User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
== Phonology ==
===Phonemic Inventory===
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
=== Inventory ===
! colspan="5"| Consonants
 
|-
==== Consonants ====
! style="width: 100px; "|
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 60px; " |Labial
! style="width: 80px;" |
! style="width: 60px; " |Coronal
! style="width: 60px;" |Labial
! style="width: 60px; " |Dorsal
! style="width: 60px;" |Coronal
! style="width: 60px; " |Glottal
! style="width: 60px;" |Dorsal
! style="width: 60px;" |Glottal
|-
|-
!Nasal
!Nasal
| m
|m
| n
|n
| [ŋ]
|
| [ɴ]
|
|-
|-
!Stop
!Stop
| p
|p
| t
|t
| k
|k
| [ʔ]
|
|-
|-
!Fricative
!Fricative
| f β
|f β
| s ð
|s ð
| ɣ
|ɣ
| h [ɦ]
|h
|-
|-
!Approximant
!Flap
|  
|
| j
|ɾ
|  
|
|  
|
|-
|-
!Flap or tap
!Lateral
|  
|
| ɾ
|l
|  
|
|
|
|-
!Lateral app.
|
| l
|
|
|-
|}
|}


Consonants between brackets are only allophonic.
==== Vowels ====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
===Vowel Inventory===
! style="width: 80px;" |
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
! style="width: 60px;" |Front
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
! style="width: 60px;" |Central
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"|  
! style="width: 60px;" |Back
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
|-
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
!Close
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
|i iː
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
|
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|u uː
|-
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
!Mid
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
|e eː
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
|ə̥
|o oː
|-
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
!Open
 
|a aː
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
|
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
|
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;"></div>
|}
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>


<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
=== Phonotactics ===
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>


<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
==== Syllable structure ====
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
(C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
* C1: Any consonant or one of /pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ/
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
* C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
* V: Any vowel


<!-- MID VOWELS -->
==== Consonant Clusters ====
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">e</div>
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;">ə̥</div>
! style="width: 30px;" |
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">o</div>
! style="width: 30px;" |pɾ
 
! style="width: 30px;" |tɾ
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
! style="width: 30px;" |kɾ
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |βɾ
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |ðɾ
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |ɣɾ
 
! style="width: 30px;" |m
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
! style="width: 30px;" |p
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |t
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |k
 
! style="width: 30px;" |f
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
! style="width: 30px;" |h
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
! style="width: 30px;" |β
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |ð
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |ɣ
|}
! style="width: 30px;" |n
</div></div>
! style="width: 30px;" |s
|-
! style="width: 30px;" |ɾ
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
! style="width: 30px;" |l
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
!n
|npɾ
|ntɾ
|nkɾ
|nβɾ
|nðɾ
|nɣɾ
|nm
|np
|nt
|nk
|nf
|nh
|nβ
|nð
|nɣ
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|ns
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
!s
|spɾ
|ntɾ
|nkɾ
|sβɾ
|sðɾ
|sɣɾ
|sm
|sp
|st
|sk
|sf
|sh
|sβ
|sð
|sɣ
|sn
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|sl
|-
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
!ɾ
|ɾpɾ
|ɾtɾ
|ɾkɾ
|ɾβɾ
|ɾðɾ
|ɾɣɾ
|ɾm
|ɾp
|ɾt
|ɾk
|ɾf
|ɾh
|ɾβ
|ɾð
|ɾɣ
|ɾn
|ɾs
|ɾɾ
|ɾl
|-
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
!l
|lpɾ
|ltɾ
|lkɾ
|lβɾ
|lðɾ
|lɣɾ
|lm
|lp
|lt
|lk
|lf
|lh
|lβ
|lð
|lɣ
|ln
|ls
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|}
|}
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div>


===Syllable Structure===
=== '''Stress''' ===
(C<sub>1</sub>)(j)V(C<sub>2</sub>)
*C<sub>1</sub>: a consonant
*C<sub>2</sub>: one of /ɾ l s n/
*V: a vowel
''Clusters formed between ''/ɾ l s n/'' are forbidden with the exception of'' /ɾs ls ns/


===Allophony===
=== Allophony ===
* [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants
* Voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] become voiced stops [b d g] before [ɾ]
* [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants [m n ŋ ɴ]
* [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
* [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
* [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
* [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
* [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
* [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
* [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels
* [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels
* [ɾɾ] are realized as [r]
== Ortography ==


