
e > i / __[+str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+
</big>
 
''/e/ > /i/ when stressed except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.''
 
(Stage 3: See EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut.)
 
===/ŋ/-Deletion===
 
'''Vŋh > V[+lng, +nas]Øh'''
 
''A vowel, followed by the sequence /ŋh/ (where /h/=[h,x]), becomes long and nasal and /ŋ/ is deleted (in all environments).''
 
===Intervocalic Spirantization===
 
<big>
C[+vce,-cnt] > [+cnt] / V__V
</big>
 
In other words,
 
<big>
b,d,g > β,ð,γ / V__V
</big>
 
''A voiced non-continuant consonant (i.e. a voiced stop) becomes continuant (i.e. a fricative) when intervocalic.''
 
===EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut===
 
''This rule is really "Stage 3" of First Umlaut, also called East Germanic Expansion of First Umlaut''
 
<big>
i,u > e,o / __[+str]{r,h⁽ʷ⁾
</big>
 
''/i/ becomes /e/ and /u/ becomes /o/ when stressed before /r/, /h/, or /hʷ/''
 
===Monophthongization of Unstressed /ai, au/===
 
''Has to precede Mora Loss''
 
<big>
ai,au > ɛ̄,ɔ̄ / σ[-str]__[-str]C<sub>o</sub>#
</big>
 
===Mora Loss===
====Coronal Consonant Deletion====
====Unstr. Final Short Vowel Deletion====
====Final Unstr. Long Vowel Shortening====
 
==Historical Sound Changes from East-Germanic to Gothic (ca. 0-400a.d.)==
 
[these changes still need to be ordered correctly]
 
===z-Deletion, Obstruent Devoicing===
 
z → ∅ / V[-lng]{r,s}___#
 
/z/ is deleted word-finally after a short vowel followed by /r/ or /s/.
 
E.g. *''weraz'' ‘man’, *''drusaz'' ‘fall’ → /wirz/, /drusz/ → ''waír'', ''drus'' → ''wer'', ''drus''.
 
===h-Deletion===
===Long Vowel Lowering===
===Glide Gemination (EGmc Verschärfung Stage I)===
===Glide Insertion===
===m-Assimilation===
===Change of Initial fl to þl===
===r,n-Dissimilation===
===Change of am to um, Post-tonic e to a===
===Thurneysen's Law===
===EGmc Verschärfung Stage II===
 
==Historical Sound Changes from Gothic to Old Gutish (ca. 400-800a.d.)==
 
===Expansion of Gothic Glide Insertion===
 
''This is a slightly altered continuation of the earlier [[Gutish/Rules#Glide_Insertion|East Germanic Glide Insertion]] rule; the rule remains persistent throughout Gutish grammar.
 
{|
|-
|| ∅ || → || j || / ||style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| &nbsp; || V ||style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| &nbsp; || ___ || + || V
|-
|| || || || || -bck
|-
|| || || || || -low
|-
|| ∅ || → || w || / ||style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| &nbsp; || V ||style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| &nbsp; || ___ || + || V
|-
|| || || || || +bck
|-
|| || || || || -low
|}
 
#/j/ is inserted between two vowels, the first of which is a non-low front vowel (e,ē,i,ī).
#/w/ is inserted between two vowels, the first of which is a non-low back vowel (o,ō,u,ū).
#E.g.
#*''ija'' ‘her’ + [[Gutish/Rules#Short_Vowel_Lengthening|Short Vowel Lengthening]] → /īa/ + [[Gutish/Rules#Expansion_of_Gothic_Glide_Insertion|Glide Insertion Exp]] → īja → (''ev.'') /aija/ ''īja''
#*''rauan'' /rɔ̄an/ ‘to row’ + [[Gutish/Rules#Stressed_Long_Vowel_Raising|Stressed Long Vowel Raising]] → /rōan/ + [[Gutish/Rules#Expansion_of_Gothic_Glide_Insertion|Glide Insertion Exp]] → /rōwan/ (''ev.'') /rōn/ ''rǭn''
 
===Obstruent Devoicing (Persistent)===
{|
|-
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="4" | &nbsp;
|| C ||style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="4"| &nbsp; || → || [-vox] || / || ___ || { -vox
|-
|| +vox || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || {#
|-
|| +obs || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-
|| +cnt || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|}
 
#A voiced continuant obstruent (/v/, /ð/, or /z/) becomes unvoiced (/f/, /þ/, or /s/, respectively) before another unvoiced consonant or when word-final.
#This is a persistent rule inherited from Proto-Germanic, and remains persistent throughout the transition to Classical Gutish.
#E.g. ''wivna'' ‘to weave’ has preterite ''wōf'' ‘wove’
 
===Geminate Simplification (Type I, Persistent)===
 
{|
|-
|| CC || → || C || / || ___ || { C || ''or'' || C } || ___
|-
|| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; ||{ # || &nbsp; || # } || &nbsp;
|}
 
#Geminates become simplified when adjacent to another consonant or when word-initial or -final.
##''(Not that geminates are likely to occur word-initially; usually this occurs as the result of vowel deletion.)''
#This is a persistent rule inherited from Proto-Germanic. It remains persistent until it is changed in Geminiate Simplification II and then vanishes, as all geminates have been deleted from the language.
#E.g.
#*''swamm'' ‘swam’, past of ''swimman'' ‘to swim’, → ''swam'', but ''switman''.
#*''kunnan'' ‘can’ has past of ''kunþa'' ‘could’ → ''kutnan'', ''kunþa''.
 
===Intervocalic Voiced Stop to Fricative Expansion===
===Stop Insertion after Nasals===
===Expansion of East Germanic /fl/-to-/θl/===
===Voicing and Devoicing of Obstruent Clusters===
===Clitic Separation===
===Geminate Simplification (Type II, Synchronic)===
===Short Vowel Lengthening===
===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung===
===Long Diphthong Extension===
===Glide Deletion===
===Deletion of Final Unstressed /a/===
===Diphthong Changes===
 
==Historical Sound Changes from Old to Middle Gutish (ca. 800-1200a.d.)==
 
===Rejection of Greek Fricatives===
===Rhotacism===
===Stressed Long Vowel Raising===
===Vowel Tensing===
===Deletion and Assimilation of /h/===
===Palatalisation & Affrication===
===Unstressed Vowel Reduction and Deletion===
 
==Historical Sound Changes from Middle to Classical Gutish (ca. 1200-1600a.d.)==
 
===Unstressed Vowel Reduction and Deletion===
===Unpacking===
===Deletion of /b,f/===
===Deletion of /g/ between Nasals===

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