==Orthography==
=== '''Script''' ===


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; width: 160px;"
=== Romanization ===
! colspan="2"| Romanization
 
|-
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 80px;" |Phoneme
! style="width: 80px;" |Phoneme
! style="width: 80px;" |Grapheme
! style="width: 80px;" |Grapheme
|-
| colspan="2"| Consonants
|-
|-
|m
|m
Line 176: Line 242:
|l
|l
|l
|l
|-
| colspan="2"| Vowels
|-
|-
|a
|a
Line 196: Line 264:
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Nouns==
== Morphology ==


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=""
=== Verbs ===
|+'''Affixes'''
 
==== Tense/Aspect ====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |1<sup>st</sup> Affix
! colspan="2" |2<sup>nd</sup> Affix
!Tense / Aspect
!Alternative
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Function
|None
|
|None
|
|Gnomic
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
| rowspan="4" |Past
| rowspan="4" |
|None
|
|Past perfective
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Past
|
|Past retrospective
|Distant past
|-
|Present
|
|Past continuous
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Future
|
|Past prospective
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
| rowspan="4" |Present
| rowspan="4" |
|None
|
|Present perfective
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Past
|
|Present retrospective
|Near past
|-
|Present
|
|Present continuous
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Future
|
|Present prospective
|Near future
|-
| rowspan="4" |Future
| rowspan="4" |
|None
|
|Future perfective
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Past
|
|Future retrospective
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Present
|
|Future continuous
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|-
|Future
|
|Future prospective
|Distant future
|}
 
==== Mood ====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Type
! colspan="2" |Mood
!Use
!Use
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width:60px" | Number
| colspan="2" |Realis
| style="width:100px" | Singulative
|Indicative
| style="width:480px" | Indicates a single instance of a mass noun
|
|Factual statement
|-
| rowspan="9" |Irrealis
| rowspan="3" |Epistemic
|Alethic
|
|States truth or logical necessity
|-
|Potential
|
|States probability of something happening
|-
|Deductive
|
|States something supported by indirect evidence
|-
| rowspan="6" |Deontic
|Desiderative
|
|States internal desire for something
|-
|Expectative
|
|States external desire for something
|-
|Necessitative
|
|States internal necessity for something
|-
|Directive
|
|States external necessity for something
|-
|-
|Plural<br />Plurative
|Capacitative
|Indicates multiple instances of countable and mass nouns
|
|States internal ability to do something
|-
|Permissive
|
|States external ability to do something
|}
 
=== Nouns ===
 
==== Case ====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Case
!Use
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" | Cases
|Nominative
|Nominative
|Indicates the agent of a verb
|
|Marks the agent of a verb
|-
|-
|Absolutive
|Absolutive
|Indicates the direct object of a verb
|
|Marks the object of a verb
|-
|Dative benefactive
|
|Marks the indirect object of the verb
|-
|-
|Genitive
|Genitive
|Indicates relationship or possesion
|
|-
|Marks possession of or relation with something
|Dative<br />Benefactive
|Indicates the indirect object of a sentence or the beneficiary of the action
|-
|-
|Instrumental
|Instrumental
|Indicates an instrument or tool used to perform the action
|
|Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action
|-
|-
|Comitative
|Comitative
|With something
|
|Mark accompaniment of something
|-
|-
|Abessive
|Privative
|Without something
|
|Marks the lack of company by something
|-
|-
|Locative
|Locative
|Indicates place or time of the action
|
|Marks the location or time of the action
|}
 
==== Number ====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Number
!Use
|-
|Singulative
|
|Marks a single object of a mass noun
|-
|Plurative
|
|Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns
|}
|}
==Verbs==
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
=== Pronouns ===
|+'''Tenses'''
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Number
! colspan="4" |Case
|-
!NOM
!ABS
!DAT
!GEN
|-
| rowspan="3" |First
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Plural
|Exclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
|Inclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="3" |Second
! colspan="4"| Second affix
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! style="width:120px" | None
| rowspan="2" |Plural
! style="width:120px" | Past
|Exclusive
! style="width:120px" | Present
|
! style="width:120px" | Future
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" style="width:60px" | First<br />affix
|Inclusive
! style="width:60px" | None
|
|Gnomic
|
|Past perfective
|
|Present perfective
|
|Future perfective
|-
| rowspan="2" |Third
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plural
|
|
|
|
|}
 
=== Determiners ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="3" |Demonstrative
!Interrogative
|-
!
!Proximal
!Medial
!Distal
!
|-
|Object
|
|
|
|
|-
|Manner
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Reason
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Location
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Time
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|}
 
==== Quantifiers ====
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Type
!Use
|-
|Universal
|
|Every option
|-
| rowspan="6" |Existential
|
| rowspan="6" |An unspecified
amount of options
|-
|
|-
|
|-
|
|-
|
|-
|
|-
|-
!Past
|Negatory
|Past perfective
|
|Past retrospective<br />Distant past
|No option
|Past continuous
|Past prospective
|-
|-
!Present
|Elective
|Present perfective
|
|Present retrospective
|Any option
|Present continuous
|Present prospective
|-
|-
!Future
|Alternative
|Future perfective
|
|Future retrospective
|A different option
|Future continuous
|Future prospective<br />Distant future
|}
|}


==Particles==
=== Adjectives and Adverbs ===
==Numbers==
 
==Morphosyntax==
=== Adpositions ===
It's an active-stative language


Main word order is VSO, tends to be head initial.
=== Numerals ===
Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5


Relative clauses
=== Derivation ===


[[Category:Conlangs]]
== Syntax ==

Revision as of 16:50, 9 March 2015

Phonology

Inventory

Consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal
Nasal m n
Stop p t k
Fricative f β s ð ɣ h
Flap ɾ
Lateral l

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i iː u uː
Mid e eː ə̥ o oː
Open a aː

Phonotactics

Syllable structure

(C1)V(C2)

  • C1: Any consonant or one of /pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ/
  • C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
  • V: Any vowel

Consonant Clusters

pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ m p t k f h β ð ɣ n s ɾ l
n npɾ ntɾ nkɾ nβɾ nðɾ nɣɾ nm np nt nk nf nh nβ nð nɣ - ns - -
s spɾ ntɾ nkɾ sβɾ sðɾ sɣɾ sm sp st sk sf sh sβ sð sɣ sn - - sl
ɾ ɾpɾ ɾtɾ ɾkɾ ɾβɾ ɾðɾ ɾɣɾ ɾm ɾp ɾt ɾk ɾf ɾh ɾβ ɾð ɾɣ ɾn ɾs ɾɾ ɾl
l lpɾ ltɾ lkɾ lβɾ lðɾ lɣɾ lm lp lt lk lf lh lβ lð lɣ ln ls - -

Stress

Allophony

  • Voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] become voiced stops [b d g] before [ɾ]
  • [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants [m n ŋ ɴ]
  • [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
  • [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
  • [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
  • [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels
  • [ɾɾ] are realized as [r]

Ortography

Script

Romanization

Phoneme Grapheme
Consonants
m m
n n
p p
t t
k k
f f
β b
s s
ð d
ɣ g
h h
ɾ r
l l
Vowels
a a
e e
i i
o o
u u
ə̥ '

Morphology

Verbs

Tense/Aspect

1st Affix 2nd Affix Tense / Aspect Alternative
None None Gnomic -
Past None Past perfective -
Past Past retrospective Distant past
Present Past continuous -
Future Past prospective -
Present None Present perfective -
Past Present retrospective Near past
Present Present continuous -
Future Present prospective Near future
Future None Future perfective -
Past Future retrospective -
Present Future continuous -
Future Future prospective Distant future

Mood

Type Mood Use
Realis Indicative Factual statement
Irrealis Epistemic Alethic States truth or logical necessity
Potential States probability of something happening
Deductive States something supported by indirect evidence
Deontic Desiderative States internal desire for something
Expectative States external desire for something
Necessitative States internal necessity for something
Directive States external necessity for something
Capacitative States internal ability to do something
Permissive States external ability to do something

Nouns

Case

Case Use
Nominative Marks the agent of a verb
Absolutive Marks the object of a verb
Dative benefactive Marks the indirect object of the verb
Genitive Marks possession of or relation with something
Instrumental Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action
Comitative Mark accompaniment of something
Privative Marks the lack of company by something
Locative Marks the location or time of the action

Number

Number Use
Singulative Marks a single object of a mass noun
Plurative Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns

Pronouns

Person Number Case
NOM ABS DAT GEN
First Singular
Plural Exclusive
Inclusive
Second Singular
Plural Exclusive
Inclusive
Third Singular
Plural

Determiners

Demonstrative Interrogative
Proximal Medial Distal
Object
Manner
Reason
Location
Time

Quantifiers

Type Use
Universal Every option
Existential An unspecified

amount of options

Negatory No option
Elective Any option
Alternative A different option

Adjectives and Adverbs

Adpositions

Numerals

Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5

Derivation

Syntax

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